Conclusion
The various sources of Islamic thought maintain a clear distinction between legitimate and illegitimate violence. Although the Qur'an and Hadith are frequently invoked to establish these parameters, jurists, in particular from the eighth century on, often appealed to realpolitik to subvert particularly Qur'anic injunctions in order to expand the boundaries of legitimate violence.
Given the predominance of Islamic law in determining relations between Muslims and non-Muslims at the state and international level, the Qur'anic jihad with its multiple meanings became reduced over time to refer essentially to armed combat in legal and administrative literature. Similarly, the concept of martyrdom, which is a much more expansive one in the early period, became progressively restricted to military martyrdom and a specific cult arose around this concept, despite Qur'anic strictures against the very construction of such a cult. These developments were contested and debated particularly in non-juridical circles. A careful engagement with a range of sources allows us to retrieve these premodern debates and to interrogate the monolithic understanding of jihad, and therefore of legitimate violence, that is prevalent within Islamic thought today.
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