INDEX

Page numbers in Ualii indicate a Iigurc. Entries refer to the dog and the cat except where otherwise indicated.

abdominal cavity 24-5. 24. 26 abdominal muscles 49-50. 50 abdominal viscera 24 abduction, of a limb 42 absorption of food, small intestine 107.

acetabulum 39 acetylcholine 56. 57 Achilles tendon 54 acids in the b<κiy 1 5

and bases <alkalis) 14

ACΠ1( adrenocorticotrophic hormone) 78. 79 actin (thin) filaments 45. 45 active transport mechanisms (cell membrane) 6

adduction, of a limb 42 adductor muscles 52. 53 adenohypophysis 79. 82 adipose (fatty) tissue 19. 20 ΛDI^,(adcnosincdiphosphatc) 7. 7 adrenal cortex 79. 82 adrenal glands 77. 77. 79. 82-3.

122. /23

adrenal hormones 79 adrenal medulla 79. 82-3 adrenal sex hormones 79. 82 adrenaline (epinephrine) 56. 79. 82-3

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 78. 79 afferent nerves 59 agran ulocytes (agranular leucocytes) 85. 85. 86. 87

alar fold 98. 98 albumin 85 aldosterone 82 alkalis and acids 14 altricial young, rabbit 178 alveoli 101-2. 102 amino acids 14. 15. 118 aminopeptidase* 118 amphiarthroses 42 Amphibia (class) 3 amylases 118 anabolic reactions 15 anaesthetics, for birds 168 anal sacs

impacted 119 scent marking 119 anal sphincter 119 anaphase of mitosis 9. 9 anaphase 1 of meiosis 10. 11 anaphase Il of meiosis 10, Il anastomosis 91 anatomical definitions 4-5. 4 anatomy (definition) 3 animal Classilication (taxonomy) 3-4 animal kingdom (classification) 3

anions 1 3

annulus Iibrosus 3 3. 34 anterior (or cranial) (definition) 4. 4 anterior chamber 69. 71 anterior pituitary gland 79. 82 anterior tibialis muscle 54. 54 antibodies 85.87,96 anticoagulants 87 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 78. 80 antigens 96 antiperistalsis 113, 119 anus 107. 107. 108 aorta 88. 89.91. 92 aortic valve 88.89 aponeurosis 46

Iinea alba 49-50.

arterial circulation 91. 92 arteries 90.90-1 arterioles 91

asternal (’false’) ribs 35. 36 atlas (Iirst cervical vertebra) 27. 30. 34 atoms 1 3

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and energy 6. 7, 7. 15.45 atria 88. 89

atrioventricular node 89. 90 atrioventricular valves 88. 89 atrophy of muscles 46 auditory ossicles 73. 74. 75 automatic reflexes 66

autonomic nervous system 60. 66. 67. 68

Avcs (birds) 3 see also birds axis 34. 35 axon hillock 56 axons 2 3. 23. 56. 57 azygous win 92.9 3

backbone

animals with 3 animals without 3 balance

and coordination, cerebellum 61 while in motion 75 while standing still 75

balanitis (bi∣lanoproslhitis) 1 39 ball and rocket joints 44 barium meal’ X-rays 113. 114 bases (alkalis)

and acids 14 in the body 1 3 basophils 85. 86. 87 beak 159, 170. 170 bicarbonate ions 1 3. 8 5 biceps brachii muscle 51, 51, 52 biceps femoris muscle 52. 5 3 bicuspid valve 88.89 bilaterally cryptorchid I 37 bile 116. 119

bile canaliculi 119. 120 bile duct 116. 119. 120 bile salts 116. 117. 118 bilirubin 86. 116 binary Iission 8 binocular vision (3D) 68.69 bipolar neurons 70. 71 birds 159-72

anaesthetising 168 bone structure 159, 160 brain 164. /64 Circulatorysystem /68. 168-9 crop /69. 170 differences in beak shape 170. / 70 digestive system /69. 169-70 droppings 170, 172 egg formation 171 -2 erythrocytes (red bkx>d cells) 169 eyesight 164. 164-5 feather structure 161, / 6 3 !light muscles 159 gizzard /69. 170 handling 163 hearing 165 heart 168 intubation of 167

Iegandlbot 160, 160-1. 161 moulting 162 perchingre!lcx 161 reproductive system 171. 171-2 respiration /67. 167-8 Tespiratorysystem 165-8. /66 salivary glands 170 sense of smell 165 sense of taste 165 sense of touch 165 sex of offspring 172 sexual differentiation 172 skeletal modifications 159-61.

160 skeleton 159-61. / 60 skull 159-60.

41

types and functions of feathers 161-2. /63 urinary system 170. / 7 / wing structure 160, 161, /62 biting action 108 bladder (urinary) 25. 26. /22. /23.

131 blind spot 69, 71 blink reflex 72 blood cells 1. 11,85,85 composition 84-7. 85 regulation functions 84 specialised con necti w tissue 19 transport functions 84 blood-brain barrier 62 bl(xxl circulation, in the fetus 9 3 bl(xκl clotting 84.96 cascade mechanism 87 factors affecting 87

HIimmI glucose levels 119 control of 81.8/

M<mm1 pressure 84. 90

Hiidosmorcguliition 128-JO. /29. / JO

bl(Mκl vascular system I 1.84-97 bl<MM∣ vessels, types and functions 90.

90-1 M<mm1 volume 84 B-IymphiMyIes 87 b<M∣y. basic plan 5 b<M∣y cavities 5. 2 1-6 HiMlvchemisIrv 11-15 HiMly covering (integument I 5 ImmIv structures, terms used Io describe 4. +-5 b∣M∣y systems 5.17 bone marrow 27

p∏Mluclion of granulocytes 86 prixiuction of lymphocytes 87 p∏Mluction of platelets 87 pr∣Mluction of red MimmI cells 85. 86 bones 19. 20-1.21

categories by shape 27-8. 28 development of 28.29

Ilat 27 irregular 28 long 27. 28. 28. 29 of birds 1 59. 160 of the forelimb 27. J6-9 of the hindlimb 19-+1 of Iheoralcavity 108 pneumatic 28 sesamoid 28 short 27-8 splanchnic 28 structure and function 27-8 bony labyrinth 74. 74 brachial plexus 65 Hrachialis muscle 51. 5 / HrachiiMcphaIicus muscle 51 Hrachycephalicskullshapt' 12. H brain 59

of birds 164. /64 protection of 61-2 structures and functions 60- 1.60.

6/

breathing. Inechanicsof 104-5 bronchi 101. /O/ bronchioles 101. /O/ Brunner's glands 116. 118 bulbourethral glands, cal I 19 bundle of His fibres 89. 90 bursa 46. 47

on the Achilles tendon 54

Caecotrophs 176-7 caecum 107. /07. /08. 1 18 caesarean section, rabbit 177 calcaneus 40. 4 /, 4 3 calcitonin 78. 80. 80 calcium 13.

and MimmI clotting 87

and muscle contraction 45

and transmission of nerve impulses 57 cancellous (spongy) bone 21 canine teeth / /O. 110-11 capillaries 90. 91 capillary beds 91 Carbohydratcs(PoIysiiccharides) 14. /4 digestion of 108. I 16-18

in ftxMl 116 metabolism, in the liver 119

carbon compounds 14-15 cardiac muscle 22- J. 22. 89 cardiac sphincter 11 3. 114. / / 5 cardiovascular system 5 Carnassial teeth / / O. IIO-Il carnivores 4

Iivth 109-10 carpal bones 18. 38 carpal extensor muscles 51.52 carpal Ilexor muscles 52. 52 carpus 38. 38 carrier proteins 6 cartilage 19. 20. 2/ cartilaginous joints 41.42 cal

Classilicationof 1 clavicle 16 endocrine glands 77. 77 humerus 17. 18 os penis 28. 41 scapula / 75 skull shapes 11 catabolic reactions I 5 cataracts 71 cations I 1 cauda equina 61. 64 caudal Idelinition) 4. 4 caudal lc<κ'cygeah vertebrae 27. 32 shapes of 14. 35

caudal vena cava 88. 89. 92. 9 3. Il 9 Cavvrnouscrectilelissue I 17. I 18 cell body (neuron) 56. 57 cell membrane 5-6. 6. 7-8 cells 5-1 5

bathed in interstitial Iluid I I division 7. 8-1 1 energy supply 6 in tissues 17-18 organelles 5. 6. 7-8 structure and function 5-8. 6 cells of Icydig (interstitial cells) 81.

I 15 cellular immune response 87. 96 central nervous system (CNS) 56.

59-6 3 centrioles 6. 7. 8-9 centromere 9 Centrosome 5. 6. 7 cerebellar hypoplasia 61 cerebellum 60.61.6 / cerebral cortex (grey matter) 60 cerebrospinal Iluid (CSF) 1 1.60, 61 collecting samples 61 cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) 60,

60. 6 / ceruminous glands 7 3 cervical vertebrae 27. 12 shapes of 14. 35 cervix /40. 140-1 Cetaceans 4 cheeks 108 Chclonians (tortoises, turtles.

terrapins) 191-1 cardio∖'asi'ular system 19 I digestivcsystem 191. /92. /9 3 respiratory system 191. / 9 3 sexual dilferenIiation 192- 1. / 9 3 shell 191. /92 skeleton 191. 142 urogenital system 192. / 92. / 9 J chemical transmitter substances 56 chemistry of Ihebody 11-15 chcmoreccptors.

chinchilla Uhindtilht hπιiι∣er) 178 dentition 18 J diet 184 digestive system 18 3 morphology 18 1 physiological and behavioural data 188

rvρ∏M∣uctivc data 189 rcpr< Mluclivc system 184 sι*xual differentiation 184 chipmunk (Tumius sihir/cHS) 1 78 digι*stive system 181 morphology 180-1 physiological and behavioural data 188

reproductive data 189 reproductive system 181 chloride 1 1. 84 cholinesterases 57 chorionic gonadotrophin 79 choroid 70 choroid plexuses 61 chromatids 9 chromosomes 7

changes during mitosis 8-9. 9 'crossing over' I I diploid numbiT 8 haploid numbιτ 8. 10. Il chyle 1 16. 117. I 18 chyme 115. 118 cilia 6. 7-8 ciliary HimIv 69. 70. 71 ciliary muscle 69. 70. 71 Ciliatcdcpithelium /7. 18 ciliated Inucousepithelium 10 in the trachea IOO-I inside the nose 98 circulatory system 90- J in birds 168. 168-9 circumduction, of an extremity 42 cisterna chyli 94. 94. 96. 1 I 6. 1 I 8 Class(ClassiIicaIion) 1 Classilication system 3-4 clavicle 36 claws 18. 39. 155-6. I 56 clitoris /40. 142 collagen 15 collagen fibres 20, 20 collateral ligaments 42. 4 3 CoIIei^aIingduct (nephron) 124. /25 functions of /27. 128 colon 107. /07. 1(18 functions of I 18 colostrum 14 1 Columnareells /7. 18 common bile duct 116 Commonintegument I 51-6 compact bone 21 compounds I 3 concentration gradient 6 conchae 98. 99 conditional reflex 66 condylar joints 44 Condvle 29 cones (light sensitive cells) 70.71 conjunctiva 69. 69 ConntTlive tissue 17

types and functions 18-21 CDordinalingsystemsof the b<κlv 5 copper 14 Coprophagia. HMlents 176-7. 180. 182. 181 cornea 69. 69. 72 coronary veins 92.9 3

corpus Ciillosuin 60 Corpusluleuin 141. 14 J corlicosk∙π>ids 82 corticosterone 82 cortisol 82

Coslalarvh 15. 16 costal cartilage 15. 16 Coughrellex 11) I absent in repliles 19 I

cow milk lever 57 os cordis 4 I

cruni<ιl Idelinilionl 4.

Darlos muscle 1 15. 1 17 daughter cells, produced by mitosis 9.

9

dead space, in Ihe respiratory Iracl 101. 105

deciduous dentition 1IO-II deep Idciinition) 4 defaecat io<ι 119 deferent duct Iviisdeferens. ductus deferens) 1 14. /15. I 17 deglutition (swallowing) 112.

I 12-1 1 dehydration I 1 signs of 128-9 dendrites 56. 57 dendrons 21. 21. 56. 57 dense connective tissue 19. 20 dental arches 109 dental formulae I IO dentition

deciduous 110-11 permanent 110-1 I dermis I 52. I 52 dew claw 18. IX. 19. 40. 41 diabetes mellitus 8 1. 127 diaphragm 24. 24. 25. 104-5 absent in repliles 191 structure of 49. 49

diaphysis (shaft I of a bone 28. 29 diarrhoea I 19 diarthroses 42 diastole 89. 90 diffusion I I-12. 12

across it cell membrane 6 digastricus muscle 47. 47 digestion 107. 1 16-18 digesti Veenzymcs 1 5 digestive juices 11. 117 digestive system 5. 24-5. 107-21 aceessoryglands 107 barium X-Hiyseries I I 1. 114 birds 169. 169-70 p<ιrtsof 107. /07. IOX digital extensor muscles 51. 52. 54,

digital Ilexor muscles 52. 52. 54. 54 digits 18. IX

dipcplides 14

distal (definition) 4. 5

disli∣l convoluted tubule 124. 125 functions of 127. 128 dislichiasis 72 diuretics 128

l)X.∖ Idcoxvribonuclcicacid) 7. 8 dog

classification of 1 clavicle 16 digest iw system 107 eclampsia in bitches 57 elbow dysplasia 17 femur 40 hip dv^rsplasia 19. 54 humerus 17. IX Iiyoidappanitus 12 mandible (medial and lateral views) 10 nose 9X os penis 28.41 pelvis 19 radius and ulna 17. IX ribcage 16 ribs 16 scapula 16 skeleton 27 skull IO skull shape's 11-2. 11 tarsus 41 tibia and Iibula 40 upper respiratory trad 99 dolichocephalic skull shape 12. 11 domestic cat s<τ cat domestic dog s<τ dog dopamine 56 dorsal Idellnition) 4. 4 ductus arteriosus 9 1 ductus venosus 9 5 duodenum 107. /07. ∕0X. I 16 dura mater 62.62 dwarlism 80 ear. hearing and balance 7 1-5 ecdysis

lizards 194 reptiles 191 snakes 197

eclampsia in bitches 57 ectropion 72 efferent nerves 59 egg (bird). formation of 171-2 ejaculation I 17 elastic cartilage 20 clastic fibres 20. 20 elastin I 5 elbow Iolecninon) 17. IX elbow dysplasia In dogs 17 elbow ∣oint 17. 4 1 elbow region, muscles of 51. 52 clcctπ>lyte 1 J elements I J embolus (dot) 87 embrvoand fetus 146-9 development of the embryo 14X.

149 development of the fetus 149 developmental terminology 146 cnd<x^,hondral ossification 28. 29 ex Ira-embryonic membranes 147-9. 14X

fertilisation and cell division 146-7. 147. 14X fetal blood circulation 91 germ cell layers 147. 14X neural tube 59

placenta 149 endochondral ossification 20. 28.29 endocrine glands 18. 77. 77 associated hormones 78-9 cnd(κτincsyslem 5. 60. 77-8 J functions 77 end<κ*ytosis 7. 8. X endolymph 74. 74. 75. 75 endoplasmic reticulum (LR) rough 5. 6. 7 smooth 5. 6. 7 endothelium I 7. 24-5 energy

role of mil(κ*hondria 7. 7 supply in the cell 6 use in the body, metabolism I 5 enterokinase 118 entropion 72 enzymes 15. 116-17

as catalysts 15 for digestion 1 17-18 transport of 84 eosinophils X5. X6. 86-7 epaxial muscles 4X. 48 epicondyle 29 epidermis 151-2. 152 Ihickix^tSSof 151

epididymis 114. I 15. 1 15-6. 1 16 epiglottis 99-1 (K). /00. 112-1 1. 112 epiphyseal plate Igmwth plate), in a bone 28. 29

epiphysis (end) of a bone 28. 29 epithelial Iissue(CpilhcIium) 17. 17-18

Crylhmcyles (red blood cells) 85-6. X 5. X6

in birds 169 erythropoiesis 85. 86 erythropoietin 79.86. 122 Luslachian (auditory) tubes 71. 74. 99. 112, 112

excretion 1()7

by the kidneys IlO-I by the urinary system 122

Cxfolialiw cytology 144

CXiKTinegIands 18 ex<κ^,ytosis 8 expiration (exhalation) 105 expiratory reserve volume 105 extension, of a joint 42. 44 external abdominal oblique muscles 49. 50

external acoustic (auditory I meatus JO. 10. 71. 74 external car 71. 74

external intercostal muscles 105 external nares 98. 9X external Urelhralorilice 140. 142 CxiracelIuIartIuid(I-XT) 11 CXlraocuIar muscles 47-8. 4X extrinsic muscles 46 of the forelimb 50-1. 51 of the hindlimb 52 of the eyeball 71

eyelashes, conditions ass<κ*iated with 72

eyelids 71. 71-2 eyes 67-7 J

extrinsic muscles 71 Iieldsofvision 68.69 formation of an image 72-1. 72 muscles 47-8. 4X structure and functions 69. 69-71 eyesight, of birds /64. 164-5

facial expression. muscles of 47 facilitated diffusion 6 faecal incontinence I 19 faecal retention 1 19

faeces I 19 false pregnancies 146 family (Classiiicationl J fascicles 22 fat cells 20.20 fats (lipids)

digestion of 116- 18 in fo<xi 116 metabolism in the liter 120 fatly acids 14. 118 fatty tissue 19. 20

’fear, light or Hight* syndrome 82- J feathers

dust and pathogens 162 Structureof 161. 16 3 types and functions 161 -2. / 6 3 feeding tube, care with guinea pigs 182

femur J 9—40. 40 ferret IMnstelapnlorinsfnroI (order Carnivora)

dentition 185 digestive system 185-6. 187 morphology 184—5 musculoskeletal system 185. /85.

186 reproductive system 186. 187 Urinarysystem 186. 187 fertilisation 10. 146-7. 147 Iibrinogen 85.85. 87 fibroblast cells 20, 20 Iibnxarlilage 20 Hbrous connective tissue 19. 20 Hbrousioinls 41-2 Iibrous proteins I 5 Hbula 40. 40 Iiltration 1 3 Iish (class) J Hsh (Teleost group) 200-J circulatory system 202 digestive system 202 gill system 202. 20 3 integument 202 live-bearing species 20 J mouth bro<κlers 20 J musculoskeletal system 200. JOO osmoregulation 202 reprιxluclive patterns 202- J respiratory system 202, 20 J special senses 20/. 202 swim bladder 200-1.20 / urinary system 202

Ilagella 6. 8

Ilexion. of a joint 42. 44 Hight muscles 159 'Iloating* ribs J 5-6. 36

Iluid balance in the bιxly 1 1. 12- I J.

I J-I4

Iluid mosaic model 6 see also phospholipid bi layer fetus see embryo and fetus follicle stimulating hormone (I-SH) 78. 79. 82

fιxxl boluses 108. 109. 1 12-1 J. 11 J. 115

footpads I 54-5. I 5 5 foramen 29

foramen magnum 6J foramen ovale 9 J

Ibrcbrain 60-1.60

forelimb

bones of 27. J 6-9 muscles of 50-2

fossa 29

frontal bone JO. 30

frontal sinus 98. 99

fruscmide (diuretic) 128 functional residual capacity 105 fur 1 5 J-5 gallbladder 107. 116, I 19 ganglion cells 71 gaseous exchange. in the alveoli IOI-2. 102

gastric dilation and volvulus l(*∙∣)∖)

11 J

gastric juices I I J. 117-18 gastric pits 114. 115. 117 gastrin 79. 117 gastrocnemius muscle 5 3. 54. 54 general anaesthetics, and the blood-brain barrier 62 genus (CliissiIication) J gerbil (Mcriones MifftiiiItlalitsi (Myomorph) 178

dentition 179

digestion 179-80 digestive system 179-80 morphology 1 79 physiological and behavioural data

188

reproductive data 189 rcpnxluctivesystem ISO. 180 sexual differentiation 180 germ cells, division 8. I O-1 I gestation peri<xl 146 gingival membrane 109 gizzard, in birds /69. 170 glandular tissue, types and functions

17. 18. /9 ' glaucoma 71 gliding/sliding joints 42. 44 globular proteins I 5 glomerular capsule 124. /25. /26 glomerulus (IJowman scapsule) 124.

/25. /26

Iunclionsof 126, /26, 127 glottis (larynx) 99-100. 99. 1(8) muscles of 48 glucagon 78. 81 glucικ*or Iicoids 79. 82 gluconeogenesis 82 glucose 14. /4. 1 18. I 19 glucosuria 81. 127 gluteal muscles 52. 5 3 glycerol 14. /4. IlO glycogenesis 81.81 glycogenolysis 81.8 /. 8 J goblet cells / 7. 18 Golgi apparatus (or lxxly) 5. 6. 7 gonadotrophin releasing hormone 79.

8 1.82

Graalian follicles 1 J9. /4 /. 14 J gracilis muscle 5 3. 54 granulocytes (granular leuc<x yles) 85. 85. 86.86-7 greater curvature IlJ. / / 5 grey matter (cerebellum) 61 grey mailer (cerebral cortex) 60 grooming 109 grow th hormone 78. 79 guinea pig (Givia porrellιιs) 1 78 dentition /8/. 181-2 digestive system 181-2. /82

need for vitamin C 182 morphology 181 physiological and behavioural data 188

reproductive data 189 reproduclhv system 18 J sexual differentiation 18 J skeletal system 181 urinary system 184 gums 109 gustation (taste) 66. 68 haemoglobin 14.86 haemopoiesis 27.85 haemopoietic organ 95 Iiaemopoicliclissuc 19. 20 haemorrhage 86 haemothorax IOJ hair I 5 J-5

hair follicles 1 5 J. / 54. 1 5 5 hamster (MesiHricctns anrntns) (Myomorph) 178

dentition 179

digestion 179-80 digestive system 179-80 morphology 179

physiological and behavioural data 188

reproduct ive data 189 Tcprixluclivesystem 180. 180 sexual differentiation 180 hamstring muscles 52. 5 3 hard palate 109. 109 I Iaversian systems Iin bone) 21.2/ head, muscles of 47-8 hearing, birds 165 heart 24.87∙ 9O

birds 168

cardiac cycle 88-9

circulation of bl<xκl through 88-9. 89

conduction system 89-90, 89 "hole* in 9 J

position in the thorax IOJ reptiles 191

heart auscultation, in Chclonians 191 heart chambers 88 heart murmur 88.9 J heart valves 88. 89 heart wall, layers 88

Iiepiirin 87 Iicpalicarlery 92. 9 J. 1 19. 120 Iicpiilic portal system 92. 9 J Iicpiitic portal vein 92. 9 J. 1 18. I 19.

120

Iicpalicvein 92. 9 J. 119. 120 hepatocytes 119, 120 I Ieri n g4 Jreucr reHex 105 Iiermaphrixlilisni. in Iish 202 hibernation. Chelonians 191 hindbrain 61.60

respiratory centres 105 hindlimb

bones of J9-41 musc les of 52-4 hinge joints 44 hipbones J9. 39 hip dysplasia in dogs J9. 54 histamine 86. 87 histiιχ∙yles 96 hιx^,k joint 4/.4 3

muscles of 54

point of 40. 4 J ‘hole* in the heart 9 J

homeostasis 11. 14.60 functions of the blood 84 hormones 15

changes during oestrous cycle 144 chemistry 77 endocrine glands which produce 78-9

oflactation 142 production and transport 18 response produced 77 sources of 77. 79 stimuli Torsccrelion 77 transport 84

humerus 37, 38 fractures of 17 humoral immune response 96 hyaline articular cartilage 41.42 hyaline cartilage 20. 21 model for bone 28. 29

hyoid apparatus II. 32. 99-100, /00 hyoid bone, attachment of tongue 109

Iiypcixial muscles 48.48-9 IiyperadreiKK-Ort icalism 82 hyperglycaemia 81. 127 hyperparathyroidism 80 IiyptTthymidism 80 hypertonic Iluids 12 hypertrophy of muscles 46 hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) 152-1, /52 hypothalamus 60, 78. 79. 82 hypothyroidism 80 hypotonic Iluids 12 hypovolaemic shock 11 Hystricomorph rodents 181-4

ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone) 78. 79. 81-2 IcF(UitracelluIarIluid) 11 Ilcocaccal junction 116 ilium 19. 39 immune response

non-specific 96 specilic 96 immune system 85. 86-7

defence systems 96 functions of the bl<xκl 84 immunoglobulins 85,96 implantation 146-7 Incisivebone )0. 31.3/ Incisorteclh 11. 31. / 10. 110-11

overgrowth in rodents 179 infection

enlargement of lymph nodes 95. 96

protection against 86-7

signs in popliteal lymph node 54 inflammatory processes 86-7 inflammatory response 96 infraspinatus muscle 51. $ / ingestion 107 inguinal hernia 50 inguinal ring 50. 50 inner ear 74. 74-5

InorganIc compounds in the body 11.

11-14

Insectlvores 4 inspiration (inhalation) 105 inspiratory reserve volume 105 insulin 78. 81 integument 5

intercalated discs, in heart muscle 22.

21

intercalated neurons 58.65 intercellular products 17 Iiitercostalmustles 16. 105 intercostal nerves 105 internal abdominal oblique muscles 50. 50

internal intercostal muscles 105 Intcrphascbcforcmeiosis 10. /0 interphase before mitosis 8. 9. 9 interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) 78. 79.81-2 interstitial fluid 11.17 interventricular septal defect 91 Inlcrvertcbraldisc 11. 34 intestinal juice 117, 118 intestinal wall, Struclureof 116, /17 IiitracelluIarIIuid(ICF) 11 Intramembranous Ossilication 28 intra<κ*ular pressure 71 intravenous injections 109 birds 169

intrinsic muscles 46

of the forelimb 51-2. 5/,52 of the hindlimb 52-4

intubation 99 birds 167 rabbits 177

Inwrtebrates 1

ions 13 iris 69. 70 iron 14. 86 iron-dcliciency anaemia 86 ischium 19. 19 islets of Iamgerhans 81 isometric contraction 46 isotonic contraction 46 isotonic fluids 12

Iacobsensorgan

Iiziirds 194

snakes 198 jaw muscles 47.47 jeiunumandilcum 107, 107. 108.

116

joint capsule 4/. 42

joints 41-4

jugular wins 92. 92 keratin 1 5

keratinised Slratilieti epithelium 18 kidney disease 111

kidneys 122-11. /2 3 blood supply /24. 124 formation of urine 124-11 macroscopic structure / 2 1.

121-4, /24

microscopic structure 124. /25 kingdom (classification) 1

Iachrimal gland 7/.72 lacrimal bone 10. 30 lactase 118 lactation 142-1

Iacteals 94. H 6, Il 7. 118 Iagomorphs 4. 171-8 Iargeintesline 107. 107. 108. 1 I 3.

I 18-19

Iaryngeal paralysis, in dogs HX) larynx (glottis) 99-100, 99. IOO muscles of 48

lateral Iddinition) 4. 4

Iateralcanthus 7/.71

lateral line system, in fish 201. 202 latissimus dorsi muscle 51

left atrioventricular (ΛV) valve 88. 89 leg and foot, of birds / 60. 160-1. 161 lens 69. 71

formation of an image 72-3. 72 Iessercurvalure 113. 1/5 leucocytes (while blood cells) 8 5. 8 5.

86. 86-7 ligaments 20. 29

in synovial joints 4 1. 42. 4 1 limbus 71

Iinea alba aponeurosis 49-50. 50 Unnacus. Carl 3 lip<Lses 118 lipids 7. 14. 14 lips 108-9 live-beering Iish 201 Iiwr 107

functions 119-20

hepatic portal system 92. 9 3 structure 119. /20

lizards (suborder Sauria) 191-7 autotomy 194 Cardiovascularsystem 194. /95 digestiwsystem 194. /95 handling 194 integument 194 respiratory system 194 Sexualdifferentiation 196. /97 skeleton 19 3, / 94 special senses 194 Urogenitalsyslem 196. /96 IoopofHenIe 12 3, 124. /25. /27.

127-8 lumbar Wriebrae 27. 32 shapes of 14. 35 lungs 1(8). /O/. IOI-4. /03. 104.

104-5

division into lobes 102. /0 3 Iuleinising Iiormone(UI) 78. 79.82 lymph Iluid 11. 118 lymph nodes 94. 94-5, 95. 96 lymphatic capillaries 94 lymphatic ducts 94. 94. 96 lymphatic system 94—6 lymphatic tissues 9 5 lymphatic vessels 94. 94 lymphocytes 85, 85. 86. 87. 95 lymphoid tissue 85 Iysosomcs 5. 6, 7. 8. 8 lysozymes 7. 8

macrophage cells 20. 20. 87. 96 magnesium I 1. 14. 85 malar abscess 1IO malocluded teeth

guinea pigs 181 rabbits 176. / 76 maltase I 18 Mammalia (class) 1.4 mammary glands 142-3. /42, 153 mandible(Iowxt jaw) 31. 3/. 108,

/09 mandibular glands 111. / /1 mandibular symphysis 11. 3/,42 manubrium 24. 36. 36 mass mowmenLs. in the large intestine 119 masseter muscle 4 7. 4 7 mastication 108

muscles of 47.47 mating

cat 1 19

dog 1 19 maxillary sinus 98

medial Idefinilioni 4. 4 medial canthus 7/.71 median plane 4. 4 mediastinum 24. 25. 88. IOl. 102, 1()3-4

medulla oblongata 60,61 medullary cavity 27. 28 meiosis 8. IO-Il membr<ιnous cochlea 74.74 Inembrdnouslabvrinlh 74. 74 membranous semicircular canals 74,

/ *> membranous vestibule 74. 75 meninges 62. 62 menisci, in a joint cavity 41. 42. 4 > Tncsaticcphalic skull shape 12. J J mesentery 25. 26. 1 I 1 metabolism I 5. 107 metacarpus 18. 18 metaphase of mitosis 9. 9 metaphase I of meiosis 10. Il metaphase Il of meiosis 10. Il metatarsus 40. 41 microvilli I 16. / / 7 micturition (urination) I 12 midbrain 61.60 middle ear 71. 74 milk, composition of 141 milk fever in cows 57 milk (temporary) teeth 110-] 1 mineral salts, in plasma 84-5 mineralocorticoids 79. 82 minerals, in the body 1 1—14. 27 mitochondria 5. 6, 7 mitosis 7. 8-9. 8 mixed nerves 58 molars / /0. I IO-I 1 molecules 11

ITioiiiKuIar vision (2l)) 68. 69 monocytes 85. X5. X6. 87 Rionocstrous cycles 145 monogastric digestion I 1 J mon Oglyceridcs 1 18 monorchid 1 17 monos<ιccharides 118 motor nerves 58 motor units 46 moulting birds 161 of hair 1 5 1 mouse (Λhιs mirandas) (Myomorph) 178 dentition 179 digestion 179-80 digestive system 179-80 morphology 1 78 physiological and behavioural data 188

reproductive data 189 Teproducliwsyslcm 180. 180 sexual differentiation 180 mouth breathing 99

diving birds 166 movement, synovial joints 42-4 Riucousmcmbranes 17. 18 multicellular glands 18. /9 multiparous females (dog and cat) 1 19 muscles

anatomy 46,46 attachments 46. 46 belly 46. 46 contraction 45-6. 45 heads 46. 46

neuromuscular junction 56 shapes 46. 46 sheath 22

tissue types and functions I 7. 21-1. 22

lone 46 responsible for respiration 104-5 muscular system 5 myelin sheath 2 1. 21. 56 myeloid tissue 85 myocardium 22. 88. 89 Rivotibrils 22. 45.45

<1

Myomorph rodents 178-80 Coprophagia 180 dentition 179 digestion 179-80 digestive system 179-80 Tcpnxluctivesyslcm 180. 180 ScxuaIdiITerentiation 180 myosin !thick) Iilamenls 45. 45 mvx(κ*dcma 80

nasal bone K). 10 nasal cavity 98. 99 nasal chambers 10.98 nasal mucosa (smell) 66-7 nasalseptum 10

nasal Iurbinales (conchae) 10. 98. 99 Iiasolaclirimalduct 71, 72 nasopharynx 99. 99. 109. 1 12 neck muscles 48 nephrons 121

Structurcof 124. /25 nerve Iibrcs 21.21

and muscle contraction 45-6 nerve impulses 56-7

generation of 57-8. 5X. 59 nerves. Classilication of 58-9 nervous system 5. 56-66 nervous tissue 17.23.23 neuroglial cells 56. 62 neurohypophysis 78. 79-80 neurons 2 3.23

size of 56 structure 56-7 Variationsinshapc 56. 57 neutrophils X5. X6. 86 nictitating membrane (third eyelid)

71. 72 in birds 165 night vision 70 Iiodestif Kanvier 56 non-myelinated nerve Iibres 56, 56 noil-self cells, destruction of 96 noradrenaline (norepinephrine) 79.

82-1

nose breathing 112

nose. Struclureand functions 98-9. 9X see also nasal nosepad 98. 9X nucleoli 6. 7 nucleus 5.6. 7

division by mitosis 8-9. 9 nucleus pulposus J1. 14 nutrients, transport 84 occipital bone 10. IO

oesophagus 107. 107. 108. 11 1 oestrogen 78.81.82. 82. 141 (κstrous cycle 141-6

changes in ovary and reproductive tract 141-4

functions of 141

Iiormoiiiil changes 144

Phascsinthcbilch /44. 144-5 phases in the cat lquιvn) 145-6.

/45

phases of 141 olecranon 17. 18 olfaction (smell) 66-7 olfactory bulbs 60. 61,6/. 67. 98

IF olfactorv nerves 11 V olfactory region of the nose 98 omentum, greater and lesser 25. 26.

I I 1 optic chiasma 60.6 / optic disc 70. 71 oπιl cavity (mouth, buccal cavity)

107. 108-9. /09 orbit 10. 10.67 Ordcr(Classiliciilioii) 1 organ of Corli 74. 74. 75 organelles 5. 6. 7-8 organic compounds 1 1. 14-15 organogenesis 149 organs 5. 17 oropharynx 99. 99. 109, 112 os penis 28. 1 17-8. 1 19 osmoregulation 84. 122. 128-10 osmosis I I. 12. 11 osmotic pπ*ssu re 12

of the bl<Mκi 85 Ossacoxarumlhipbones) 19. J9 Ossilicalion 28. 29

Ugteocytcs 21,2/ Otitiscxlerna. in dogs and cats 71 otoliths 75. 75 ova 8

Wal window 74. 74 υvarian artery 141 ovarian hormones 78 ovaries 77. 77. 78. 81.82. 119. 141

Cclldivislonwilhin 10 changes during <κ^,slrous cycle 14 1 (Wariohystereclomy 140 overextension. of a joint 44 oviducts (Fallopiiin lubes) 1 19—10.

140. 141 ovipiirous rcpπκluclion. reptiles 190 Oviviparous reproduction, in Iish 201 ovoviviparous rcpr<xluction. reptiles

190 ovulation 141 induced 145 spontaneous 145 oxygen, diffusion across pulmonary membrane IOl oxygen transport 84 oxyhaemoglobin 86 oxy^rlocin 78. 70

pacemaker X9.90 palmar 4. 5 palpebral reflex 72 Piincreas 77. 77. 78. 80-1. 107. 1 16 Pancrcaticduct I 16 pancreatic hormones 78 pancreatic juice I I 7. 118 Panlingindogs 109

Piipillae. on the tongue 109 Piiraniisal sinuses 98-9. 99 Piirasilic infestation 86-7 Parasvmpiithelic nervous system 66.

67.68 parathormone 78. 80. 80 Piiriithyroid glands 77. 77. 80 Pitnilhyroid hormones 78 parietalbonc K). 10

parotid glands III. Ill parotid nodes 95. 96 Piirthenogeiicsis in Iish 202 in lizards 196

Piilella 27. 28.40.4 J. 52

Piilella reflex 66

Piilella slippage, in dogs 40 peelineolomy. to help Inpdyspliisia 54 pectineus muscle 5 J. 54 pectoral muscles 51,5/ pelvic cavity 24. 2 5. 26 pelvis 59, J9 penis

dog I 57-9 functions oΓ I 57 Slruclureof I 57-9. I JX tomcat 159 pepsin 117. 11X perching rellcx. birds 161 pericardial cavity 24 pericardium 24. XX perilymph 74. 74 periodontal membrane 109 periosteum 21.21 peripheral Iicrvoussystcin 56. 6 5-6 peristalsis 1 I 5. / / J. 1 1 5. I 16. 119 peritoneal Iluid 25 peritoneum 25. 26 permanent dentition /10. 1 IO-II pH 14

balance in the body 14. X4 phagιx^,ylic cells s<τ ιι∕so macrophages blιxxl cells 96 in lymph nodes 95

phagocytosis 7. X. X. 20. X6. X7 phalanges 5X-9. JX pharynx 4X. 99. 99. 107. 109. /09.

1 12-1 5. 112 pheromones 15 5 philtrum 9X. 109 phospholipid bilayer 5-6. 6 phosphorus 14 photoreceptor cells 67. 70. 70-1.72 phylum (ClassiIication) 5 physiology Idelinitionl 5 pia mater 62. 62 pinna 7 5. 74 pinocytosis X pituitary gland 60. 6 /. 77. 77 pituitary hormones 7X. 79-80 pivot joints 44 placenta 9 5. 149 planc/gliding joints 42. 44 plantar Idelinition) 4. 5 plasma I 1. X4-5. X5 plasma membrane 5-6. 6. 7-X plasma proteins I I. X5 platelets X5. X6.87 Pleuralcavities /0/. 102-5 pleural membranes 24. 25 types of /0/. 10 5. 104 pneumothorax 10 5 polymerisation 14 polymorphonucle<xytes (PMNs) X6 poly<x*slrous breeding season 145 polypeptides 14 polysaccharides 14 pons 60. 61 popliteal nixie 95. 96

signs of infection 54 pores, in the cell membrane 6. 6 posterior (or caudal) (delinition) 4. 4 posterior chamber 71

posterior pituitary gland 7X. 79-XO postsynaplic membrane 57 potassium I 5-14. 57. 59. X5 preen gland I 59 pregnancy XI prehension IOX premolars /10. IIO-I I prescapular nixies 95. 96 presynaptic membr<ιnc 56 primates 4 progesterone 7X. X1. X2 prolactin 7X. 79 prophase of meiosis 10. Il prophase of mitosis X-9. 9 prophase Il of meiosis 10, Il Proslatcgland I J4. 1 J5. 1 57. 1 59 proteases I IX proteins (polypeptides) 14-15. /5 digestion of I 16-IX in fιxxl 116 metabolism in lhe liver 120 structure 14-15. /5 synthesis 7 transport 7 prothrombin X5. X7 protraction, of a limb 42 proximal (delinition) 4. 4 proximal convoluted tubule 124. 125 Tunctionsof 126-7. /27 psittacosis 162 pterygoid muscles 47 pubic symphysis 42 pubis 59. J9 pulmonary artery 90 pulmonary circulation XX. 90. 92.

9 5. 92. 9 5 Pulmonarymcmbrane IOI Pulmonarypleura 101. 102 pulmonary valve XX. X9 pulmonary vein 91 pulp cavity 109 pulse X9.'109 pupil 69. 70

Sizccontrol. in birds 165 pupillary rellcx 72 Purkinieccll 57. 61 Purkinje Iibres X9. 90 pyloric sphincter 115. / / 5 pyloric stenosis I I 5 pyothorax 10 5 quadriceps femoris muscle 52 rabbit tθrι∣tlυlat∣ιιs Ciiniiiiliis) (order

I Aigornorpha)

digestion 177-8

digestive system 174—7. /75 handling of I 7 5 morphology 175

physiological and behavioural data IXX

posit i<Hi of s<τolum 177 rcpnxiuctivcdala 1X9 rcprιxiuclivcsystcm /77. I77-X.

∕7X

respiratory system 177 skeleton 17 5-4. /74. /75 teeth 176-7. /77 urinary system / 77. 177 young 178 radius 57. JX

rat Oiiitliis Htirwflii us) ( Myomorph) 1 7X dentition 179

digestion I 79-XO

digestive system 179-XO morphology 17X phy siological and behavioural data IXX

Teprixiuctiwdata 1X9 Teprixiucliwsyslein IX(). 180 sexual differentiation IXO rectum 107. 107. 108. 1 19 rectus abdominus muscles 50, 50 rellcx arcs 65-6 rehydraling fluids, Ionicily 12 relaxin X1 renal failure, chronic I 51 renal nephrons, prιx*csscs occurring in 124. /27 rcprιxiuctiw organs 25. 26 Teprixlucliwsystcm 5. I 54-50

birds /7/. 171-2 female I 59. 140 male 1 54*9 male dog / J4 tomcat / J 5

Teprixluctiw trad, changes during ικ∙stπ>us cycle 14 5-4 Teptilcs(ClassKeptiIia) 5 cardiovasc ular system 19() Classilication 190 digest Ivesystem 190 handling 191 heart 191 integument 19 I renal portal system 191 reproduction 190 respiratory system 190 skeletal system 190 thermoregulation 191 Urinarysyslcm 190 Tesidualvolumc 105 respiration (pulmonary ventilation) Controlof 105 delinition of 98 external 98 in birds /67. 167-8 internal (tissue) 98 mechanics of 104-5 muscles responsible for 104-5 Tcspiratorycentres. hindbrain 105 Tcspiratorydclinilions 105 respiratory rale, dι>g and cal 105 respiratory region of lhe nose 98 respiratory system 5.9X-106 in birds 165-8. /66 ret Iculcxytcs X6 retina 67.69. 69. 70. 70-1 formation of an image 72. 72 Wtraclion. of a limb 42 rhinarium 98. 9X rhythmic Siymentalion I I 5. 1 /6. 116. 119 ribosomes 5. 6. 7 ribs 24. 54-6. J6 right atrioventricular I AV) valve XX.

X9

right Iymphaticducl 94. 94 Tixlcnts (order Rixlcnlia) 4. I 7X-84 rιxls (light scnsitivecclls) 70. 70 rostral (delinition) 4. 4 rotation, of a joint 42. 44 round window 74. 74

saccule 74. 75 sacral plexus 65 sacral vertebrae 27. 52 shapes of 54, J 5

SiivroiIiiK* joint 34. 39. 39

Siicroiliiic Iigiimcnl. Strelvhingduring parturition 34

Siivrum 34. 35 Sagitliilvresl 30 saliva IOX. Ill-Q Salivaryenzymes IOX Siilivarygliinds 107. ///.111-12 birds 170

salt gland, marine birds 171 Sarvomeres 45.45 sartorius muscle 5 3. 54 scapula 36-7. 37 Schwann cells 2 3. 2 3. 56. 56 Sciuromorph rodents IXO-I sclera 69. 69 scrotum / 34. / 35. I 35. / 36 Schiiccous glands / 52. 1 5 3 secretin 79.1 Ix selectively permeable membrane 5-6.

6 semilunar valves XX. 91 Scmimcmbriinosus muscle 52. 5 3 seminal fluids I 39 seminiferous Iubules I 35. I 36 semi*permeable membranes 12./3 semitendinosus muscle 52. 5 3 senses, specialised 66-75 sensory nerves 5 X serotonin 56 serous Iluid 24 serous membranes 24—5 Scrtolicells I 35 serum X5. 85 sesamoid hones 18. 39 sex hormones, adrenal 79. X2 ScxualrcpnxJuction 1 34-50 shedding of hair 1 5 3 shoulder joint 37 sight 67-7 3 simple diffusion 6 Simplecpithelium 17. /7 sinoatrial node Ipiicemiiker) X9. 90 sinuses 2X

frontal 30

Piinmasal 9X-9. 99 skeletal (Slriateti) muscle 22. 22. 45-55

skeletal system 5.27—44 functions 27

skeleton appendicular 27. 2X axial 27. 2X. 29- 36 OfbirdN 159-61. /60 splanchnic 2X

skin, structure and functions 151-3. /52

skin colour, in relation to Iiaircolour

152

skin glands I 5 3 skin infections. Iish 202 skull.birds 159-60. /6/ skull bones 29- 32. i 3 skull shapes

dog 31-2. 3 3 domestic cal 31 slipped disc’ 3 3 small intestine 107. ∕f∕7. ∕0λ^,. 11 5.

I16-IX. /∕7 smell (olfaction) 66-7 in birds 165 smooth Iunslriated. involuntary.

visceral) muscle 22. 22 snakes (suborder Scrpenlesl

Cardiovascidar system 197 digestive system I9X. /99 fangs 19X. / 9Λ^, integument 197 Tespiraturysystem 197. /99 sexual differentiation ∣9X∙∙9 skeleton 197. ∕9X skull 197, ∕9λ^, special senses 197 tongue ∣9X urogenital system 19X vertebrae 197. ∕9X sodium I 3-14. X4 entry into cells 6 osmoregulation 129-30. 1 30 transmission of nerve impulses 57. 59

soft palate 99. 99. 109. /09. 1 12. 1/2

somatic cells, division X somatic sensory and motor nerves 59 Somaloslalin 7X. Xl Nomalolrophin 7X, 79

NOLind. perception of 7 5 sound production 4 X. 100. 109 spaying 140 special senses 66-75 species (Classiiication I 3 specilic immune response X7. 96 spermatogenesis 1 35 spιτmatozoa X. I 35. / 37 sphenoid bone 30. 30 sphincter muscles 46 Spinalcanal 32. 34 spinal cord 32. 59 structure 6 3. 64

spinal nerves 64. 64-6 spinous procession vertebra) 32. 3 3.

34. 35

splanchnic skeleton 41 spleen 9 5-6. 113-14 Squamousivlls /7. IX Slernalribs 35. 36 Sternebrae 36. 36 sternum 24. 35. 36. 36 steroids 7. X2 stille joint 2X. 40. 4 3 stomach 107. /07. 108, I 1 3 functions of I I 3 gastric emptying 1 I 5 muscular movements I I 5 simple I 1 3 Struclurcof 113-14. /15 wall, structure and function

1 14-15. /∕5

stomatitis (‘mouth rut) in Chclonians 191

Straliliedepithelium 17-IX. /7 stretch receptors. respiration control 105

Striatixl muscle 22. 22 structural systems of the b<xlv 5 subclavian veins 92. 92 Sublingualartery 109 sublingual glands I 1 I, III Sublingualwin 109 Nublumbar Iiypaxial muscles 52 submandibular nodes 95. 96 succus entericus 116. IIX sucrase I IX Superlicial Idclinition) 4 SUpiTliciaI cervical nodes 95. 96 SupiTliciaI inguinal nodes 95. 96 supraspinatus muscle 51,5/

Suprairix hlear foramen (dogs) 37. 3X surgery, use of Iinea alba for sutures 50

suspensory ligaments 69. 70 sutures (joints) 31.41-2 swallowing Idcglulitionl 99-1 (H).

/ /2. 112-13 muscles for 4X Siwal glands 1 5 3 swim bladder. Iish 200-1.20/ Svmpiilhctic nervous system 66. 67.

68 synapses 2 3.23. 56-7 synaptic deft 56-7 svnarcosis 50 SViuirt h roses 42 syncilium 10. Il synovial (tendon) sheath 46. 47 synovial Iluid 42

in a bursa 46.47 synovial joints 4 /. 42-4 ranges of movements 42 types and properties 44 synovial membrane 41.42 systemic circulation XX. 90. 9 I 3. 92 systems, in the body I 7 systole X9.90

IaiLverlebrae in 34. 35 Iapcluni Iucidum 70. 70, 72 tarsus 40. 4 /. 4 3 taste, sense of (gustation) l()9 in birds 165

taste buds 66. 68. 109 taxonomy 3-4 tears 72 teeth 109-11

dog 3/ eruption limes I I I function 109-10 shapesand features /10. I 11 structure 109

Iypesand functions /10. 111 Ielophiiscof mitosis 9. 9 telophase 1 of meiosis I O. Il Ielophasi^aIIof meiosis 10. Il Iemperalurccontrol X4. 109 temporal bone 30. 10 temporalis muscle 47. 47 Icniporoniandibularjoinl 31. IOX tendons 20. 29 tensor fascia Iatae muscle 52. 5 J terrapins s<τ Cheloniaiis testes 10. 77. 77. 79. X 1-2. / 34.

/ 35. I 36. I 35-7 Iesticulardescent I 36-7 testicular hormones 79 testosterone 79. X1-2, I 35 thalamus 60 thermoregulation X4. 109 thigh muscles 52-4. 5 3 third eyelid 7/.72 Ihoraciccavilv 24. 24. 25. 101.

102-4. 101. 104 thoracic duct 94. 94. 96, 1 IX thoracic vertebrae 24. 27. 32 shapes of 34. 35 thorax, muscles of 49, 49 Ihrombixylcs (platelets) X5. X5. 86.

X7 thymus 96 W thyrocalcitonin XO. 80 thyroid glands 77. 77. XO thyroid hormones 7X

1 hyπ >t r< >ph ic/l hy roid st imulal ing hormone (TSII∣ 7X. 79. XO Ihvroxin 78. XO tibia 40. 40 tidal volume 105 tissue Ihiid 11. 122 (issues of the bodv 5. 17-2 J

types 17 T-Iymphcryles X7. 96 tongue muscles 4X longue 4X. 99. 109. /09 tonicity (osmotic pressure) 1 2 tonometer 71 tonsils 112 tortoises s<τ Chelonians total lung capacity 105 touch (sense of) in birds 165 trachea 99. IOO tracheal collapse, in dogs IOI tracheal ducts 94. 94. 96 IranscelIuIarIluid 11 transmitter substances 56 Iransversus abdominis muscles 50. 50 trapezius musc le 50. 5 / triceps brachii muscle 51.52 tricuspid valve XX. X9 tri-i<κlothvronine XO

WF trochanter 29 Irochleii 29 trunk, muscles of 4X-5O. 48 tubercle 29 tuberosity 29

Iunicavaginalis /36. I 37 turbinates 30. 9X. 99 turtles.mt Chclonians tympanic bulla 30. 7 3 Iympaniccavily 7 3 tympanic membrane Iear drum) 30.

7 3. /4. 75

ulna 37. 3X Ultralillrdlion 1 I. 126. /26 umbilical cord 149 unconditional rellex 66 ungulates 4

Uniccllularglands /7. IX

urates 170 urea I 30 ureters /22. /2 3. /24. 1 31 urethra

female / 22. I 11

male / 34. / 35. 1 37. / 3X

male dog 1 31 tomcat 131-2 uric acid I 70 urinalysis I 32-3

in reptiles 191 Urinarysystem 5. 122-33 birds 170. 171 functions of 122 parts of 122. /22 urinary trad, blockage by uroliths or calculi I 31 Urina(Ionlmicturilioii) I 32 urine

Consliiuenlsof 1 30-1 formation bv kidneys 124 31 urogenital system 25. 122. /2 3 urolithiasis I 31

Uropygial gland I 59 Ulerineartery 141 Uterinctubcs(Oviducts) I 39-40. 140.

141

uterus 140. 140 utricle 74. 75. 75 uvea 69. 69-70

vagina 140. 142 vaginal epithelium, change's during oestrous cycle 14 3-4 vasopressin XO veins 90. 91

Vencpuriclurc 9 I

lizards 194 Venouscirculalion 92. 92 ventral Idelinitioni 4. 4 ventricles XX. X9 Venlricularsvsiem (brain) 61-2.62.

XX. X9 venules 91 vertebrae basic plan 52. 3 3

formula for 27. 32 joints between 3 3. 34 vertebral column

funclionsof 32 ITiuscIesof 4X 9. 4X regionsof 27. 32 ∖vr∣ebrak^bs 3 vestibule 142 vestibulocochlear nerve(V'lll) 74. 75 villi (sing, villus) 116. 117. IlX visceral muscle 22. 22 visceral peritoneum 11 3 visceral sensory and motor nerves

59 visceral systems of the bodv 5

W Wr

Vitalcapacily 105 vitamin C. guinea pigs’ requirement for IX2 vitamin K X7 vitreous humour 69. 71 viviparous reproduction, in Iish 20 3 vocal folds I(M) vocal ligaments I(M) vomiting 112. I I 3 three Iypes of 11 5 vulva 140. 142

Wasleproducls. transport X4 water

content of the bodv 11-13 intake required I 3 loss.conlrolof 12X-9. /29 loss, due to sickness or injury I 3 loss, normal 12. I 3 medium for body’s biochemical reactions 11

while matter (cerebellum) 61 while matter (cerebrum) 60 wings. Slruclureof 160. 161. /62

Xiphoidcarlilage 36. 36 xiphoid process 36. 36

zygomatic bone (zygomatic arch, cheekbone! 30. 10 zygomatic glands 1 11. I / /