Contents

List of Figures pageix List of Maps xii List of Contributors to Volume iii xiii

Introduction to Volume iii 1

ROBERT ANTONY (SHANDONG UNIVERSITY), STUART CARROLL (UNIVERSITY Of YORK) AND CAROLINE DODDS PENNOCK (UNIVERSITY OF Sheffield)

PART I

EMPIRE, RACE AND ETHNICITY 15

i.

in the Eighteenth Century 17

TREVOR BURNARD (UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE)

2. Violence, Slavery and Race in Early English and French America 36

CECILE VIDAL (ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES

SOCIALES)

3. Race and Violence in Portuguese America 55

HAL LANGFUR (SUNY: UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO)

4. Violence and Religion in the Ottoman Empire 77

MOLLY GREENE (PRINCETON UNIVERSITY)

5. Human Sacrifice, Ritualised Violence and the Colonial Encounter in the Americas 96

WOLFGANG GABBERT (LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER)

PART II

CULTURES OF WAR AND VIOLENCE 117

6. Chinese Ways of Warfare 119

KENNETH M. SWOPE (UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI)

7. The Wars of Invasion in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica, 1492-1547 138

MATTHEW RESTALL (PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY)

8. The Yogi's Way of War 156

WILLIAM R. PINCH (WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY)

9. Warfare in Europe 174

PETER H. WILSON (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD)

10. War, State and the Privatisation of Violence

in the Ottoman Empire 194

TOLGA U. ESMER (CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY)

PART III

INTIMATE AND GENDERED VIOLENCE 217

11 ^. Legal Understandings of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Late Imperial China 219

MATTHEW H. SOMMER (STANFORD UNIVERSITY)

12. Samurai, Masculinity and Violence in Japan 236

CONSTANTINE N. VAPORIS (UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, BALTIMORE)

13. Gender and Violence in Early America 255

JOHN GILBERT MCCURDY (EASTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY)

14. Sexual and Family Violence in Europe 274

DIANNE HALL (VICTORIA UNIVERSITY) AND ELIZABETH

MALCOLM (UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE)

15 ^. Men Fighting Men: Europe from a Global Perspective 292

PIETER SPIERENBURG (ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM)

16.

part iv

THE STATE, PUNISHMENT AND JUSTICE 329

17. Crime and Punishment in the Russian Empire 331 nancy s. kollmann (Stanford university)

18. Homicide and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century China 350 thomas buoye (university of Tulsa)

19. Crime and Justice in Anglo-America 370 jack d. marietta (university of Arizona)

20. Violence and Justice in Europe: Punishment, Torture and Execution 389 Sara beam (university of victoria)

21. Legitimised Violence in Colonial Spanish America 408 matthew restaii (Pennsylvania State university)

part v

POPULAR PROTEST AND RESISTANCE 427

22 ^. Rebellion and Violence in Vietnam 429 george Dutton (university of california, ios angeles)

23. Piracy in Asia and the West 449 kris lane (tulane university) and robert antony (Shandong university)

24. Riots, Rebellions and Revolutions in Europe 472 julius r. ruff (marquette university)

part vi

RELIGIOUS AND SACRED VIOLENCE 491

25. Religion and Violence in East Asia 493 thomas david dubois (beijing normal university)

26. Violence towards Heretics and Witches in Europe, 1022-1800 513 ROBERT W. THURSTON (MIAMI UNIVERSITY, OHIO)

27. Intercommunal Violence in Europe 531

PENNY ROBERTS (UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK)

28. Violence, Animals and Sport in Europe and the Colonies 553 BRUCE BOEHRER (FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY)

PART VII

REPRESENTATIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF

VIOLENCE 571

29. African Ritual Violence: Close Combat in Western Africa and the Diaspora 573

T. J. DESCH-OBI (BARUCH COLLEGE, NEW YORK)

30. Intercultural Emblems of Violence in the Spanish Colonisation of the Americas 591

FEDERICO NAVARRETE (UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA

DE MEXICO)

31. Spectacles of Violence in China 612

ROBERT ANTONY (SHANDONG UNIVERSITY)

32. Visualising Violence in Reformation Europe 634 CHARLES ZIKA (UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE)

33. Violence, Civil Society and European Civilisation 660 STUART CARROLL (UNIVERSITY OF YORK)

Index 679

Figures

2.1 Marcel Antoine Verdier, Chdtiment des quatre piquets dans les colonies (Beating at Four Stakes in the Colonies), oil on canvas, 1843.

The Menil Foundation, Houston, Texas. page 37

3.1 European witnesses to cannibalistic rituals condemned Brazil’s coastal

Indians as savage others, legitimating their slaughter and enslavement. Andre Thevet, Les singularitez de la France Antarctique, autrement nommee Amerique (Antwerp: Christophle Plantin, 1558). Source: John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, Providence, RI. 62

3.2 Racialised violence served pedagogical purposes in the shift to a plantation export economy increasingly based on Afro-Brazilian slavery. Simon de Vries, Curieuse aenmerckingen der bysonderste Oost en West-Indische verwonderens-waerdige dingen... (Utrecht: Johannes Ribbius, 1682). Source:

John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, Providence, RI. 67

3.3 Corporal punishment administered alongside incentives provided slaveholders with a didactic tool, teaching slaves to conform in order

to survive. Jean Baptiste Debret, Voyage pittoresque et historique au Bresil..., vol. ii (Paris: Firmin Didot Freres, 1835). Source: John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, Providence, RI. 71

7.1 The stairway corner separating Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors from the Aztecs and their capital city of Tenochtitlan; mural painted by Roberto Cueva Del Rio in 1933-41 in the Mexican Embassy in Washington,

DC, now the Mexican Cultural Institute. Source: Photograph by the author. 139

7.2 The Codex Duran’s rendering of the Toxcatl Massacre - initiated by Pedro

de Alvarado - in the central plaza of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the 1519-1521 Spanish-Aztec War. The hybrid Spanish-indigenous style conveys well conquest-era butchery by sword-wielding conquistadors of unarmed indigenous men. Source: Science History Images / Alamy. 146

7.3 Theodore De Bry’s fanciful visualization, from the 1595 edition of Girolamo Benzoni’s Historia (plate XIX), of the Spanish conquest of Mayas in northern Yucatan, led by Francisco de Montejo, depicted in the foreground unsheathing his sword, with the ‘Indians’ as naked (thus barbarian) victims of the invasion - all save one either surrendering or running away.

Source: De Agostini Editorial / Getty. 150

13.1 ‘The Able Doctor, or, America Swallowing the Bitter Draught'. Cartoon [London, 1774]. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs

Division, 97514782. 267

21.1 One of the engravings Theodor De Bry created to illustrate the 1595 Frankfurt edition of Girolamo Benzoni's Historia del Mondo Nuovo (Plate III), depicting the excessive methods of punishment that Spaniards used to discipline and control indigenous and African slave workers. Note how

the acts of torture and mutilation are legitimised by the presence of a presiding Spanish officer; his dress, chair, baton, and two attendants signify his position of authority and lend the proceedings a veneer of legalised and ritual legitimacy. Source: Reproduced courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. 411

21.2 In 1518, Spaniards claimed they saw a sacrificial altar on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; by 1671, illustrated versions of that claim had evolved into this image,

included in America, the great compendium of New World geography and history published in English by John Ogilby (1670) and in Dutch by Arnoldus Montanus (1671). Source: Reproduced courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. 414

23.1 ‘Captain Kidd Hanging in Chains', 1701. Source: C. Ellms, The Pirates

Own Book: Authentic Narratives of the Most Celebrated Sea Robbers (Salem:

Maritime Research Society, 1924). 451

23.2 ‘The Cruelty of L'Olonnais', 1668. Source: A. O. Exquemelin, The Bucaniers

of America (London: Printed for William Crooke, 1684). 456

23.3 ‘Dangers of Mediterranean Seafaring'. Source: William Okeley, Eben-Ezer,

or a Small Monument of Great Mercy (London: Printed for Nat. Ponder, 1675). 460

23.4 ‘Henry Morgan Sacking of Puerto del Principe in 1671'. Source: John

Masefield, On the Spanish Main (London: Methuen & Co., 1906). 468

27.1 Iconoclasm: a fifteenth-century altarpiece in St Martin's Cathedral,

Utrecht.

27.2 Detail of figure 27.1. Source: author's collection. 542

30.1 Jan Corneliz Vermeyen, Charles V as Santiago Matamoros, Spain, oil

on canvas, 1538. Source: Estenssoro Fuchs and Juan Carlos, ‘Construyendo la memoria: la figura del Inca y el reino del Peru, de la conquista a Tupac Amaru II', in Natalia Majluf et al. (eds.), Los incas, reyes del Peru (Lima: Banco

de Credito, 2005), pp. 93-173. 595

30.2 ‘The Spanish Horseman in the massacre at Cholula, Lienzo de Tlaxcala,

Mexico', nineteenth-century copy of a sixteenth-century drawing on cloth.

Source: Biblioteca Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City. 599

30.3 ‘The massacre at Templo Mayor', Còdice Duran, illustration on paper

manuscript, Mexico, sixteenth century. Source: Biblioteca Real de Madrid,

Spain. 600

30.4 The city of Tlaxcala, main image of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, Mexico,

nineteenth-century copy of a sixteenth-century drawing on cloth.

Source: Biblioteca Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City. 603

30.5 La degollaciòn de Juan Atahuallpa (The Delegation of Juan Atahuallpa), oil

on canvas, probably eighteenth century. Source: Museo del Cuzco, Peru. 606

31.1 ‘Rock Fight during the Double-Nine Festival'. Source: Dianshizhai Pictorial,

Shanghai, 1886. 614

31.2 ‘Canton bargemen fighting quails'. Source: T. Allom, China Illustrated

(London: Fisher, Son & Co., 1843). 619

31.3 ‘Snake-charmer and quack-doctor'. Source: W. Gillespie, The Land of Sinim,

or China and Chinese Missions (Edinburgh: M. Macphail, 1854). 623

31.4 ‘Spirit medium dressed as a deity carried in procession'. Source:

Dianshizhai Pictorial, Shanghai, 1885. 627

31.5 ‘Punishment of beheading and public exposure of the head'. Source: Da

Qing xinglu tu (Illustrated Penalties of the Qing Code), eighteenth century. 630

32.1 Johann Sadeler, after Maerten de Vos, The Massacre of the Innocents,

engraving, 1581.

32.2 Melchior Lorch, The Pope as a Wild Man, engraving, 1541. Source: Statens

Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen (KKS11246). 638

32.3 Anonymous, The Death of Thomas Cranmer at the Stake, burned for heresy in 1556, woodcut, originally published in John Foxe, Actes and Monuments.

Source: Wellcome Collection, London, CC BY 4.0 (430901). 639

32.4 Anonymous, The condemnation and execution of Christoff Windt, coloured

woodcut, in Eigentliche Verzeichnis der erschrecklichen und grewlichen Mortthat (Magdeburg: Leonard Gerhart, 1572). Source: Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Department of Prints and Drawings / Photo Archive (PAS 10/15). 642

32.5 Erhard Schon, Turkish atrocities in the Vienna woods. Reproduced from

Geisberg, Der deutsche Einblatt-Holzschnitt in der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts, München 1923-1930, (30. Lieferung, Nr. 1243). Photograph: Albertina Museum, Vienna. 645

32.6 Urs Graf, Battlefield, 1521, pen and ink drawing. Source: Kupferstichkabinett,

Kunstmuseum Basel (U.X.91). 646

32.7 Jean Perrissin and Jacques Tortorel, The massacre of the Huguenots by the Catholic population at Sens in 1562, etching, in Histoires diverses qui

sont memorables touchant les Guerres, Massacres & Troubles advenus en France en ces dernieres annees (1570), plate 12. Source: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-OB-78.770-14). 650

32.8 ‘Certain horrible acts of cruelty against Catholics in France, perpetrated by those whom the people call Hugenots', etching, in Richard Verstegan, Theatrum crudelitatum haereticorum nostri temporis (Antwerp: Adrian Hubert,

1587), p. 51. © Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel (M: Tq 1300a). 652

32.9 Frans Hogenberg, Spanish fury in Antwerp in 1576: the atrocities of soldiers,

etching, in Engravings of Scenes from the History of the Netherlands, France and Germany, series 7, Nederlandse Gebeurtenissen, 1576-7, plate 161. Source: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-OB-78.784-147). 654

32.10 Jacques Callot, Soldiers looting a large room inside a farmhouse and slaughtering

the inhabitants, etching, in The Miseries and Misfortunes of War, 1633, plate 5. Source: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-OB-20.673). 657

Maps