Conclusion
By way of conclusion, Ukraine and Poland, especially the Kresy (eastern borderlands), long inhabited by both peoples, contributed to travel in the Islamic Middle East in just as many ways as western Europe.
We saw in chapter 1 that, just like the western Europeans, the medieval travellers from eastern Europe were pilgrims and Crusaders, and the early modern era saw more pilgrims, such as MikoIai RadziwiH, but also captives of war, diplomats, and missionaries. If during the earliest period, notices by or about them were somewhat sketchy, during the eighteenth century some accounts became quite detailed, as with Hryhorovych-Barsky and Krusinski, and remain of use to historians, geographers, and anthropologists. Of course, the Romantic period saw much more travel to the Middle East, and the Kresy made its special contribution, with adventurers and rebels such as Rzewuski, Chaikovsky, and Chodzko, and even Mickiewicz and SIowacki, spending much time and effort in the region or writing about it.The political activities of rebels such as Chaikovsky and Mickiewicz put paid to the notion that these visitors were imperialist agents of one sort or another. Rather just the opposite; like the Ukrainian poet Shevchenko, they were clearly anti-imperialists, who were willing to give their all, including even their lives, for the liberty of their homelands and to check the empire that ruled them. And this actually happened to Mickiewicz, who died in Istanbul. Moreover, in the decades before 1914, the great age of positivism and nationalism, the Ukrainian Kresy in particular continued to contribute to the phenomenon with scholars such as Jablonowski and Krymsky, writers such as Lesya Ukrainka and Dmytro Yavornytsky, and artists such as Repin, Trush, Yaroshenko, and Chlebowski, living in or visiting Egypt or Turkey. These figures too, especially Krymsky, who identified closely with both Ukrainians and the Crimean Tatars, were clearly rebels, who opposed the imperial international order of their time, which, they believed, severely oppressed their homelands. Though little-known in either the contemporary West or today's Middle East, their contribution to the history, politics, and culture of the region was real and deserves to be acknowledged.
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