MYCOTOXINS

Mycotoxin is a general term for a variety of diverse but potent toxins produced by fungi that affect birds, mammals, and other vertebrates (Quist et al. 2007). There are a number of myco­toxins of importance to vertebrates (Bennett and Klich 2003).

In contrast to mycoses, which are infections, mycotoxicoses are pathologies analogous to poi­sonings by pesticides or heavy metal residues (Bennett and Klich 2003). Like mycoses, myco­toxins generally are not communicable from host to host (Bennett and Klich 2003). Aflatox­ins are used as an example of a mycotoxin.

AFLATOXINS (ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS)

CAUSATIVE AGENT (CLASSIFICATION, morphology) Aflatoxins are one of at least nine types of closely related mycotoxins pro­duced by members of the genus Aspergillus spp.

Although host susceptibility varies consider­ably among species (Arafa et al. 1981), no verte­brate species appears to be completely resistant to aflatoxins (Quist et al. 2007). Among free-living birds, aflatoxins most commonly are reported among waterfowl (Robinson et al. 1982, Quist et al. 2007). Galliform birds also are susceptible (Ruff et al. 1990, 1992; Quist et al. 2007), as are some fish (Hussain et al. 1993). Most reports of aflatoxin have been from wild birds, and from Texas (Robinson et al. 1982), with some obser­vations among wild passerine birds of Great Britain (Lawson et al. 2006) and in eggs of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) of Oman (Elshafie et al. 2007). There is little information about aflatoxicosis among wild mammals.

Most mycotoxicoses result from eating con­taminated foods, although skin contact with mold-infested substrates and inhalation of spore-borne toxins can be important sources of exposure (Bennett and Klich 2003).

Aflatoxins can reduce immune response and increase the severity of avian diseases such as coccidiosis (Edds et al. 1973, Rao et al. 1990). Aflatoxin ingestion also increases susceptibility to the organophosphate malathion (Ehrlich et al. 1985), as well as to Salmonella spp., Candida spp., and Treponema spp. Immunity to Pasteurella multocida also is impaired (Pier 1992), and aflatoxin ingestion may exacerbate avian mortality events such as avian cholera among wild birds (Smith et al.

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