OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY

Overall, wildlife diseases can be serious deci­mating factors to affected host populations. They can suppress and regulate these populations, cause local extirpations, and have been associ­ated with species extinction.

We begin (Chapter 2) with a summary of the tools and strategies wildlife hosts can use in protecting themselves from the effects of vari­ous diseases they encounter, so as to be able to clearly address these defense mechanisms in later discussion of these diseases. In many ways, the relationships between hosts and parasites can be described as an evolutionary “dance,” a constant competition with each side seeking to respond appropriately to the moves of the other to optimize their own success and avoid a loss of fitness. Considering disease in an evolution­ary context, there never are ideal phenotypes (Ewald 1994). Hosts and parasites each are full of compromises, and each is under considerable selective pressure as it evolves an optimal level of success. Many of the discomforts felt by organ­isms experiencing a disease (e.g., fever, diarrhea, allergies, anxiety) are connected with contempo­rary defense mechanisms (Ewald 1994).

We then assess the major macroparasites by taxonomic group in Chapters 3 through 5.

Then our emphasis is upon prokaryotic and other microparasites, including bacteria and viruses, in Chapters 8 through 10. Understand­ing the basic life cycles and life history strate­gies of each parasite group as their selective pressures work to optimize their biological suc­cess, the problems they encounter, and how they overcome them, underlie an understanding of how these diseases ultimately can be managed.

In Chapter 11 we address a few special top­ics such as noninfectious diseases, including toxins, cancers, prion diseases, and the global amphibian decline. While of more recent inter­est, these issues increasingly are recognized as having considerable importance for wildlife.

Finally, in Chapter 12 we address specific applications and special topics, including emer­gent diseases, special problems, and a look at future wildlife disease studies, management, and conservation.

Our goal is to provide a broader understand­ing of wildlife diseases from an ecological and evolutionary approach of key taxonomic groups, rather than emphasizing a clinical and pathological perspective. Hosts and parasites are constantly interacting with each other in a dynamic fashion. Each species tries to optimize its own success, and the degree of sophistica­tion that has evolved in that process is remark­able. Methods of transmission and types of host defenses are among the more striking examples. It is a sense of this larger picture we wish to emphasize.

In approaching a study of wildlife diseases, we remind readers that we work from the per­spective of contemporary Western science. This approach has led to enormous advancements in human understanding of the natural world, including significant insights into the under­standing of the health and diseases of wildlife.

Finally, the major emphasis is on disease in wildlife populations rather than a focus on individuals. The effects of wildlife diseases on individual animals is covered well in veterinary references focusing on captive wildlife (Fraser and Mays 1986, Fowler et al. 2003) as well as more general veterinary texts (Fraser and Mays 1986). There also are some valuable refer­ences covering more specialized topics (Murphy et al. 1999, Mullen and Durden 2002, Stockham and Scott 2002).

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