Introduction
The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex of different cell types that acts as the conductor of many autonomic functions and allows for higher mentation. Antemortem evaluation of CNS cellularity and structure has historically been hampered by the difficulty of accessing or visualizing the critical structures and the drastic effect of loss of those structures on the individual.
Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis has become routine, other antemortem modalities, such as CNS cytology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography, have only begun to be developed in veterinary species. These modalities used in conjunction have improved the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases. This chapter describes CSF analysis and CNS cytology and then provides an overview of how these diagnostic techniques can be used in some of the more commonly encountered diseases.
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