Bibliographic Essay
The scholarship on medieval and early modern justice is vast. This bibliography can only highlight a handful of important works that were particularly useful in the preparation of this chapter.
On torture, the law of proofs and the use of evidence, see Edward Peters, Torture (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985); John H. Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Regime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977); Bernard Durand and Leah Otis-Cour (eds.), La torture judiciaire, 2 vols. (Lille: Centre d'histoire judiciaire, 2002); Richard M. Fraher, ‘Conviction According to Conscience: The Medieval Jurists' Debate concerning Judicial Discretion and the Law of Proof7, Law and History Review 7.1 (1989), 23-88; Eric Wenzel, La torture judiciaire dans la France de l'Ancien Regime (Dijon: Editions universitaires de Dijon, 2011); Michael Clark and Catherine Crawford (eds.), Legal Medicine in History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); and Andreas Blank, ‘Presumption, Torture and the Controversy over Excepted Crimes', Intellectual History Review 22.2 (2012), 131-45.For capital punishment, see Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Richard van Dulmen, Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Pascal Bastien, L''execution publique d Paris au XVIIIe siecle (Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2006); Paul Friedland, SeeingJustice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Nicholas Terpstra (ed.), The Art of Executing Well: Rituals of Execution in Renaissance Italy (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008); and Nicolas Baker, ‘For Reasons of State: Political Executions, Republicanism, and the Medici in Florence, 1480-1560', Renaissance Quarterly 62.2 (2009), 444-78.
For works on European justice to 1400 see Robert Bartlett, Trials by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); Daniel Smail, The Consumption of Justice: Emotions, Publicity, and Legal Culture in Marseille, 1264-1423 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003); Guido Ruggiero, Violence in Early Renaissance Venice (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1980); Guy Geltner, The Medieval Prison (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); Trevor Dean, Crime and Justice in Late Medieval Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Laura Stern, The Criminal Law System of Medieval and Renaissance Florence (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Sarah Blanshei, Politics and Justice in Late Medieval Bologna (Leiden: Brill, 2010); and Joanna Carraway Vitiello, Public Justice and the Criminal Trial in Late Medieval Italy: Emilia in the Visconti Age (Leiden: Brill, 2016).
Regarding the inquisitions see James Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Christopher F. Black, The Italian Inquisition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009); E. William Monter, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
On the spiritual significance of pain and its relationship to criminal justice see Esther Cohen, The Modulated Scream: Pain in Late Medieval Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Robert Mills, Suspended Animation: Pain, Pleasure and Punishment in Medieval Culture (London: Reaktion, 2005); Mitchell Merback, The Thief, the Cross and the Wheel (London: Reaktion, 1999); Ronald Rittgers, The Reformation of Suffering: Pastoral Theology and Lay Piety in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Florike Egmond and Robert Zwijnenberg (eds.), Bodily Extremities: Preoccupations with the Human Body in Early European Culture (Farnham: Ashgate, 2003); Lisa Silverman, Tortured Subjects: Pain, Truth and the Body in Early Modern France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); and Brad Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
Key scholarship on criminal justice between 1400 and 1800 includes J.
K. Brackett, Criminal Justice and Crime in Late Renaissance Florence, 1537-1609 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Thomas Cohen and Elizabeth Storr Cohen, Words and Deeds in Renaissance Rome: Trials before the Papal Magistrates (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); Irene Fosi, Papal Justice (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2011); James Shaw, The Justice of Venice: Authorities and Liberties in the Urban Economy, 1550-1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Claude Gauvard, ‘De grace especial': crime, Etat et societe en France à la fin du moyen age, 2 vols. (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1991); Natalie Zemon Davis, Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987); Richard Andrews, Law, Magistracy and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735-1789, vol. I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Bernard Schnapper, ‘La repression penale au XVIème siècle. L'exemple du Parlement de Bordeaux', in Voies nouvelles en histoire du droit (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), pp. 53-105; Bernard Schnapper, ‘La justice criminelle rendue par le Parlement de Paris sous le règne de Francois Ier', Revue Historique du Droit Franpais et Etranger 52 (1974), 252-84; Julie Claustre, Dans les geoles du Roi (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2007); Benoit Garnot and Rosine Fry (eds.), Infrajudiciaire (Dijon: Publication de l'Universite de Bourgogne, 1996); Keith Brown, Bloodfeud in Scotland, 1573-1625 (Edinburgh: J. Donald, 1986); Pieter Spierenburg, The Prison Experience: Disciplinary Institutions and Their Initiates in Early Modern Europe (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1991); Michel Porret, Le crime et ses circonstances (Geneva: Droz, 1995); R. Po-chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988); Andreas Blauert and Gerd Schwerhoff, Mit den Waffen der Justiz: zur Kriminalitätsgeschichte des Spätmittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenburch Verlag, 1993); Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2013); Ulinka Rublack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999); Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); and Julius Ruff, Violence in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).For the violent prosecution of sin and witchcraft see Guido Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Francisca Loetz, Dealings with God: From Blasphemers in Early Modern Zurich to a Cultural History of Religiousness (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009); Tom Betteridge (ed.), Sodomy in Early Modern Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002); Isabel Hull, Sexuality, State and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996); Renato Barahona, Sex Crimes, Honour, and the Law in Early Modern Spain (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003); Jeffrey Watt (ed.), From Sin to Insanity: Suicide in Early Modern Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004); H. C. F. Midelfort, Witch-Hunting in Southwestern Germany, 1562-1684 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1972); Laura Stokes, Demons of Urban Reform: Early European Witch Trials and Criminal Justice, 1430-1530 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Gustav Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1980); and Lyndal Roper, Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).