Contents

Introduction 417

Functional Anatomy: Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 418

Conducting Pathway Anatomy 419

Pharynx and Nasopharynx 419

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx 420

Larynx 420

Trachea and Bronchi 420

Respiratory Anatomy of the Lungs and Pleural

Membrane 421

Alveoli 422

Blood Supply to the Lungs 422

Pulmonary Ventilation 423

Pressure Changes during Respiration 423

Other Factors Involved in Pulmonary

Ventilation 424

Lung Volumes and Capacities 425

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 426

Dalton's Law and Henry's Law 426

External and Internal Respiration 426

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 427

Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport 427

Other Factors Affecting the

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve 427

Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide 428

CarbonDioxideTransport 428

Control of Respiration: Neural Mechanisms 428

Pneumotaxic and Apneustic Areas 429

Chemoreceptors 429

Pulmonary and Airway Receptors 430

Avian Respiration 430

Anatomy of the Avian Respiratory System 430

Air Sacs 431

Avian Ventilation and Gas Exchange 431

Prehatching Respiration in Birds 433

Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System 433 Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms 433

Specific Defense Mechanisms 434

Chapter Summary 435