LEECHES (ANNELIDA: HIRUDINEA)

Members of the Phylum Annelida are bilater­ally symmetrical segmented worms with a true coelom. They typically comprise three groups of organisms: Class Polychaeta (sandworms), Class Oligochaeta (earthworms), and Class Hirudinea (leeches) (Mader 1994).

Leeches also have some importance to wildlife diseases; leeches may have evolved from oligochaetes (Mader 1994), and later assumed a carnivorous lifestyle (Sawyer 1986, p. 419). However, it also has been proposed that leeches have a close relationship with arthro­pods and should be classified as a member of the Subphylum Uniramia among the Phylum Arthropoda (Sawyer 1986).

Some leeches are predatory on other inver­tebrates, while other leeches are obligate or facultative parasites; hosts include all classes of vertebrates. Most parasitic leeches are found on fish, reptiles, and mammals (Janovy 1997), but some play an important role with birds (Davies et al. 2008). Leech locomotion is by means of suckers located at each end of the body (Sawyer 1986). Leeches can serve as intermediate hosts for some trematodes, and as definitive hosts for others (Sawyer 1986).

Some leeches can transmit a number of try­panosomes and other hematozoa among reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish (Sawyer 1986). While some aquatic jawed leeches may transmit trypanosomes among mammals, the evidence is weak. Despite some claims to the contrary, there is little current evidence that leeches may serve as vectors for rinderpest, yaws, or patho­genic viruses (Sawyer 1986). Nasal leeches of birds (Thermomyzon spp.) in Eurasia, North and South America, and Africa can be debilitating welfare factors (Sawyer 1986, Tuggle 1999).

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