PHYLUM PENTASTOMA
Pentastomes (“tongue worms”) are helminthlike parasites found in the respiratory systems of vertebrates (Roberts and Janovy 2000). About 100 species among a limited number of genera (App.
1: Table 2) are known; as adults, most live in the respiratory system of reptiles, especially snakes, lizards, crocodilians, and some amphibians. One species lives in the air sacs of sea birds, and another lives in the nasopharynx of canines and felines (Roberts and Janovy 2000). Most modern taxonomists align pentastomes with arthropods (Riley 1986), and some argue that they should be regarded as an order or subclass closely allied with the Branchiura of the Crustacea among the Arthropoda (Wingstrand 1972, Riley et al. 1978). Pentastome bodies are elongate, usually tapered toward the anterior end, and often have distinctive segmentation (Roberts and Janovy 2000); they have four leglike protuberances. The term “pentastome” (“five-mouths”) appears to be a misnomer.The pentastome Sebekia mississippiensis uses alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) as definitive hosts and several species of fish as intermediate hosts (Overstreet et al. 1985, Yanong 2002). Adult pentastomes in the lungs of alligators deposit eggs containing larvae, which are passed with feces. After ingestion by an appropriate fish intermediate host, the larvae hatch and undergo several molts (Boyce et al. 1987) Potential intermediate hosts have mild to severe inflammatory responses, with hemorrhage, myositis, and myodegeneration (Boyce et al. 1987).
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