Contents

List of Figures and Table page ix List of Contributors to Volume II xii

Introduction to Volume II 1 MATTHEW s. GORDON (MIAMI UNIVERSITY), RICHARD W. KAEUPER (UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK) AND HARRIET ZURNDORFER (LEIDEN UNIVERSITY)

PART I

BEYOND WARFARE: ARMIES, TRIBES AND LORDS 17

1.

NICOLA DI COSMO (PRINCETON UNIVERSITY)

2. Conspirators in Violence: Disorder, the Imperial State and its Armies in Medieval China 38

DON J. WYATT (MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE)

3. Armies, Lords and Subjects in Medieval Iran 58 jURGEN PAUL (MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE-WITTENBERG)

4. Armies and Bands in Medieval Europe 79

JOHN FRANCE (SWANSEA UNIVERSITY)

5. Viking Violence 100

ANDERS WINROTH (YALE UNIVERSITY)

PART II

THE VIOLENCE OF GOVERNMENTS AND RULERS 121

6. Early Medieval China's Rulers, Retainers and Harem 123

JONATHAN KARAM SKAFF (SHIPPENSBURG UNIVERSITY)

7. Warrior Regimes and the Regulation of Violence in Medieval Japan 143

DAVID SPAFFORD (UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA)

8. Torture and Public Executions in the Islamic Middle Period (Eleventh-Fifteenth Centuries) 164

CHRISTIAN LANGE (UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT)

9. Crime and Law in Europe 185

HANNAH SKODA (ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD)

PART III SOCIAL, INTERPERSONAL AND COLLECTIVE VIOLENCE 205

10. Bandits and Peasants in Medieval Japan 207

MORTEN OXENB0LL (INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON)

ii. State, Society and Trained Violence in China, 618-1500 228

PETER LORGE (VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY)

12. Seigneurial Violence in Medieval Europe 248

JUSTINE FIRNHABER-BAKER (UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS)

13. The Growth of Military Power and the Impact of State Military Violence in Western Europe, c. 1460 to 1560 267

DAVID POTTER (UNIVERSITY OF KENT)

14 ^. Ethnic and Religious Violence in Byzantium 287

TERESA SHAWCROSS (PRINCETON UNIVERSITY)

15.

16. Violence and Murder in Europe 330 SARA M. BUTLER (OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY)

PART IV

RELIGIOUS, SACRED AND RITUALISED VIOLENCE 347

17. Religion and Violence in China 349

T. H. BARRETT (SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, LONDON)

18. Buddhism and Violence in Premodern Japan 368 MARTIN REPP (UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG)

19. Human Sacrifice and Ritualised Violence in the Americas before the European Conquest 390

UTE SChUrEN (UNIVERSITY OF MUNSTER) AND WOLFGANG GABBERT (LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY, HANNOVER)

20. ‘Not Cruelty but Piety' Circumscribing European Crusading Violence 411

SUSANNA A. THROOP (URSINUS COLLEGE)

21. Chivalric Violence 426

RICHARD W. KAEUPER (UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER)

22. Jihad in Islamic Thought 448

ASMA AFSARUDDIN (INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON)

23. Christian Violence against Heretics, Jews and Muslims 470 CHRISTINE CALDWELL AMES (UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA)

24. ‘Fighting for Peace': Justifying Warfare and Violence in the Medieval East Roman World 492

JOHN HALDON (PRINCETON UNIVERSITY)

part v

DEPICTIONS OF VIOLENCE 513

25. Obligation, Substitution and Order: Ritual Violence among the

Ancient Maya 515

andrew k. scherer (brown university)

26. Representations of Violence in Imperial China 535 bret hinsch (fo guang university, taiwan)

27. Revealing the Manly Worth: Cut Flesh in the Heavenly Disorder of Medieval Japan 556

hitomi tonomura (university of michigan)

28. Picturing Violence in the Islamic Lands 576

sheila blair (boston college)

29. Scenes of Violence in Arabic Literature 601

james e. montgomery (cambridge university)

30. Violence Is the Name of the [Bad] Game: The Downside of Human

Nature as Reflected in Medieval Literature 623

albrecht Classen (university of arizona, tucson)

31. Violence and the Force of Representation in European Art 645

mitchell b.

Index 676

Figures and Table

Figures

2.1 A model of a soldier discovered in a shrine at Mingoi, a remote outpost on the northern Silk Road where units of Taizong militia

protected China's precious trade routes. Werner Forman / Getty Images. page 47

14.1 Zigabenos' Dogmatic Panoply, Vatican City, Codex Vaticanus

Graecus 666, eleventh-twelfth century, fo. iv. © Biblioteca Apostolica

Vaticana. 292

14.2 Zigabenos' Dogmatic Panoply, Vatican City, Codex Vaticanus

Graecus 666, eleventh-twelfth century, fo. 2r. © Biblioteca Apostolica

Vaticana. 293

14.3 Zigabenos' Dogmatic Panoply, Vatican City, Codex Vaticanus

Graecus 666, eleventh-twelfth century, fo. 2v. © Biblioteca Apostolica

Vaticana. 294

14.4 Chludov Psalter, Moscow, Historical Museum,

MS. D.129, ninth century, fo. 67ã © Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èñòîðè÷åñêèé ìóçåé. 296

14.5 Chludov Psalter, Moscow, Historical Museum, MS. D.129,

ninth century, fo. 51v. © Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èñòîðè÷åñêèé ìóçåé. 297

14.6 Skylitzes' Chronicle, Madrid, Graecus Vitr. 26-2,

twelfth century, fo. 28v. © Biblioteca Nacional de Espana. 302

18.1 Monk on horseback orders samurai to attack a monastery of another

sect. Honen Enku Daishi-den; archive of author. 386

18.2 Samurai attack monks. Honen Enku Daishi-den; archive of author. 387

25.1 Bloodletting kit from Piedras Negras Burial 82 with obsidian blade

and stingray spines. Drawing by Zachary Hruby. 517

25.2 Yaxchilan Lintel 17 depicting Lady Mut Bahlam guiding a rope through her pierced tongue and Bird Jaguar with a piercing implement in hand, both situated around a bowl with blood splattered paper. Drawing by Ian Graham © President and Fellows of Harvard College, Peabody Museum

of Archaeology and Ethnology, PM2004.15.6.5.16. 518

25.3 Child sacrifice on Piedras Negras Stela 11. Drawing by David Stuart

© President and Fellows of Harvard College, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, PM2004.15.6.19.35.

27.1 Report of loyal military service (gunchiijo) by Kumagai Naotsune,

1333.4.2. Courtesy of the Historiographical Institute, the University of Tokyo. 562

28.1 Floor mosaic in the audience hall at Khirbat al-Mafjar near Jericho.

Marco Longari / Getty Images. 579

28.2 Mural on the west wall of the main hall at Qusayr ‘Amra in Jordan, showing a herd of animals being corralled in a roped-off enclosure at the top, above

a scene of a bathing beauty. Steve Bardens-FIFA / Getty Images. 580

28.3 ‘The legendary hero Rustam battling a dragon', mural from a residence

in Panjikent, Central Asia, now in the Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. PRISMA ARCHIVO / Alamy. 582

28.4 Detail of fighting with sticks on the Bobrinsky Bucket, made at Herat in 1163. The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, iR-2268.

Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum. Photo by Vladimir Terebenin. 584

28.5 ‘Siege of a castle', painted on a plate made at Kashan in central Iran, c. 1200.

Washington, DC, Freer Gallery of Art F1943.3, Purchase - Charles Lang Freer Endowment. 586

28.6 A beaker painted with scenes from the tale of Bizhan and Manizha; Kashan, c. 1200. Washington, DC, Freer Gallery of Art F1928.2. Purchase - Charles

Lang Freer Endowment. 587

28.7 ‘Siege of Baghdad' from Rashid al-Din's Compendium of Chronicles, Tabriz,

early fourteenth century. Berlin: Staatbibliothek zu Berlin - Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung, Diez A, fo. 70, S. 4 (right) and S. 7 (left). 590

28.8 ‘Afrasiyab executes Nawdar', painting from the Great Mongol Shahnama made at Tabriz in the 1330s. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust, 55-103. Photo courtesy

of Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Media Services / Dana Anderson. 594

28.9 ‘Those who squander the inheritance of orphans', from Mir Haydar's Book of Ascension made in Central Asia, c. 1430. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale

de France, ms. suppl. Turc 190, fo.

28.10 ‘Demon in chains', detached painting from a group, many of which were attributed to Siyah Qalam. Cleveland, Museum of Arts 1982.63. Purchase

from the J. H. Wade Fund. 598

31.1 Anglo-Norman, The death of King Harold, detail from the Bayeux

Embroidery, before 1077. Photo: Special permission from the City of Bayeux. 650

31.2 Paolo Uccello, Niccolo Mauruzi da Tolentino unseats Bernardino della Ciarda at the Battle of San Romano. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photo:

Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. 651

31.3 Parisian, David attacks the Amalekites during their feast and rescues captives and Saul and his sons fall before the Philistines, illumination from the Morgan Bible, c. 1244-54. Photo: The Morgan Library

& Museum, MS M.638, fol. 34v. 652

31.4 Master of the St Lambrecht Votive Panel (Hans von Tübingen?), Battle of Louis of Hungary and Croatia, c. 1430. Graz, Landesmuseum Joanneum.

Photo: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. 654

31.5 Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Battle of the ten nude men, c. 1465. Washington, National Gallery of Art, Rosenwald Collection, 1980.45.1161.

31.6 Southern France, animal combat with allegorical figures, trumeau re-installed near western interior wall, Abbey Church of Sainte-Marie, Souillac, c. 1140-50. Photo: Erik Gustafson.

31.7 French, capital with battle of virtues and vices, early 1100s. Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, Museum Purchase, 1957.0072.

31.8 Carolingian, book cover from Metz, ivory. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Departement des Manuscrits, Latin 9393.

31.9 Giovanni Pisano, carved marble lectern showing ‘Massacre of the Innocents' panel, Church of Sant'Andrea, Pistoia, Italy, 1297-1301. Photo: Jacqueline E. Jung.

31.10 Giovanni Pisano, detail from ‘Massacre of the innocents' panel, viewed from the ground. Photo: Jacqueline E. Jung.

31.11 Master of the Karlsruhe Passion (Hans Hirtz?), The Arrest of Christ,

c. 1450-5. Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum / Fondation Corboud. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Art Resource, NY.

Table

6.1 Dynasties of early medieval China (fourth to tenth centuries).