Contents

Bones 139

Introduction 139

ClassificationofBones 139

Bone Structure 140

GrossAnatomy 140

MicroscopicAnatomyofBone 141

Chemical Composition of Bone 143

Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones 143

BoneDeveIopment 144

Intramembranous Ossification 144

EndochondraIOssification 144

Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair 145

Bone Growth 145

Bone Remodeling and Repair 146

Repair of Fractures 147

Homeostatic Imbalances of Bone 148

Osteomalacia and Rickets 148

ParturientParesis(MiIkFever) 148

Egg-Laying Fatigue in Birds 148

Bones and Skeleton 148

MarkingsonBones 148

Skeleton 149

SkeIetaICartiIage 151

SkeletonCIassification 151

AxiaISkeIeton 152

TheSkuII 152

The Vertebral Column 154

AppendicuIarSkeIeton 156

ThoracicLimbs 156

Pelvic Limbs 1 63

Avian Skeleton 1 66

Joints 167

TypesofJoints 167

Synovial Joints 1 68

Specific Joints 171

IntervertebraIArticuIations 171

ThoracicLimb 171

Pelvis 172

Pelvic Limb 1 73

ChapterSummary 174