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Contents

Anatomy and Physiology 3

Levels of Organization 4

Homeostasis 5

Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms 5

Feedback Systems 7

Negative Feedback System 7

Positive Feedback System 7

Anatomical Nomenclature 8

Directional and Positional Terms 8

Body Planes 8

Body Cavities and Membranes 9

Although there are many good anatomy and physiol­ogy texts that focus on humans, there is a paucity of such options for animals.

Since animals have distinct physiological and anatomical differences relative to humans, a human-focused text does not do the study of animals justice. Animals walk on four legs, whereas humans walk on two. Ruminant animals have adapta­tions to their digestive system that make them unique from humans. The respiratory system of birds differs from that of humans, thus making birds able to fly at high altitudes. The focus of this text will be to empha­size the anatomy and physiology of animals to appre­ciate their unique physiological systems.

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Source: Akers R. Michael, Denbow D. Michael. Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals. 2nd edition. — Wiley-Blackwell,2013. — 685 p.. 2013
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