Puffinosis
J. PAUL DUFF
Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLA DoWS), Great Britain Wildlife Disease Surveillance Partnership, Penrith, Cumbria, UK
In 1946 and 1947 epizootics were observed among manx shearwaters (Puffinus p.
puffinus) on the island of Skomer off the Welsh coast; further disease outbreaks have been seen in more recent years. The disease was seen in juveniles and was characterised by vesicles on the plantar and dorsal foot web surfaces(47). Conjunctivitis was also seen in 1946. It was estimated that 90% of the birds with clinical signs died of the disease. The cause is thought to be an as yet unidentified virus. Pox virus infection produces a mild self-limiting disease in shearwaters and is not the cause of puffinosis.REFERENCES
1. Purcell, R.H. & Emerson, S.U. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2008;48:494-503.
2. Zhao, C., Ma, Z., Harrison, TJ. et al. A novel genotype of hepatitis E virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in China. Journal of Medical Virology. 2009;81:1371-9
3. de Deus, N., Peralta, B., Pina, S. et al. Epidemiological study of hepatitis E virus infection in European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain. Veterinary Microbiology. 2008;129:163-70.
4. Martelli, F., Caprioli, A., Zengarini, M. et al. Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in a demographic managed wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) population in Italy. Veterinary Microbiology. 2008;126:74-81.
5. Kaba, M., Davoust, B., Marie, J.L. & Colson, P. Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar ( Sus scrofa) livers. The Veterinary Journal. 2010;186: 259-61.
6. Adlhoch, C., Wolf, A., Meisel, H., Kaiser, M., Ellerbrok, H. & Pauli, G. High HEV presence in four different wild boar populations in East and West Germany. Veterinary Microbiology.
2009;139:270-8.7. Forgach, P, Nowotny, N., Erdelyi, K. et al. Detection of hepatitis E virus in samples of animal origin collected in Hungary. Veterinary Microbiology. 2010;143:106-16.
8. Rutjes, S.A., Lodder-Verschoor, F., Lodder, WJ. et al. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar and red deer in The Netherlands. Journal of Virological Methods. 2010;168:197-206.
9. Widen, F., Sundqvist, L., Matyi-Toth, A. et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in humans, pigs and wild boars in Sweden. Epidemiology and Infection. 2011;139:361-71.
10. Johne, R., Plenge-Bonig, A., Hess, M., Ulrich, R.G., Reetz, J. & Schielke, A. Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR. The Journal of General Virology. 2010;91:750-8.
11. Bouwknegt, M., Rutjes, S.A., Reusken, C.B. et al. The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact- infection and intravenous inoculation. BMC Veterinary Research. 2009;5:7.
12. Okamoto, H. Hepatitis E virus cell culture models. Virus Research. 2011;161:65-77.
13. Colson, P, Borentain, P, Queyriaux, B. et al. Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2010;202:825-34.
14. Shibahara, T., Wada, Y., Tsunemitsu, H., Kubo, M., Ishikawa, Y. & Kadota, K. Gastroenteritis associated with Helicobacter-like organisms and rotavirus in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Australian Veterinary Journal. 2001;79:133-5.
15. Coria-Galindo, E., Rangel-Huerta, E., Verdugo-Rodriguez, A., Brous- set, D., Salazar, S. & Padilla-Noriega, L. Rotavirus infections in Galapagos sea lions. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2009;45:722-8.
16. Smith, A.L., Singleton, G.R., Hansen, G.M. & Shellam, G. Aserologic survey for viruses and Mycoplasma pulmonis among wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in southeastern Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1993;29:219-29.
17. Le Moine, V, Vannier, P.
& Jestin, A. Microbiological studies of wild rodents in farms as carriers of pig infectious agents. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1987;4:399 408.18. Greenwood, A.G. & Sanchez, S. Serological evidence of murine pathogens in wild grey squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis) in North Wales. Veterinary Record. 2002;150:543-6.
19. Everest, D.J., Dastjerdi, A., Gurrala, R. et al. Rotavirus in red squirrels from Scotland. Veterinary Record. 2009;165:450.
20. Petric, M., Middleton, PJ., Grant, C., Tam, J.S. & Grant, C.. Lapine rotavirus: preliminary studies on epizoology and transmission. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. 1978;42:143-7.
21. Reynolds, D.L., Theil, K.W & Saif, Y.M. Demonstration of rotavirus and rotavirus-like virus in the intestinal contents of diarrheic pheasant chicks. Avian Diseases. 1987;31:376-9.
22. Gough, R.E., Cox, WJ. & Devoy, J. Isolation and identification of rotavirus from racing pigeons. Veterinary Record. 1992;130:273.
23. Ramig, R. Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection. Journal of Virology. 2004;78:10213-20.
24. Kistler, A.L., Gancz, A., Clubb, S. et al. Recovery of divergent avian bornaviruses from cases of proventricular dilatation disease: identification of a candidate etiologic agent. Virology JournaS. 2008;5:88.
25. Lipkin, W.I. & Briese, T Bornaviridae. In: Knipe, D.M. & Howley, PM. (eds). Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Wolters KluwerZLippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007; pp. 1829-51.
26. Degiorgis, M.P, Berg, A.L., Hard af Segerstad, C., Morner, T., Johansson, M. & Berg, M. Borna disease in a free-ranging lynx (Lynx lynx). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000;38;3087-3091.
27. Berg, M., Johansson, M., Montell, H. & Berg, A.L. Wild birds as a possible natural reservoir of Borna disease virus. Epidemiology and Infection. 2001;127:173-8.
28. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Scientific Opinion on African Swine Fever.
EFSA Journal. 2010;8:1556.29. Jori, B. & Bastos, A.S.D. Role of wild suids in the epidemiology of African Swine Fever. Ecohealth. 2009;6:296-310.
30. Perez, J., Fernandez, A.I., Sierra, M.A. et al. Serological and immunohistochemical study of African swine fever in wild boar in Spain. Veterinary Record. 1998;143:136-9.
31. Laddomada, A., Patta, C., Oggiano, A. et al. Epidemiology of classical swine fever in Sardinia: a serological survey of wild boar and comparison with African swine fever. Veterinary Record. 1994;134:183-7.
32. Beltran Alcrudo, D., Lubroth, J., Depner, K. et al. African swine fever in the Caucasus. 2008; Available online at: ftp:ZZftp.fao.orgZdocrepZ faoZ011Zaj214eZaj214e00.pdf [accessed 20 March 2012].
33. Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M. African swine fever. In: Straw, B.E., Zimmerman, J.J., D’Allaire, S. & Taylor, D.J. (eds) Diseases of Swine, 9th edn. Ames: Blackwell Publishing; 2006; pp.291-8.
34. McVicar, J.W, Mebus, C.A., Becker, N. et al. Induced African swine fever in feral pigs. Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 1981;179:441-6.
35. OIE. African swine fever. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 6th edn. Paris: OIE; 2008; pp. 1069-82.
36. Eurolex. EU Council Directive 2002Z60ZEC. Available online at: http:ZZeur-lex.europa.euZLexUriServZLexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:19 2:0027:0046:EN:PDF [accessed 20 March 2012].
37. Albina, E., Mesplede, A., Chenut, G. et al. A serological survey on classical swine fever (SCF), Aujeszky’s disease (AD) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infections in French wild boars from 1991 to 1998. Veterinary Microbiology. 2000;77:43- 57.
38. Reiner, G., Fresen, C., Bronnert, S. et al. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in wild boars. Veterinary Microbiology. 2009;136:250-8.
39. Jacobs, A.C., Hermann, J.R., Munoz-Zanzi, C. et al. Stability of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at ambient temperatures.
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010;22:257- 60.40. Kallio-Kokko, H., Uzcategui, N., Vapalahti, O. & Vaheri, A. Viral zoonoses in Europe. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2005;29:1051-77.
41. Griffin, D.E. Alphaviruses. In: Knipe, D.M. & Howley, PM. (eds). Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Wolters KluwerZLippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007; pp. 1023-67.
42. Weaver, S.C., Powers, A.M., Brault, A.C. & Barrett, A.D.T. Molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. Veterinary Journal. 1999;157:123-38.
43. McLean, R. & Ubico, S.R. Arboviruses in birds. In: Thomas, N.J., Hunter, D.B. & Atkinson, C.T. (eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2007; pp. 17-62.
44. Weaver, S.C. & Reisen, WK. Present and future arboviral threats. Antiviral Research. 2010;85:328-45.
45. Martinez, L., Kekarainen, T., Sibila, M. et al. Torque teno virus is highly prevalent in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Veterinary Microbiology. 2006;118:223-9.
46. Nuttall, P, Carey, D., Reid, H.W & Harrap, K.A. Orbiviruses and Bunyaviruses from a seabird colony in Scotland. Journal of General Virology. 1981;57:127-37.
47. Miles, J.A.R. & Stoker, M.G.P Puffinosis, a virus epizootic of the manx shearwater (Puffinus p. puffinus}. Nature. 1948;161:1016-7.