ORBIVIRUSESf BUNYAVIRUSES AND TOGAVIRUSES IN SEABIRDS
J. PAUL DUFF
Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLA DoWS), Great Britain Wildlife Disease Surveillance Partnership, Penrith, Cumbria, UK
At least 20 viruses, from the bunyavirus, orbivirus, togavirus and possibly coronavirus groups, have been isolated from the Ixodes uriae tick, a widely distributed parasite of seabirds, associated with auks in the northern hemisphere, penguins in the southern hemisphere and other species of seabirds; this tick also occasionally bites humans.
Orbivi- ruses of the Kemerovo serogroup, and a bunyavirus of the Uukuniemi serogroup, have been isolated from I. uriae tick pools and from a kittiwake (R issa tridactyla ) taken from a seabird colony in Scotland(46). Genetic reassortment occurs in these viruses, giving rise to new virus ‘types’. New viruses may also be introduced by birds visiting from other seabird colonies.
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