OTHER PARVOVIRUS INFECTIONS
MARIE-PIERRE RYSER-DEGIORGIS
Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiol- ogy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Avian parvoviruses belong to the two distinct genera Dependovirus (including Goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV)) and chicken and turkey parvoviruses(33).
Virus transmission is via faeces and infected eggs. GPV causes gosling plague (Derzsys disease). Clinical signs and lesions vary depending on the age of the geese and can include mild respiratory disease, ataxia, necrotic hepatitis and myocarditis, enteritis with diarrhoea, feather abnormalities and growth retardation. Histologically, intranuclear inclusion bodies are typically found in the liver(34). MDPV, to which geese are resistant, causes a similar disease in Muscovy ducks. MDPV has also been involved as the cause of short beak and dwarfism syndrome in mule ducks (mallard (A nas platyrhyn- chos) ? Muscovy duck hybrids)(35). The chicken-origin parvovirus (ChPV) and two turkey-origin parvoviruses (TuPV) have been implicated as causes of poultry enteric disease syndromes(33). Parvovirus-associated disease and mortality has occasionally been reported in wild geese species in zoological parks, suggesting that wildlife may be implicated in the epidemiology of GPV(34), which was further supported by the high prevalence of antibodies to GPV documented in free- ranging geese in Germany(36). Parvovirus-like infections have been also reported in captive or exotic wild bird species(34). Parvovirus infection in birds is typically demonstrated by serology or PCR. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are inexpensive and are sensitive alternatives suitable for field conditions(37). In farmed waterfowl and the poultry industry, parvovirus infections result in high morbidity and mortality associated with great economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is a common preventive measure.Minute virus of mice (MVM) and Mouse parvovirus (MPV) are among the most prevalent infectious agents in colonies of laboratory mice. Various clinical disease syndromes in mice have been associated with MVM infection, and both MVM and MPV can have immunomodulatory effects(38). Exposure to these viruses is common also in wild populations, as shown for example in house mice (Mus domesticus') in England(39). Hamster parvovirus (HaPV) is one of the several novel rodent parvovirus strains that have been discovered over the past decades. HaPV was first isolated in a commercial colony of Syrian hamsters (Mes- ocricetus auratus) that experienced high neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hamsters are thought to be aberrant hosts for HaPV, while mice have been proposed as its natural rodent host(38).
Knowledge about parvovirus infections in marine mammals is very limited. Disease has not been reported so far. Two free-ranging Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from Alaska were seropositive positive at low titres for Canine parvovirus 2 antibodies by the haemagglutination inhibition test, indicating possible exposure of sea lions to this virus(40).
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