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Introduction

First described in the late 19 th century (Johne and Frothingham, 1895), Johne's disease (JD) or paratuberculosis is a chronic, progressive and untreatable disease, mainly affecting ruminants and caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP).

This bacterium enters through the gastrointestinal tract and can per­sist within the host for extended intervals (years) before clinical signs arise. Infected animals may excrete MAP prior to detection (diagnostics or clinical manifestations). MAP has demonstrated the ability to survive for extended periods of time in the environment, 152-246 days in pastures, and in water for up to 6-18 months (Lovell et al., 1944; Whittington et al., 2004; Singh et al., 2013). This persistence poses concerns for the application of contaminated manure on feed crops (Obasanjo et al., 199 7). Disease charac­teristics of paratuberculosis as well as prolonged environmental survivability of MAP have made this a challenging pathogen to study and control.

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Source: Behr Marcel A., Stevenson K., Kapur V. (eds.). Paratuberculosis: Organism, Disease, Control. 2nd edition. — CAB International,2020. — 439 p.. 2020
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