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Contents

Functions and Composition of Blood 375 Cardiac Muscle and the Cardiac Conduction
Functions of Blood 375 System 390
Physical Characteristics of Blood 376 Mechanisms of Heart Contraction 392
Types of Blood Cells in Mammals 377 The Cardiac Cycle 394
Formation of Blood Cells 381 Cardiac Output 395
Formed Elements and Blood Cells in Birds 383 Regulation of Heart Rate 396
Hemostasis 383 Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 397
Vascular Spasm 383 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels 397
Platelet Plug Formation 383 Portal Systems 399
Blood Clotting 384 Capillary Exchange 399
Blood Groups and Crossmatching 385 Factors Affecting Blood Flow 400
Blood Groups 385 Flow, Pressure, and Resistance 400
Crossmatching 385 Maintaining Blood Pressure 401
The Heart 386 Shock and Homeostasis 404
Anatomy of the Heart 386 Circulatory Routes 404
Pulmonary, Systemic, and Coronary Circulation 389 Chapter Summary 407

The cardiovascular system (cardio = heart; vascular = blood vessels) consists of three components: blood, heart, and blood vessels. Blood is essential for trans­porting nutrients and wastes, thermoregulation, im­munity, and acid-base balance.

The heart and blood vessels help deliver the blood throughout the body.

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Source: Akers R. Michael, Denbow D. Michael. Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals. 2nd edition. — Wiley-Blackwell,2013. — 685 p.. 2013
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