CO-FEEDING
Transmission of LBS between infected and uninfected ticks does not necessarily rely on systemic infection in the vertebrate host. Infection may be acquired by direct cofeeding by uninfected ticks that are feeding simultaneously with infected ticks, even if there is some physical separation between the transmitting and acquiring ticks in the absence of spirochaetemia.
In addition, uninfected ticks may acquire infection by indirect co-feeding from a localized site at which infected ticks have previously fed. Although the contribution of such non-systemic transmission may be negligible or masked in systems that are not host-limited, this mechanism may be important for LBS persistence in areas where reservoir hosts are not reliably abundant, as co-feeding transmission probably can occur in non-competent hosts.
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