Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Thomas Colville
OUTLINE
| INTRODUCTION, 2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 2 TERMINOLOGY, 3 Anatomic Planes of Reference, 3 Directional Terms, 5 Common Regional Terms, 6 GENERAL PLAN OF THE ANIMAL BODY, 6 | Bilateral Symmetry, 7 Body Cavities, 7 Dorsal Body Cavity, 7 Ventral Body Cavity, 8 Levels of Organization, 8 HEALTH, 9 HOMEOSTASIS, 9 |
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology.2. Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic anatomy. 3. Differentiate between the study of regional anatomy and the study of systemic anatomy. 4. Describe the four anatomic planes of reference. | 5. List and describe the anatomic terms of direction. 6. List and describe common regional terms for the body. 7. List the components of the dorsal body cavity. 8. List the components of the ventral body cavity. 9. List the four basic types of body tissue. 10. Define homeostasis. |
VOCABULARY FUNDAMENTALS
| Adipose ahd-ih-pδs Anatomy ah-naht-ah-me Anterior ahn-teer-e-ar Barrel bear-uhl Bilateral symmetry bi-laht-ar-ahl sihm-ih-tre Brisket brihs-kiht Cannon kahn-nuhn Cardiac muscle kahr-de-ahck muhs-uhl Carpus kahr-puhs Caudal kaw-dahl Connective tissue kuh-nehck-tihv tihsh-yoo Cranial kra-ne-ahl Cranium kra-ne-uhm Deep dep Digestive system dih-jehs-tihv sihs-tehm Distal dihs-tahl Dorsal dohr-sahl Dorsal body cavity dohr-sahl boh-de kahv-ih-te Dorsal plane dohr-sahl plan Epithelial tissue ehp-ih-the-le-ahl tihsh-yoo Equilibrium e-kwuh-lihb-re-uhm External ehcks-tar-nahl | Fetlock feht-lohck Fight or flight system fit or flit sihs-tehm Flank flahngk Gastrointestinal (GI) tract gahs-trδ-ihn-tehs-tih-nahl trahkt Gross anatomy grδs ah-naht-ah-me Health hehlth Hock hohck Homeostasis hδ-me-δ-sta-sihs Inferior ihn-feer-e-ar Inflammation ihn-fluh-ma-shuhn Internal ihn-tar-nahl Knee—carpus of hoofed animals ne—kahr-puhs of hooft ahn-uh-muhlz Lateral laht-ar-ahl Macroscopic anatomy mah-krδ-skohp-ihck ah-naht-ah-me Medial me-de-ahl Medial plane me-de-ahl plan Microscopic anatomy mι-krδ-skohp-ihk ah-naht-ah-me Muscle tissue muhs-uhl tihsh-yoo Organ ohr-gahn |
Palmar pahl-mar
Parietal layer pah-rι-eh-tahl la-ar
Pastern pahs-tarn
Physiology fihz-e-ohl-uh-je
Plane of reference plan of rehf-ar-uhnz
Plantar plahn-tahr
Pleura ploor-ah
Poll pol
Posterior po-steer-e-ar
Proximal prohck-sih-mahl
Regional anatomy re-juhn-ahl ah-naht-ah-me
Rostral rohs-trahl
Sagittal plane sahj-ih-tahl plan
Skeletal muscle skehl-ih-tahl muhs-uhl
Smooth muscle smooth muhs-uhl
Spinal canal spι-nahl kuh-nahl
Stifle stι-fuhl
Superficial soo-par-fihsh-ahl
Superiorush- peer-e-ar
System sihs-tehm
Systematic anatomy sihs-tuh-maht-ihck ah-naht-ah-me
Tailhead ta-uhl-hehd
Tarsus tahr-suhs
Thorax thohr-ahx
Tissue tihsh-yoo
Transverse plane -v'jrs plan
Ventral vehn-trahl
Ventral body cavity vehn-trahl boh-de kahv-ih-te
Viscera vih-sar-ah
Visceral layer vih-sar-ahl la-ar
Withers wihth-arz
Xiphoid process zι-foyd proh-sehs
Life is a tricky proposition. It is difficult, messy, fragile, and a lot of work.
The bodies of living animals have to be organized just right and maintained within very narrow limits to allow the hectic choreography of life to unfold throughout their lives.We don't usually think of animals as living mechanisms, but the study of anatomy and physiology is really the study of the animal machine, what makes it up, and how the whole thing works. The language of anatomy and physiology uses terms like cells, tissues, organs, and systems, but we're really talking about the component parts of this living machine. These living parts are amazingly intricate and their functions delicately interrelated. As veterinary health care professionals, we must understand how animals are put together and how their bodies work. Fortunately, the animal body is fascinating to study in and of itself, but even more so when we appreciate how important normal anatomy and physiology are to animal health.
The various parts of the body must work together in near-perfect harmony to maintain the life and well-being of an animal. The interesting part of this truth is that the apparently simple and automatic states of life and health are not as they seem. Life is not simple, and health is not automatic. Life is extraordinarily complicated, and health is the result of numerous things going just right. At first glance it seems as though health is the normal state of affairs, and disease and death result from some awful outside influences attacking the body. However, outside influences alone usually play smaller roles than we might think. Disease and death often result from the absence of normal body structure and functioning. Normal anatomy and physiology are critical to an animal's health and survival, and our knowledge of them is critical to our ability to influence the animal's health and survival in cases of disease or injury.