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Contents

Anatomy of the Urinary System 459 Renal Clearance 472
Nephron Structure 462 Kidney Excretion of Wastes and Control of pH 473
Mechanisms of Urine Formation 464 Excretion of Nitrogenous Wastes 477
Factors Affecting Filtration 464 Comparative Urinary Physiology and Function 478
Proximal Convoluted Tubule 465 Avian Nitrogen Excretion 479
Countercurrent Mechanisms and Medullary Avian Salt Glands 479
Osmotic Gradient 468 Chapter Summary 480

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Source: Akers R. Michael, Denbow D. Michael. Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals. 2nd edition. — Wiley-Blackwell,2013. — 685 p.. 2013
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