Introduction
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been detected in goats in most goatrearing countries, including Austria, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Greece, the UK, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia (Stehman, 1996; Nielsen and Toft, 2009).
Prevalence and control programmes for paratuberculosis in ruminants, including goats, in different countries have recently been reviewed (Whittington et al., 2019). The disease in goats resembles that in sheep in many respects (see Chapter 12, this volume). The prevalence of infection in goats is difficult to estimate in any region or country because of the uncertainty of the diagnosis and the fact that reporting of cases often depends on the conduction of specific surveys or eradication programmes. There are also large variations in the estimates from studies that have used different study designs and sampling frames (Nielsen and Toft, 2009).Paratuberculosis in goats is known to cause considerable economic losses (Sardaro et al., 2017) due to reduced feed efficiency, reduced milk production and increased culling of infected animals. Moreover, subclinical MAP infection has been shown to result in reduced fertility of goats (Kostoulas et al., 2006). Together, these considerations indicate that paratuberculosis in goats leads to decreased revenues and increased costs, including the costs of diagnostic testing and implementing control measures (de Juan et al., 2005).
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