INDEX

Page numbers in bold refer to figures.

Abdulaziz, Sultan 371

Abdullah Freres, the 368, 370 Aborigines’ Protection Society (APS) 266, 470 Abu'l Fazl 40

Adams, John 416 Adanson, Michel 76 Adas, Michael 174 Adelman, Jeremy 48 Afnan, Badia 476

Africa: exploitation attempts 72-83; football in 399, 402, 403, 404, 404-5, 405-6; French decolonisation 488-9; independence movements 403; national identity in 404-5; property rights 74

Africa, scramble for 5, 88, 118 32, 132n2, 454-5; 1780s and 1790s 16, 72-83; causes 118-9; Conference of Berlin, 1884-1885 118; Danish Gold Coast colonial project 75-8; for economic exploitation 123 4; events 118 23; Fashoda Crisis 118, 122, 124; French Borodo colonial project 79 82, 83; historiographical debate 130; and imperialism 130 1; and the military balance 122; mortality rates 83; motivation 129 30; plantation system 78; and schools 127 8; settlement colonialism 124 9; slave-free colony, Sierra Leone 7 4 5, 77, 83; starting point 120; and technological development 119

African National Congress (ANC) 474 Afshari, Reza 469

Age of Revolutions 15; crises 47; global interconnectedness 48; indigenous experience of empire 59 69; and the plantation system 46 55; and resistance 51 4; and slavery 46-7, 54-5; world crisis 48-9

Ageron, Charles-Robert 487 Aiken, Robert 352

Akbar the Great (Mughal emperor) 36, 39, 40,

330-1, 332

Alaska 137, 141, 143 Alaska Commercial Company 141 Alaskan Creoles 139

Aleutian Islands, the 139 Alfinger, Ambrosius 23 4 Alfred, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh 199, 201-3, 206n39

Algeria 404, 414-5 Algerian War, the 455, 460, 464, 483, 485,

486, 489, 492, 493

All Red shipping route 299, 315-26, 322; advantages of 317-9, 320-1; American shipping dominance 321 2; assistance package 325-6; British support 320-1; cargo volume 325; competitive difficulties 324; extension 321; integration with CPRCo.

American Revolution, the 48, 49, 52, 55, 63 4,

73, 290

Americas, the: encomenderas 184-5, 191; marriage alliances 183 4; patriarchal legacy 191; women chieftains 185 6; women in 180 91

Amherst, Jeffrey 61-2

Andaman Islands 237, 259-61, 262

Anderson, Clare, 307, 498

Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS), Niger Mission 428-30

Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company

(ABIR) 458 Anglo-Indian War (Pontiac's War, 1763) 61-2 Angola 107, 129 animals: as agents of encroachment 288;

dangerous 288-91, 289, 294-5, 499; hierarchies 287 8; hunting 288 90; introductions 286-7, 289; as metaphors for human characters 287 8;poisonous animals 237, 285-6, 290-1, 292; see also human­animal relations.

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 256

Anthropological Society, the 256 anthropology 255-7, 499; anthropometric

260-1, 262; and the British Empire 237, 255 67; and data collection 258, 260; definition 256; empathy 265-6; and empire 255, 257-9, 265; evolutionary 266; false theories 258; fieldwork 256, 259-65, 262, 263, 266; and the First World War 265; functionalism 266; and human development 266; and imperial authority 260; intellectual roots 257; intrusiveness 261; legacy 256-7, 265-7; New Humanism 266; and objectification 266; and photography 259-61, 261 3, 262, 263; power relations 261, 262; recording 262; and social relations 263 4; voyerism 261

Anti-Slavery Society 470 anti-transportation movements 107 Arctic, the: exploitation of 135, 136-46; fur trade 136, 137 42; gold rushes 136; whaling industry 136, 143 6

Armitage, David 48

Arnhem Land 237, 261-5, 263, 266-7 art 8-9; battle paintings 371-2, 372; ‘beautiful

Indies' genre 385-7, 386, 387-9, 391-2; and cross-cultural contact 365 6; and cultural identity 370 4, 372, 373, 378; and diplomacy 363, 366-9, 378; European conventions 367, 371; European stereotypes 365; georgic aesthetic 387; harem representations 371-6, 375; indigenous peoples in 386, 386 7, 388; landscape painting 384, 385 7, 386, 387 9; and orientalism 364-6, 365; and the Ottoman Empire 363, 364-79, 365, 369, 370, 372, 373, 375, 377; patronage 370; politics of 387 9; portrait exchanges 366 9, 369, 370, 379n15; the reality effect 365; religious painting 373, 373M; representation of women 363, 374--8, 375, 377; role 366; see also visual culture

Art Nouveau movement 459 artefacts, repatriation of 11 2 Artom, Ernesto 126 7 Asia: anti-Christian rhetoric 36; cannon 38;

geographical notions of Portugal 38 9; images of the Portuguese 35 42; Portuguese difference markers 39 40; Portuguese empire 15, 33; religious tensions 35 7; scramble for 88, 118 32

Asian-African Conference, 1955 477 assimilation 131 2

Assistance Medicale Indigene 280 Atahuallpa (Inca ruler) 26 7 Atlantic Charter, the 473

Atlantic maritime circuit 312n29 Australia 90, 237; animal introductions 286,

287, 289; animals as agents of encroachment 288; Arnhem Land 261 5, 263, 266 7; benefits of a trans-Pacific steamship service 317 9; colonisation of South Australia 95 6, 97; Commonwealth of 264; convict transportation and labour 111; and the Coral Sea 153, 163; and Fiji 157, 158; flying the flag visits 202-4; French naval visits 194, 196, 197-8, 204n3, 205n17; Great White Fleet visit 203 4; invasion fears 198; land grants 91 2; link to Canada 316, 321; migration to 95; missionaries in 440 1, 501; naval cooperation 194; naval gun salutes 198; networked analysis 304 7; and New Caledonia 156; and New Guinea 160, 161 2; New South Wales 90-2; Northern Territory 261 5; poisonous snakes 291, 293; racial exclusion 303; racial policy in the Pacific 203; and refrigeration 357; Russian naval visits 197, 198, 204n3, 205n17; shipping assistance package 325 6; shipping links 317 8; and the Solomon Islands 159 60; sport in 397; Sydney 194, 195-8, 204n3, 205n17; trans­Pacific shipping route 318 26; Wakefield's Letterfrom Sydney 90-2; western naval scientific visits 195 8; White Australia Policy 162 Australian Aborigines 64, 67, 67 8, 69, 151 2,

261-5, 263, 266, 440-1, 455, 501 Australian Waste Lands Acts, 1842 95 Austria-Hungary, 120, 208 Azariah, Vedanayagam Samuel 435 Azikiwe, Nnamdi 404 Aztecs 15, 18-22, 180, 182, 184, 191

Backhouse, John 305 Baden-Powell, Robert 358 Baguio 351

Balasuriya, Tissa 435

Baldwin, Roger 477

Balkan nations 209, 214 Balkan Wars (1912-1913) 132, 214, 218 Ballantyne, Tony137, 145, 307, 316, 498 Ban, Andras 413

Bandung Conference, 1955 477 Banks, Sir Joseph 169, 251, 445

Banner, Stuart 69

Barbados 48

Bargum Trading Society 76 Barttelot, Edmund 462 baseball 399

Bastidas, Micaela 186-7, 498

Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences) 272

Baudin, Nicolas 67-8, 194, 196, 197, 204n3 Bayly, C.A.

Beato, Felice 342

Belgian Congo 5, 118, 123-4, 131, 347, 357, 399, 423; African revolts 462; arms 458; Belgian state rule 458-9, 462-3; Belgium granted suzerainty over 456; colonial exports 458; colonial state apparatus 456-7; colonial violence 423, 454 64, 501; concessionary company leases 457 8; convict transportation and labour 105; end of Leopoldian rule 458-9, 471; the Force Publique 458, 461, 462, 463; forced labour 459, 462; historiography of Belgian colonial past 460 4; hyperexploitation 463 4; independence 459, 460; international nature of undertaking 462 3; kidnappings 458; killings 457, 463 4; Leopoldian rule 456 8, 460-4, 501; manpower needs 463-4; non­European violence 461 2; population decline 463 4; production quotas 458; resources 457; scale of colonial violence 460 1; settlers 459; the Stairs expedition 454 5, 462

Belgium 5, 118; colonial state apparatus 456 7; colonial violence 423, 454 64; and the Congo 5, 347, 357, 399, 423, 454-64, 501; and the First World War 459, 460; Great Power status 120; historiography of Belgian colonial past 460 4; imperial background 456; scramble for Africa 119, 123 4; and sport 399; the Stairs expedition 454 5; systemic colonial violence 457 8

Belich, James 93, 94, 308, 325

Bell, David 462 Bencoolen 111 Benin 79 80, 81 Bennett, George 441 Berbrugger, Adrien 416, 421n48 Bergius, Jonas Petter 244 beri-beri 271, 278

Bering, Vitus 137

Bering Sea, the 136-46; fur trade 137 12: whaling industry 143-6

Berlin conferences (1870s and 1880s) 6,

118, 120

Berlin Wall 417

Bernier, Francois 331

Bertrand, Louis 415

Bhabha, Homi 9

Bidault, Georges 491

Biorn, Andreas Riegelsen 78

Bismarck, Otto von 119-20

Bladh, Johan Petter 251

Blixen, Karen 347

Bodson, Omer 454, 461

Boerhaave, Hermann 272

Bogota 23

Boissier, Gaston 414 5

Boissiere, Gustave 414, 415

Bolivar, Simon 55

Bolivia 27

Bombay 334, 339^41, 340

Bontius, Jacobus 242, 272

Borodo, French colonial project 79-82, 83 botanical exploration 238-52, 245, 246, 250 Boudakan, Prince 80

Bouffiers, Chevalier de 79

Bougainville, Hyacinthe de 197 8

Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de 64, 65

Boulanger, Gustave 373

Boxer Rebellion, the 122

Braad, C.H.

Braidwood, Stephen J 75

Brazil 28, 55, 107, 351

Brazzaville Declaration (1944) 474

Brillantais and Company 80, 81, 85n32, 85n44

Brissot, Jacques-Pierre 54

British Association for the Advancement of

Science 257

British Medical Journal 279, 293

British West Indies 47, 52

Brown, Christopher Leslie 55, 74

Browne, Henriette, Une Visite (Interieur de Harem,

Constantinople, 1860) 374-6, 375

Brunschwig, Henri 6

Bryce, Viscount James 411 2 bubonic plague 276, 278, 281 2

Buffon, Count de 274

Bülow, Frieda von 347

Burbank, Jane 46

Burma 41, 399 400, 402, 406

Burton, Antoinette 301

Buxton, Thomas Fowell 305, 470

Byron, John 64

Byzantine Empire, Greekness 219n21

Byzantium 210

Cain, PJ. 5

Cairoli, Benedetto 120 Calcutta 279, 334, 334-6 Cambridge Seven, the 425, 431, 432, 432-3 Campbell, Colin 241

Camus, Albert 398, 416

Canada 90, 94, 96, 138, 190-1, 303; benefits of a trans-Pacific steamship service 317-9; link to Australia 316, 321; sport in 397; trans-Pacific shipping route 318 26; turn to the Pacific 319

Canadian Australian Line 317, 324, 325,

325 6, 326

Canadian Pacific Railway Company 318, 324 Cape Frontier War (1834-1835) 306 Cape Verde Islands 107 capitalism 50, 90, 95, 484 Carey, William 433 Caribbean, the 4, 17 8 Carlos I, King of Portugal 129 Las Casas, Bartolome de 12n4 Casement, Roger 458, 460, 471, 480n10 Cassin, Rene 475, 475-6 Carpi, Leone 125

Cavafy, Constantine 209 Qelik, Zeynep 365-6 Ceuta 107

Ceylon 31, 36, 41, 98, 104, 242, 273, 293, 318 Chailley-Bert, Joseph 222, 223, 226, 226 7, 231 Chamberlain, Joseph 279

Charles II, King of England 333 Charles X, King of France 129 Charles III, King of Spain 29 Charles V, I of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor 5,

19, 21, 22, 24, 185 Charles XII, King of Sweden 238 Chatelain, Louis 415-6 Chile 27, 108; Spanish conquest of 22 China: the Boxer Rebellion 122; the China

Inland Mission (CIM) 426, 431-3;

geographical notions of Portugal 38; the God Worshipping Society 432; Great White Fleet visit 204; images of the Portuguese 37; Mao's victory 491; missionaries in 423, 425 8, 430 3; most favoured nation trade treaties 198; native Christians 432-3; naval cooperation in 198; opening of 430; scarcity of information on 249; scramble for 124; and sport 399; Treaty of Tientsin 430 China Inland Mission (CIM) 426, 431 3 Chivas-Baron, Clotilde 229, 231 Choate, Mark 498 cholera 276, 281 2

Christian Zionism 171, 172, 174 Christianity 21, 427, 429, 450; Asian anti­

Christian rhetoric 36; conversions 18, 35; converts 36-7; expansion of 435; and Islam 35-7; and Japan 36; the Jesuit reductions 27-9; in Mexico 21; spread of 439-50; see also missionaries

Christophe, Henri 54

Church Missionary Society 432, 443, 448-9 Churchill, Sir Winston 6, 473, 484 cities, imperial 500; importance of 330, 331;

Mughal Empire 330-1; networked analysis 309-10; planning 332; urban development 299, 330 44

civilisation, stadial (or stagist) theories of 387-8 civilising mission 303, 305, 307 Clancy-Smith, Julia 354

Clark, William 189 Clayton, Daniel 310 Cleminson, John 82 Clendinnen, Inga 67 Clogg, Richard 212 coaling stations 317 Coca-Colonisation 486 Cockburn, G.A.

Cold War, the 413, 417, 484, 486, 489 Colomb, Sir John 320 1

colonial administration 27, 122-3, 142, l-l-l- 6 colonial French home 229-30

colonial historiography 3 12; biographies 10; colonial culture 7 9; colonial-era historians 3 4; and economics 4 5; and gender 9; and the legacy of imperialism 11 2; new imperial history 9 11; and politics 5 7; scramble for Africa 130; and sexuality 9

colonial homemaking 229 30

Colonial Land and Emigration Commission

95, 98

colonial life 346 59, 500; boredom 347, 348; clothing 356-7; the club 355-6; degeneration 91-2; depression 348; and disease 349, 349-50; distancing 358-9; food 357; gender dynamics 346-8; hill stations 350-3, 353; homesickness 352; hunting 357 8; leisure 352 3; and the motherland 346; neurasthenia 274, 348, 500; sociability 352, 355 6; spas 354 5; women 347 8, 348 colonial manuals 348

Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) 157, 158

colonial troops, First World War 6

colonial violence 423, 454 64; and African revolts 462; Congo 423, 15 1-6 1, 501; definition 454 5; and European vulnerability 461; forms 455; historiography 460 4; kidnappings 458; killings 457, 463 4; and self-defence 455; setting 455; systemic 457 8; wars of pacification 459; Western 459 60 coloniale, the 222-32; benefits of emigration 224-8; civilising mission 222-3; colonial feminine mystique 228-9; culinary practices 230; excess single women 226-8; familial colonialism 223-4, 224-5; and the French depopulation crisis 225-6; Frenchifying 229-30; re-civilising process 230-2; role 228-9; social life 231-2

colonial-era historians 3-4 colonialism: as human rights violation 474-7; impact 11; Marxist analysis 7

colonies: importance of 11; as national assets 6 colonisation: and medicine 279-81; systematic

87, 89-99

Columbus, Christopher 17-8, 270, 271 Comaroff, Jean and John 446-7 Committee for Relieving the Black Poor 74 Committee for the Abolition of the Slave

Trade 305

Compagnie d’Owhere et de Benin 80 Compagnie du Katanga 454-5 company towns, India 333-4 comparative histories 303-4 concubinage 224-5, 233n15 Condemaita, Tomasa Tito 187 Congo see Belgian Congo Congolese Reform Association 471 conquistadors, the 18-22, 183 Conrad, Joseph 8; Heart of Darkness 287-8, 462 convict transportation and labour 4, 87,

102- 13, 498; abolition 107; advantages of

103- 4; anti-transportation movements 107; Australia 111; British 102-3, 105, 110-1, 112; children 104; costs 103-4; definition 104; demographic legacy 113; deployment 105; earliest 102, 105; French 102, 105,

109- 10, 110, 156; gender 105; impact of 111-3; indenture model 102-3; intra-colonial 113; labour services 105; latest 102, 105; longevity of 103; and military service 104; mortality rates 107, 108, 109; networked analysis 307; numbers 107, 108, 109-10,

110- 1, 112, 113; perception of 104; and policing 103; Portuguese 102, 105, 107; prisoners of war 104; reach 105; Russia 105, 113; Spanish 105, 107-8

Cook, James 42, 64, 65-6, 68, 251, 441

Cook Islands 448

Cooper, Frederick 46, 489

Coral Sea, the 135, 151, 152, 163; the Australian colonies and 153, 163; colonial partition 155; convict transportation and labour 156; Fiji 151, 155, 157-8; indentured labourers 156; independence movements 157, 158, 159, 160, 162-3; indigenous peoples 151-2; labour trade 153-5, 154, 159-60, 163; Melanesia 153-5; natural resources 155; New Caledonia 151, 155, 155-7, 163; New Guinea 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160-3, 163; New Hebrides 154, 155, 158-9; Norfolk Island 151; Second World War 156-7, 160, 162; settlement 155; Solomon Islands 154, 155, 159-60; Spanish attempts at settlement 153

Corneau, Grace 223, 227

Cortes, Hernan 18-21, 20, 22, 25, 42, 183, 184 Costas, Orlando 435

Costigan, Christopher 168, 169 Covenant on Human Rights 475-6 Coya, Dona Beatriz Clara 180, 181, 184 cricket 396, 398

Crimean War (1853-1856) 370 Crispi, Francesco 121-2, 125-6 Crowther, Bishop Samuel Ajayi 428-30, 501 Cruikshank, Julie 136

Cruz, Joao da 38

Cuba 55, 273; conquest of 18; convict transportation to 108; yellow fever 277-8 Culbertson, Alexander 190

Cultural, citizenship 126; decline, colonial 92; hybridity 9; identity, and art 370-4, 372, 373, 378; imperialism 446-8, 449, 450; integration 488; relativism 34-5; transfer 39-40, 64; transformation 139-42

culture: colonial 7-9; definition 7; hybridity 9; and identity 363; popular 8; wars 219

Curzon, Lord 335, 343 Custine, Comtesse de 224 Cuzco 25, 27

Dall, William Henry 139

Danish West India Company 76 Danish West Indies 76

Dante Alighieri Society 128 Darwin, Charles 258, 275, 292 Darwin, John 48, 89, 143, 308 Davies, John 448

Davis, David Brion 51-2

Dead Sea 135, 165-74; the Bedouin 169-70; canal link to Indian Ocean proposal 171; circumnavigation 170; as a colonial resource 170-3; description 168; economic exploitation 165, 170-3; economic importance 165-6, 166, 168; exploration 167, 168-70, 172, 173-4, 176n58; historiography 165-7; local ambitions 167; local expertise 169-70, 175n30, 498; mapping 172; mineral concession 173; oil exploration 172; shrinkage 175n14; symbolic meaning 167, 170, 173

Declaration on Friendly Relations 477 decolonisation 6-7, 473; British Empire 413; disillusionment with 423M; French Empire 483-93, 501; and human rights 423-4, 469; resisting 483-93, 501; wars of 132 degeneration 91 2 Degn, Christian 77 Del Boca, Angelo 464 Delhi 332, 334, 341 3 Demay, Aline 350 Demerara rebellion, 1823 52 demographic imperialism 130 Denmark: abolition of slave trade 72, 75, 78, 83; African colonies 73, 83; Atlantic colonies 73; Gold Coast colonial project 75-8; slave trade 72-3, 76-7, 84n4, 106; and Zionism 172 3

Depretis, Agostino 120 Dessalines, Jacques 54 diaspora, trauma of 145 6 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal 185 Dickens, Charles 425 Diderot, Denis 50 1, 76 Dilke, Sir Charles 6 disease 20, 25-6, 237, 270-82; causation 277-9;

and climate 270, 271 3, 274, 275; and colonial life 349, 349-50; era of exploration 271-3; germ theory 277; health statistics 273; importation of new 271; miasma theories 27 4 5; nineteenth-century pessimism 273-4; and population movements 271; prevention campaigns 280; and public health 274-6; risk 276; and segregation 349-50; spread of 276 divinisation 41 2

Driver, Felix 257, 300, 309-10

Du Bois, W.E.B.

d’Urville, Jules Dumont 197-8

Dutch East India Company 105, 123, 198, 239, 241, 251, 272, 382, 383

Dutch East Indies 6, 272, 351; beautiful Indies paintings 385-7, 386, 387-9, 391-2; colonial century 383; the Cultivation System

382, 383, 389; dual economy 383; environmental history 384; the Ethical Policy 389; European society 385; exploitation of 382 4; forestry 383; georgic aesthetic 387; importance of 383; indentured labourers

383, 388 9; labour hierarchy 390 1; landscape photography 389-91, 391, 392; the Outer Provinces 382, 383; plantation system 382, 383, 389, 390-1, 391; politics of art 387 9; population growth 383; rubber plantations 389; social conditions 383;

tobacco 383; violence 391; visual culture and 363, 382-92; war of independence 391-2 Duval, Jules 225

East India Company (British) 34, 103, 111, 123, 198, 331, 333-4, 336, 411-2, 433

Eberhardt, Isabelle 347 ecological imperialism 286 economic exploitation 88, 118, 123 4, 130 1,

498; Dead Sea 165, 170 3

Ecuador 23, 27

Edgerton, Robert 461 education: indigenous peoples 157 8; the Jesuit reductions 29; and missionaries 433 4, 435; women 160

Egypt 120-1, 122, 380n32, 402, 403, 414, 473 Eijkman, Christiaan 278

Ekeberg, Carl Gustaf 244, 248, 251

El Dorado, search for 4, 22 4

Eland, Leo, Rice Field in West Java 386, 386-7 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 5, 333 Emancipation Act of 1833, Great Britain 103 emigrants, support for 126 8 emigration, Great Britain 89

Empire Route to the East 319 encomienda system 18, 21

Enlightenment, the 50-1, 72, 196, 214, 219 environment: exploitation of 135, 382 4;

landscape paintings 385 7, 386; and visual culture 382 92;

environmental history 384; environmental impact, human animal relations 286 8

Eritrea 126, 127, 132

Estado da India, the 33-5

Ethiopia 118, 121-2, 122, 126, 132, 132n6, 133n8, 459 60, 464

ethnic identity 131 2, 209 11 ethnic principle, the 229 30 Ethnological Society of London 256, 266 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 481n32

European Declaration of Human Rights 481n32

Evans, Julie 303 Ewart, John 285

familial colonialism 223 4, 224 5, 499

Fanon, Franz 488

Fashoda Crisis 118, 122, 124 Fayrer, Joseph 293, 351

Federmann, Nikolaus 23 female emigration 223-4, 499; see also familial colonialism

feminine mystique, colonial 228 9 feminism 301, 347, 469

Ferdinand II, King of Aragon 17, 18

Ferguson, Niall 308, 417 Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe 42 Fieldhouse, David 300-1 Fievez, Leon 457 Fifi'i, Johnathan 160 Fiji 151, 155, 157-8, 442-3 Finlay, Carlos 277-8 firearms 38

First Nations, the 181-2; women 187-8, 191; women of the American west 189; women of the Great Plains 189-91; see also Native Americans

First Pan-African Conference (1910) 473 First World War 6, 132, 161, 166, 195, 208,

218, 265, 323, 352, 412, 416, 459, 460,

471, 484

Fleming, Sir Stanford 318 Flinders, Matthew 67, 151, 196 Flindt, Jens Nielsen 78 Flotte, Comte de 81 flying the flag visits 195, 199, 201-4 football 363, 396-406, 500; in Africa 399, 402,

403, 404, 404-5, 405-6; in Burma 399-400; and colonial discipline 401; cultural characteristics 400-2; and development 403; domestic competitions 405; emergence of 396; and empire 397-9; failure to develop in the British settler colonies 397; in India 398, 400, 402, 403; and indigenous peoples 403; international matches 403-5; key elements 397; legacy 406; and local politics 399-400; and national identity 401, 402-5, 405; and nationalism 400; post-colonial legacy 405-6; and resistance 400; role 396, 397-8; skills 396; and social mobility 401; in South Africa 397, 400-1; spread of 397, 398-9; team names 401-2; and women 404; World Cup, 2002 405-6 forestry 383 Forster, E.M. 209 Foucault, Michel 8, 255, 256

France and the French Empire 414-6; abolition of slavery 103; African colonies 73; African decolonisation 488-9; Afro-centric 483-93; and the Age of Revolutions 47; and Algeria 414-5; anti-colonialism 491, 492; appeal of French Communism 486; archival record 485-6; army 414-5, 486-7; aspirations 363; Assistance Medicale Indigene 280; Bataillons d’Infanterie Legere d'Afrique (BILA) 104, 110; benefits of female emigration 224-8;

Borodo colonial project 79-82, 83; Christian Democrat Party (MRP) 488, 489, 491, 492; and citizenship 414; civilising mission 179, 413-4; Code Noir 413; colonial feminine mystique 228-9; colonial homemaking 224-5; colonial myth 487; colonial policy 222; colonial reform 485; colonial violence 455, 460, 487, 489; comparisons with Roman Empire 419; constitutional architecture 485; convict transportation and labour 102, 104, 105, 109-10, 110, 156; Coral Sea 155; cost of Indochina War 492; culinary practices 230; cultural integration 488; Dead Sea exploration 168; depopulation crisis 225-6; the ethnic principle 229-30; excess single women 226-8; expansion 72; familial colonialism 223-4, 224-5; Fashoda Crisis 118, 122, 124; Fourth Republic 424, 483-93; Free France 486; the French Union 487-93; Frenchifying 224-5; Great Power status 120; Greater France 489; gunboat diplomacy 195; hill stations 351-2; ideological polarisation 489-90; imperial confidence, 1945 486-7; imperial overstretch 49; imperial policy 6; infant mortality 226; Interministerial Committee on Indochina 490; international system 484-5; and Japan 199; liberation of 485, 486-7; loss of American colonies 63, 72; as Mandatory Power 472; medical schools 281; Mediterranean territory 414-6; Middle East policy 166; military mortality rates 273; military transportation 110; the Napoleonic Empire 53-4; New Caledonia 155-7; and the New Hebrides 158; new imperial history 483-4; Pacific exploration 64, 66-8; Pacific missionary activity 441-2; Parti Colonial 483; Parti Communiste Fran^ais (PCF) 486, 489-90, 491; Pax Gallica 409-10, 413-6; and the plantation system 54; political culture

489- 90; Radical Party 489, 490, 492; Rassemblement du Peuple Fran^ais (RPF) 489, 494n11; reconstruction 487-8;

reconstruction plans (1944-54) 486; references to the Roman past 409-10, 413-6; reformist colonialism 474; republican colonialist thinking 487-8; Republican ideals 413-4; resisting decolonisation 483-93, 501; role of women 179, 222-32; scramble for Africa 132n2; scramble for China 124; slave trade 72-3, 73-4, 79, 81-2, 84n4, 85n44, 106; and slavery 53-4; spas 354-5; and sport 397, 399; state-centric perspectives 484; Tahiti 441-2; the Third Republic 179, 222-32; trade unionism 489; tripartite period 487-8;

tropical medicine 280; Tunisian interventions 120, 125; value of plantation system 49; Vichy regime 486, 487; Vietnam policy

490- 2; Wakefield’s influence 98; welfare state 478

Franciscans 21

Francisco de Portugal, count of Vimioso 42 Franco-British competition 82, 83 Franco-Prussian War ( 1 870-1 87 1 ) 1 1 9, 225 Franklin, Adrian 286 Franklin, Sir John 136

Fraser, Malcolm 285-6, 294, 499 Frazer, Sir James 258, 266 free trade 5, 446

French Guiana 109-10

French navy, in Sydney 194, 196, 197-8,

204n3, 205n17

French Revolution 83, 109

French Revolutionary Wars 55, 73, 111 Freycinet, Louis de 197 Friderichsnopel 77

Frykenberg, Robert Eric 434 Fugger banking family 22 Fullagar, Kate 497-8 fur trade 136, 137-42, 190

Galatea, HMS 199, 201-3 Gallagher, John 5, 131, 257 Gallieni, General 226 Galton, Francis 258 Gascoigne, John 66, 95, 501 Geggus, David 54 gender 9, 180, 191; complementarity 184;

convict transportation and labour 105; dynamics 346-8; and Orientalism 37 4 8, 375, 377; parallelism 184; relations 301, 357 8; roles 347

gentlemanly capitalism 5 geographic networks 299, 300, 303-8 geopolitics 6, 72, 88

George V, King of Great Britain 343 germ theory 270

German banking families 22 4 German New Guinea Company 161 Germany 88, 472; Colonial Council 127-8;

colonial law 161; colonial violence 459, 464;

convict transportation and labour 105; Coral Sea possessions 155; emigrant population 125; Great Power status 120; missionaries 440; nationalism and feminism 347; and New Guinea 160-1, 162; Pacific empire 161; Pacific missionary activity 442; scramble for Africa 119-20, 127-8, 130; scramble for China 124; support for schools abroad 127 8 Gerbme, Jean-Leon 373; The Snake Charmer 363,

364, 365, 365 Gethe, Carl Johan 245 Ghachem, Malik 413 Ghana 405 6 Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman

Empire 410

Gilbert, David 309 10 Glenelg, Lord, Secretary of State 443

Global Malaria Eradication campaign 276 globalisation 5, 315

Goa 33, 34, 39, 107, 272 gold 18, 22-4, 26-7 Gold Coast, Danish colonial project 75-8 gold rushes 123, 136 Goldblatt, David 399 Goodall, Heather 69

Gordon, Sir Arthur 157 Gordon, General Charles 121 Gorgas, William C. 278 Gouda, Frances 359 Gouger, Robert 91, 95 6 Gough, Kathleen 265 7 Gourlay, Robert, Statistical Account of Upper

Canada 96

Graber, Mark 57n37

Graham's Town Journal, The (GTJ) 301-7 Great Andean rebellion 186 7

Great Britain and British Empire 5; abolition movement 15, 52, 55; abolition of slave trade 103; abolition of slavery 103; acquired in a fit of absence of mind 87, 411 2; and the Age of Revolutions 47; Anglo-Indian War (Pontiac's War, 1763) 61-2; and anthropology 237, 255 67; army 338 9; aspirations 363; Atlantic maritime circuit 312n29; benefits of a trans-Pacific steamship service 318 9; breadth and influence 413; Britishness 257,

302, 304 7; and China 198; civilising mission

303, 305, 307; clubs 356; Colonial Office 173; colonial violence 464; Committee for Relieving the Black Poor 74; comparisons with Roman Empire 410 3, 419; convict transportation and labour 102 3, 104, 105, 112; Coral Sea 155; the Dead Sea as a colonial resource 170 3; decolonisation 413; desire to reproduce motherland 351; devolution of political power to Dominions 6; Dominion imports 325; economic expansion 397; Emancipation Act, 1833 103; emergence of 89; emigration 89, 93, 98; expansion 47; familial colonialism 223; Fashoda Crisis 118, 122, 124; Fiji 157-8; flying the flag visits 195, 199, 201 3; and French Borodo colonial project 82; Great Power status 120; gunboat diplomacy 195; hill stations 275, 351 2, 353; and humanitarianism 304 7; identity 257; imperial histories 300 3; imperial identity 410 1; imperial overstretch 49; Imperial plan 320; imperial theory 87, 89 99, 498; imperial trade 324 5; imposition of law 412; Indian capital cities 334 9, 337; informal empire 445 8; interpersonal networks 302 3, 306 7; and Japan 199 200; as Mandatory Power 472; medical schools 280; Melanesian labour trade 155; merchant fleet 321-3; Middle East policy 166; military mortality rates 273; military power 122; and missionaries 423, 425-35, 439; monuments to British rule 335; networked analysis 304-8; and New Guinea 160-1, 161; and the New Hebrides 158; new imperial history 301 3; and new imperialism 131; Pacific exploration 64, 65-7, 67, 68;

Pacific missionary activity 439-50; pauperism 93--4; Pax Britannica 5, 195, 363, 409-10, 410-3, 500; penal battalions 111; prisoners of war transportation and labour 104; and racial difference 304-7; racial exclusion 303; references to the Roman past 409-10, 410-3; reformist colonialism 474; repositioning 303; role in British history 302-3; Royal African Corps 111; Royal Commission on Vivisection 294; royal tours 201; scramble for Africa 120, 122; scramble for China 124; settler colonies 90, 98; slave trade 46, 72-3, 84n4, 106; slave-free colony, Sierra Leone 74-5, 77, 83; and slavery 46; spatial networks 303 8; spatial turn 299, 300; and sport 396 406; strategic lines 412; subaltern individuals 304--8, 310; and the Suez Canal 120-1; support for missionaries 445 6; and Sweden 243; Swing to the East 72; and tradition 343; transport links 316-7; tropical medicine 280; and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 474; value of plantation system 49; vertical mapping 316; welfare state 478;

see Australia, India, New Zealand

Great Depression, the 323 4

Great Exhibition, Crystal Palace, 1851 8 Great Nordic War 238

Great White Fleet, the 203-4

Greater Britain 6

Greater Italy 126 8 Greek identity 179, 208-19; acquisition of 213-4; age of nationalism 216-7; and the Enlightenment 214; ethnic 209-11; the Graeco-Roman Ottoman Empire 209-11; and the Greek merchant diaspora 213; Greekness 209, 211, 213 4; historiographical legacies 209; institutional focus 212; and millenarianism 212 3, 214; and Ottoman orthodoxy 212 4; in Ottoman service 214 8; and the Tourkokratia (Turkish occupation) 210, 211

Greek War of Independence 212, 216, 218 Grey, Lord 94

Groslier, George 229 30, 346 7 Gsell, Stephane 415 Guadeloupe 54

Guatavita, Lake 22

Gueye, Lamine 488 gunboat diplomacy 195, 198-200 Gunesekera, Romesh 3 Günther, Albert 287

Ha, Marie-Paule 499 Hadley, Jack 144-5 Haiti 52, 53, 54, 57n36 Halde, Jean-Baptiste Du 245 Halford, George 293M Hall, Catherine 301, 302, 427 Halling, Konstant 457 Hamilton, Douglas 302 3 Hanioglu, sükrü 366 Hardt, Michael 417 Harms, Robert 461 Harrison, Archibald 351 Harvey, Richard 255 Hatta, Mohammad 475 Hatuey (Taino chieftain) 18 Haussonville, Comte d' 227 Havana Yellow Fever Commission 277-8 Hawaii 65-6, 68, 128-9, 320, 442 Haweis, Thomas 445 6, 447 health 270-82, 346, 500; balance 272-3; and

climate 271-3, 274, 275; colonial depression 348; decompression 350 1; and hill stations 350 1; and leisure 299; medicalisation 279-81; neurasthenia 348, 500; quarantine measures 276; spas 354 5; statistics 273 Henchy, Judith 357 Herschel Island 145 hill stations 275, 350-3, 353 Hinz, Felix 15, 423, 497 Hispaniola 18 Hjortberg, Gustaf Fredrik 246 Hobbins, Peter 499 Hobsbawm, Eric 48

Hobson, J.A., Imperialism:A Study 5, 12n5, 130-1 Hobson, William 444

Hochschild, Adam 460, 463 4 Hodges, William 334 Hodister, Arthur 462 Hong Kong 198, 278, 279 Hong Xiuquan 432 Hopkins, A.G. 5 Houphouet-Boigny, Felix 405 Howick, Viscount 93, 95 Hsi, Pastor 432 Huddart, James 319 Hudson Bay Company 64, 96, 138 Hughli (Bengal), expulsion of the Portuguese

35 6

human rights 423 4, 468 79; and anti­colonialism 469-70, 476-7; colonialism as violation of 474--7; and decolonisation 469; definition 478; and development 471-4; early activism 470-1; features of 468-9; freedoms 468-9; impact of 477-9; and imperial humanitarianism 470-1; individual 472, 473, 476; and missionaries 423; nationalists and 472-3; principle of universality 475-6; and racial equality 473; reformist colonialism 474; and self-determination 471-4, 474-7, 478-9; and sovereignty 469, 471-2, 479; universal 469, 470, 475-6, 477, 481n32

human animal relations 237, 285 95, 499; animal introductions 286 7, 289; animals as agents of encroachment 288; animals as metaphors for human characters 287 8; biological descriptors 287; dangerous animals 286, 288-91, 289, 294-5, 499; environmental impact 286 8; hierarchies 287 8; indigenous peoples 285 6, 291; and knowledge networks 292-5; layering of 289; snakebites 290-1, 292-3, 295; venomous animals 285 6; vivisection 293 4 humanitarianism 94, 304 7

Hume, Joseph 94 hunting 288 90, 357 8 Hutten, Philipp von 23 Hutton, James 462 Hyam, Ronald 9 hydrotherapy 354 5 hygiene 274 6

identity 301, 483; and art 370-4, 372, 373; boundaries 211; British imperial 410-1; Britishness 257, 302, 30 4 7; and culture 363; ethnic 209 11; national 210, 401, 402 5, 405; of place 302; women 189

identity construction: Greek 179, 208-19 Ignatius of Loyola 27-9

immobility 309 imperial duties 468 9 imperial historiography: British Empire 300-3 imperial humanitarianism 470-1, 480n10 imperial networks 299 imperial overstretch, Age of Revolutions 49 Imperial Shipping Committee 324, 325 imperial theory, British 87, 89-99, 498 Inacio de Brito 37

Incas 15, 25-7, 180, 182, 183, 184-5, 191 indentured labourers 4, 102, 388 9; coolies 383; Fiji 157; New Caledonia 156

India: Agra 331-2; Bombay 334, 339^41, 340; Calcutta 334, 334 6; cantonments 338 9; capital cities of the Raj 334 9, 337; Christian population 434; colonial gender disparity 356; company fortifications 334; company towns 333 4; comparisons with Roman Empire 411-2; Delhi 332, 334, 341-3;

despotic government 412; durbars 342-3; factories 333; football in 398, 400, 402, 403; George V visits 343; the Great Game 339; health statistics 273; hill stations 275, 353; hunting 358; importance of cities 330, 331; independence 343 4; interchange of vocabulary 339; Madras 333M; migratory government 336-8; mission schools 433-4; missionaries in 423, 425 8, 433 4, 435; monuments to British rule 335; Mughal Empire 35-6, 40-1, 330-3, 333, 334, 336, 344n1; Mughal legacy 341-4; the Mukti mission 434; mutiny, 1857 341-2, 433; nationalism 313n41; New Delhi 343; opium trade 341; poisonous snakes 291, 293, 294; population 330; port cities 339-40, 340; Presidency Towns 334, 335, 339; Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India 342-3; railways 340; religious centres 332; segregation 336, 339; Simla 336-8, 337, 353; social life 338; Sweden and 243; townships 332; urban development 299, 330 44, 500 Indian Mutiny, 1857 341-2, 433 Indian Ocean 15, 33, 34, 35, 42, 317 Indian Snakebite Commission 294 indigenisation 41 indigenous peoples: agency 69, 363, 365,

448-9; the Arctic 136-46; in art 386, 386-7, 388; attitudes towards see anthropology; civilising 94; Columbus’s treatment of 17; coping tactics 60; Coral Sea 151-2; cross- cultural breakdown 65-7; cultural transformation 139 42; distancing 356 9; education 157 8; European views of 7 8; experience of empire, 1760-1820 59-69; and football 403; human animal relations 285 6, 291; images of Europeans 35 42; kinship networks 183; marriage alliances 183 4, 188, 498; North American experience 60 4; as objects 59; perspective of 16; property rights 161, 163; protection plans 443 4; resistance 16, 61-2, 69, 497-8; rights 468; and the Russian fur trade 137-42; settlements 64, 69; social and political relations 62; South Pacific experience 64 8; Spanish treatment of 17 8, 21; survival strategies 146; Wakefield and 94; whaling 143-4; women 139, 179, 180-91, 498; women chieftains 185 6 indigenous Indochina 225, 347-8, 348, 350, 351-2, 353,

353, 358

Indochina War, First 484, 489, 490-2, 492-3 Indonesia 477; see Dutch East Indies Industrial Revolution, the 143, 316 informal empire 128, 257 inter-connected history 308 internally colonised subjects 1 9 1 International Colonial Exposition of 1 93 1 8 International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights (ICCPR) 478-9

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 478-9 interpersonal networks 299, 302-3, 306-7 intra-colonial transportation 113 Inupiaq, the 143-6

Iraq Petroleum Company 172

Iraq War, 2003 417 Ireland, nationalism 313n41 Iroquois League, the 182 Isabella, Queen of Castile 17, 18 Isandlwana, battle of 122 Isert, Paul Erdmann 75-8 Islam, and Christianity 35-7 Istanbul 217; anti-Greek pogrom, 1955 209-10; demographic composition 210-1

Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912 130, 132 Italy 88; Colonial Institute 126-7; colonial violence 464; colonies of direct dominion 126-7; convict transportation and labour 105; emigrant population 124-5; ethnographic colonies 127; Great Power status 120; Greater Italy 126-8; invasion of Ethiopia 121-2, 459-60, 464; Italians abroad 126-8; Italo-Ethiopian Treaty 121, 133n8; loss of African colonies 132; and new imperialism 131; scramble for Africa 119, 120, 121-2, 126-8, 130; scramble for China 124; settlement colonialism 124-8; and South America 127; support for schools abroad 127-8

Ivory Coast 405

Jabbertown 144

Jacobs, Anna 498

Jahangir, Mughal Emperor 39 Jamaica 50, 51, 52

James I, King of England 333 Jameson, Frederick 309 Jamestown (Virginia) 188

Japan 6, 88, 118; and Christianity 36; emigration 128-9; Gentlemen’s Agreement with America 129; geographical notions of Portugal 39; Great Power status 120; Great White Fleet visit 204; images of the Portuguese 37; imperial expansion 128-9, 130, 278; invasion of Manchuria 130; modernisation 128; naval cooperation in 198-200; and New Caledonia 156; opening of 198-9; Portuguese difference markers 39-40; and racial equality 473; see also Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan.

Java 382, 383, 384, 390

Jenkins, John 169

Jenner, Edward 275

Jennings, Eric T. 500

Jerusalem 172

Jesuits (the Society of Jesus) 423, 439; reductions 27-9

Jews 167, 171, 173,211,213,215,216, 354, 463 Johnson, Chalmers 418

Johnson, Samuel 51

Johnson, William 63-4 joint-stock companies 4, 123, 138

Journal of the Anthropological Institute 259

Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm 351

Kaempfer, Engelbert 242

Kalm, Pehr 240

Kamil, Abdullah 373-4

Kayali, Nizar 476

Kehr, Eckart 130 Kennedy, Dane 348, 352, 359

Kenny, Robert 288

Keppel, Admiral Henry 199, 200-1 Kerguelen, Yves-Joseph de 64

Keswick Convention, the 425, 429, 431 Khlebnikov, Kyril T. 139

King, Sir Philip Gidley 67, 194, 196, 197 King, Phillip Parker 197

King Philip's War 187

Kingsley, Mary 470

Kioping, Nils Matson 241

Kipling, Rudyard 8, 131, 501; Plain Tales from the Hills 338

Kitasato, Shibasaburo 278

Kitromilides, Paschalis 213-4

Klein, Georges-Antoine 462 knowledge networks 237, 257, 292-5, 426 Koch, Robert 277

Koping, Nils Matson 249

Korea 37, 40, 118, 125, 132 Krauthammer, Charles 417

Krefft, Gerard 291

Kuklick, Henrika 257, 265, 266

labour: coerced 4; indentured 4; indigenous 138-9

labour migration 156-7, 498

Lagerstrom, Magnus 244

Laidlaw, Zoe 257, 308

Laird, McGregor 428

Lake, Marilyn 308

Landolphe, Jean-Francois 79-82, 83

Lang, Andrew 258

Laniel, Joseph 492

Lanthenas, Francois Xavier 83

Lather, Nils 78

Lauren, Paul Gordon 469

Lavoisier, Antoine 168 Lawrence, Sir John 336 Lazarev, Mikhail 197

League for International Human Rights 477 League of Nations 161, 162, 166, 413, 472-3, 480n16; Health Organisation 276

League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission 468-9

leisure 352-3; and health 299

Lemire, Charles 228

Lenin, Vladimir 5

Leopold II, King of the Belgians119, 123-4, 131, 454, 455, 456-9, 460-4, 471, 501

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul 118, 123, 125, 225 Lester, Alan, 326, 499

Letourneau, Jean 491

Levontin, David 172-3 Lewis, Meriwether 189 Lewis, Reina 375 Libya 459

Ligue des Droits de l'Homme 470

Lima 27

Linnaean classification 237, 238-52, 246, 250 Linnaeus, Carl 237, 238-52; animal kingdom taxonomy 248-9; Apostles 240-1, 246-8; background 239; correspondence 240; final years 251; Flora Zeylanica 252n18; funding 240-1; in Holland 242; legacy 251-2; on man 248-9; method 242; Museum S.R.M. Adolphi Friderici 245; Oland and Gotland Journey 240; project 238-9, 247-8; publications 248-9; sample collecting 242-8; Systema naturae 238-9, 248-9; travels 240-1

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 280 Livingstone, David 425

London Missionary Society 439, 448

London School for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 280

Lorcin, Patricia 347, 500

Loti, Pierre 8

Louis XIV, King of France 5 Louverture, Toussaint 54

Low, Tim 286

Loyola, Don Martin Garcia de 180

Lucassen, Jan 112 Lunn, Henry S. 434

Luque, Hernando de 25

Lutfi Bey 35

Lyautey, Hubert 279

Lynch, William Francis 169-70, 174, 175n30, 498

Lytton, Lord, Viceroy of India 342-3

Macaulay, John 320

McCrae, George Gordon 202, 202-3 McCreery, Cindy 498-9

McDonnell, Michael A. 497-8

MacGregor, Sir William 161

McKenna, Mark, 310

MacKenzie, John 9, 301, 302, 357-8

Mackinnon, Sir William 462

Mackridge, Peter 214

Macmillan, Harold 163

Madagascar 72, 103, 351-2, 460, 489

Madras 333-4

Mahdist uprising, 1880s 121, 122

Mahmud II, Sultan 268

Mai 65

Makarin, Andrew 142

Malacca 38-9

Malacca, Straits of 33

malaria 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 282, 350 Malaya 351, 389

Malinowski, Bronislaw 266

Malintzin (Malinche) 19, 185

Mallaby, Sebastian 417

Malta 398, 400, 403

Malthus, Thomas 90, 93, 94

Manchuria 118, 125, 130, 132, 199,

Mancini, Matthew 103

Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao 120

Mandatory Powers 472

Manson, Patrick 277, 279, 280

Manuel I, King of Portugal 33, 34

Marion du Fresne, Marc-Joseph 64, 66, 67 Marquesas Islands 65

marriage 180, 181, 183-4, 188; polygyny 190 marriage alliances 183-4, 188, 224-5, 498 Marsden, Samuel 440, 444-5

Marshall, Bruce 487

Martin, Francisco 24

Martinique 54

Marx, Karl 5, 90, 95

Maskell, William 285

Massard, Charles 457

Masselos, John 500

Massey, Doreen 302, 304, 309, 499

Matoaka (Pocahontas) 188

Matson Steam Navigation Company 323, 324, 325

Matsuda, Matt K. 65, 66, 194-5, 317

Maudave, Comte de 72

Mauritius 196

Maxim guns 119

Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish 498

Mbiti, John 435

Mead, Richard 290

Medhurst, Henry 431

medicine 237, 270-82; and climate 270, 271-3, 274, 275; and colonisation 279-81; disease vectors 277-9; era of exploration 271-3; germ theory 277; health statistics 273; local practices 272; medical geography 274; medicalisation 279-81; miasma theories 274-5; nineteenth century pessimism 273-4; and public health 27 1-6. 280; public health education 281; research 272, 277-9, 280; screening 280; and segregation 349 50; snakebites 293; successes 281-2; tropical 270, 279-81; vaccinations 275, 280

Mehta, Uday Singh 388 Melanesia 152, 153, 153-5 Merlin, Alfred 415-6 Metcalf, Thomas 350

Mexico 498; Aztec surrender 20; encomenderas 184, 185; gold 18, 22; marriage alliances 183; political situation at conquest 19; Spanish colonization of 21-2; Spanish conquest of 18-22, 181, 183

Meyer, Peder 78 miasma theories 274 5 military medical corps 273 military transportation 104, 110 Mill, John Stuart 95 Miller, Gwenn 139 Mills, Elliot Evans 410 Mintz, Sidney 52 missionaries 22, 141-2, 158, 160, 161, 305, 423, 500 1; appraisals of 425 6; in Africa 430; in Australia 440 1, 501; backgrounds 431-2; and the British Empire 423, 425-35; British Protestant missionary movement 425; in China 423, 425-8, 430-3; China Inland Mission (CIM) 426, 431-3; civilising mission 429, 447 8; converts 429, 435; critiques 435; cultural imperialism 446 8, 449, 450; diversity 425 6; and education 433 4, 435; Evangelical emphasis 440; German Moravian 440; goals 449 50; the Great Commission 430-1, 437n32; historical interpretation

426 8; and human rights 423; impact of 426; and imperial violence 427 8; as imperialists

427 8; in India 423, 425 8, 433 4, 435; and indigenous agency 448-9; influence 423; and informal empire 445 8; involvement in colonial administration 444 6; the Jesuit reductions 27-9; the Keswick Convention 425, 431; knowledge networks 426; legacy 435; message 450; mission 439 50; mission schools 433 4; motivation 439; in New Zealand 443-5, 448-98; Niger Mission 428-30, 436n28, 501; in Nigeria 423, 425; numbers 432; opposition 443 4; in the Pacific 423, 439-50; pamphlets and newsletters 426; professionalised 437n39; protectionism 443 4; recruits 431 2; roles 426; state support 445 6; and the states 439 50; in Tahiti 441-2, 445-6, 447; theological beliefs 428; in the Tongan archipelago 442; and trade 428-9, 430; wives 447

Mitchell, Silas Weir 292, 293

Mitterrand, Francois 485

mixed-race children 9, 139, 222, 226, 229 Moch, Jules 491

Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler 18-9

Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler 19-20 modernity 50, 145, 286, 300, 387, 488-9 Moisiodax, Iosipos 214

Molesworth, W. 260

Molyneux, Thomas 168, 169

Monnerville, Gaston 488

Montague, Edward 169, 170

Montaguere, Olivier de 81

Montgomery, Bo Gabriel de 412-3

Morel, E.D. 458, 460, 471

Morgan, Lewis Henry 266

Morgan, Philip D. 50

Morocco 40, 110, 415-6, 459

mortality rates 270, 271, 273-4, 346, 500 motherland: desire to reproduce 350, 351-2; fixation on 346-7

motivation 3, 17 8, 129 30, 132; economic exploitation 123-4; economics 4-5; gold 18; imperial science 248; politics 5-7; settlement colonialism 124 9

Moyn, Samuel 469

Mozambique 107, 129, 399, 403

Mughal Empire: disintegration of 334; expulsion of the Portuguese from Hughli 35 6; legacy 341 4; and the Portuguese 40 1; urban development 330 3, 333, 336, 344n1

Muhammad Arif Qandhari 40

Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker) 8

Murphy, Cullen, Are We Rome? 418-9

Murray, Sir Hubert 161 2

muscular Christianity 363, 396, 397-8, 401, 431 Mussolini, Benito 130

Mustafa III, Sultan 368, 369

Napoleon Bonaparte 5, 48, 67, 79, 197, 366, 413, 414

Napoleonic Wars 47, 111

Natawista 190

National Liberation Front (FLN) 404 nationalism 210; nation-building 403 4; debasement of 131; and feminism 347; and football 400; nationalist movements 122 3

Native Americans 60 4, 181 2; and the American Revolution 63-4; Anglo-Indian War (Pontiac's War, 1763) 61-2; animals as agents of encroachment 288; British military service 64; and the horse 62 3; settlements 64; Sioux expansion 63; social and political relations 62; women 187-8, 189, 189-91, 191 see also First Nations

natural environment: as a colonial resource 170-3; as an economic resource 165-6 naval cooperation 179, 194--204, 498-9;

Australia 194, 195-8; brotherhood 200; camaraderie 202-3; in China 198; flying the flag visits 195, 199, 201-4; and freedom of action 200 1; gun salutes 198, 199; hospitality 203-4; in Japan 198-200; limits 204; rescue assistance 199 200, 205n33 Nazly Hanym, Princess 376-8, 377 Negri, Antonio 417 Nehru, Jawaharlal 343 4 neo-colonialism 11 neo-mercantilism 123 Netherlands, the 5, 122; abolition of slavery 103; the Cultivation System 382, 383, 389; the Ethical Policy 389; Great Power status 120; medical schools 281; tropical medicine 280. See Dutch East Indies.

Netsvetov, Ivan 141 networked analyses 304, 499-500; and place

308 11; and space 304 8 networks: geographic 299, 300, 303-8; imperial

299; interpersonal 299, 302 3, 306 7; kinship 183; knowledge 237, 257, 292-5, 426; press 305-7; spatial 303-8 neurasthenia 274, 348, 500 New Caledonia 109, 151, 155, 155-7, 163 New Delhi 343 New France 61 New Granada 27 New Guinea 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160-3, 163 New Hebrides 154, 155, 158 9 new imperial history 9 11, 300, 301, 310, 483 4 new imperialism 88, 118 32; economic

exploitation 123^4; Hobson on 130-1; settlement colonialism 124 9

New Spain 20-2, 108, 181 New Zealand 65, 66, 90, 94, 96, 97, 98; New

Zealand Association 96, 443-5; and the All Red shipping route 319-20, 321; animal introductions 286, 287; animals as agents of encroachment 288; New Zealand Company 96; flying the flag visits 201; missionaries in 443-5, 448-9; native protection plans 443--4; networked analysis 301-7: poisonous animals 291; racial exclusion 303; and refrigeration 357; shipping links 318; sport in 397; venomous animals 285-6; whaling industry 144 Nicholls, David 54 Nicholson, Edward 291 Nieboer, H.J. 112 Nigeria 404, 425-35; missionaries in 423, 425,

428 30, 436n28, 501

Nkrumah, Kwame 405 Nobuyoshi, Fujinami 217 Nochlin, Linda 364-5 Nora, Pierre 464

Norfolk Island 151

Noronha, Constantino de Sa de 41 North America; see United States of America and Canada

North American Colonial Association of Ireland 96

Northwest Passage, the 136

Notes and Queries on Anthropology for the Use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands 257 9, 260 1

Novomeysky, Moshe 165, 172, 173, 174, 176n58

Nyerere, Julius 476

Nystad, Treaty of, 1721 238

Obote, Milton 405 ocean space: beyond sovereignty 320 1; high politics 316; and imperial domination 315 26

Oceanians, experience of empire 64 8 O'Connell, Daniel 98

Office International d'Hygiene Publique 276 Ogilvie, J.N. 434

Oliphant, Laurence 171, 172, 174 Olssen, Erik 98

O'Malley, Kate 313n41 Omdurman, battle of 122 Oneida, USS 199-200 opium trade 341

Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) 198, 430 Orientalism 8-9, 364, 366; and art 364-6, 365, and gender 37 4 8, 375, 377, limitations 365 Orientalism (Said) 8 9, 363, 364, 365, 366 Orta, Garcia de 272

Orthodox Church, Eastern 210, 211, 212 Orthodox Church, Russian 139 40, 141 2 Orwell, George 286, 400; Burmese Days 355, 356 Osbeck, Pehr 248, 249, 250

Osman Hamdi Bey 373-4, 374 Ostersoisk-Guineisk handelsselskab (Baltic­

Guinea Trading Company) 76

Otsuka, Zentaro 128 9

Ottoman Empire 120, 121, 166, 380n32, 472; alliances 367; and art 363, 364-79, 365, 369, 370, 372, 373, 375, 377; art and diplomacy 366 9; articulation of state ideology 370 4 battle paintings 371-2, 372; classical period 211; conquest of Greek­speaking world 212; cultural profile 211; decline 366; diplomacy 366-9, 378; and the Enlightenment 214; expansion of Greek community 217; governance 215; Graeco­Roman 209 11; Greek age of nationalism 216-7; Greek identity and 179, 208-19; Greek merchant diaspora 213; Greek migration to 214; Greek millenarianism 212-3, 214; Greeks in service of 214-8; Hamidian regime 216; harem representations 37 4 6, 375; historiographies 208-9; multi­ethnic 210, 211; national emancipation from 208 9; occupation of Greece 210, 211; orthodoxy 212-4; the Pax Ottomamca 213; Phanariots 214-6; photography 376-8, 377, 380n22; portrait exchanges 366-9, 369, 370; preservation of Islamic architectural heritage 372-3; reform agenda 368-9, 371; religious painting 373, 373-4; representation of women 363; Roman heritage 210; Tanzimat era of constitutional reform 216; visual culture and cultural identity 370-4, 372, 373, 378; women 374 8, 375, 377; the Young Album 367-9; Young Turk era 217-8

Pacific, the 151, 317; American shipping dominance 321-6; benefits of a trans-Pacific steamship service 317-9, 320-1; Empire Route to the East 319; European voyages of exploration 6-4- 8, 194, 196; flying the flag visits 195; importance of shipping routes 326; missionaries in 423, 439 50; naval cooperation 179, 194 204, 498 9; shipping competitive difficulties 324; shipping routes 299, 315-26; transit time 318-9; US racial policy 203; see Coral Sea.

Pacific Islanders, experience of empire 64 8 Palestine 165-74; the Bedouin 169-70; British

Mandate period (1920-1948) 165-74; as a colonial resource 170-3; Dead Sea exploration 168 70; economic resources 165-6, 166, 171; exploration 173 1: historiography 165 7; local ambitions 167; mapping 172; and Zionism 172-3 Palestine Association of London 168-9 Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) 171-2 Palestine Potash Ltd (PPL) 165-74, 166, 172, 173 Palmer, R.R. 48 Palmerston, Lord, British Home Secretary 171 Pamuk, Orhan 209-10 Panama Canal 273, 278 Pan-American Health Organization 276 Pan-American Sanitary Bureau 276 Pan'kov, Ivan 140, 142 Papua New Guinea 160 - 163, 403 Paraguay, the Jesuit reductions 28 Paris Geographical Society 8 Pasteur, Louis 277, 293 Pasteur Institutes 278 paternalist welfarism 470, 474 Paulhan, John 349, 350

pauperism 93-4

Pauxoto, Vascuna 23-4

Pax Americana 409-10, 416-9

Pax Britannica 5, 195, 363, 409-10, 410-3, 500 Pax Europoea 413

Pax Gallica 409 10, 413 6 Pearson, Monte 418 Peel, Robert 442 Peirce, Leslie 374 penal transportation; see convict transportation and labour

Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) 317

Permentier, Rene de 457

Peron, Francois 196

La Perouse, Comte de 66, 67

Perris, H.R. 410-1

Perry, Matthew 198-9 Peru: encomenderas 184, 184-5; the Great Andean rebellion 186-7; marriage alliances 183; Spanish conquest of 25-7, 183; women chieftains 185-6

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia137, 138 Peters, Erica 357

Petroleum Development (Palestine) Ltd 172 Pflimlin, Pierre 491

Philip, John 305

Philip II, King of Spain 107-8

Philippines, the 108, 124 Philliou, Christine 214-6 Phillip, Arthur 66 7

Photeinos, Dionysios 211 photographic gaze, the 260-1 photography 342, 500; and anthropology 259-61, 261-3, 262, 263; landscape 389-91, 391, 392; role 389-90

Phung, Vu Trong, Dumb Luck 356 7

Pietism 440

Pim, Bernard 306-7

Piolet, J.B. 226, 230-1, 232

Piper, John 197

Pitt, William the Elder 49

Pitt, William, the Younger 52

Pizarro, Francisco 25-7, 183, 184, 184-5 place 299, 300; identity of 302, 499; networked analyses 308 11; and power 310; and stasis 309 10

plantation system: in Africa 78; and the Age of Revolutions 46-55; American South 47; British West Indies 47; and capitalism 50; conservatism 47, 51; Dutch East Indies 382, 383, 389, 390 1, 391; emergence of 48; and health 276; labour hierarchy 390-1; mature 48 51; planter control 52; and planter resistance 46-7; and resistance 51-4; and slavery 46 7; value 49 50

Plassey, battle of, 1757 334

Playfair, Sir Lambert 415

Plum, F. 78

Plymouth Company, the 97

Pocahontas 188

Pols, Hans 351

Pontiac's War, 1763 61-2

Poortenaar, Jan 388

population, distribution 46; colonies 123; flows 93; growth 49; movements, and disease 271;

population-based colonialism 124-9

Portal, Ira 338

Porter, Andrew, 427-8

Porter, Bernard 11, 302

Portman, M. V. 262, 265; ‘Photography for Anthropologists' 259-61

Portugal 5; abolition of slavery 103; anti­transportation movements 107; Asian empire 33-42; Asian geographical notions of 38-9; Asian images of the Portuguese 35-42; cannon 38; convict transportation and labour 102, 105, 107; difference markers in Asia 39-40; the Estado da India 33-5; expansion into Asia 15, 33; expulsion from Hughli 35-6; Great Power status 120; magical power 41; military and naval superiority 34; military skill 37-8; missionaries 439; and Mughal India 35-6; religious tensions in Asia 35-7; sea gypsies 38; seafaring 37-8; and sport 399

Powhatan Empire 188

Poznanski, Lilly Ogatina 160

press networks 305-7

Pribilof Islands 141, 142 prisoners; see convict transportation and labour prisoners of war, transportation and labour 104 private adventurers 15, 21

Procida, Mary 358 profiteers 5, 498

Protschky, Susie 500

Prussia 199

public health 274-6, 280, 281

Pysha (Inupiaq) 145-6

Quaiapen 187-8

Quesne, J.S. 81

quipu 25

race, racial boundaries 224-5; racial difference 237, 304-7, 430; racial equality 473; racial exclusion 303; racial hierarchy 473; racial questions 131-2; racial purity 224-5, 229; racial regimes and imposition of 132; racism 7, 404

Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. 261, 266

Raffles, Stamford 111

railways 4, 129, 318, 340

Ramabai, Pandita 434, 435

Ramadier, Paul 489-90 Randenivala, battle of 41 Ranke, Leopold von 130 Raynal, Abbe 50, 50-1, 76 Read, James 305

Reed, Walter 277-8

Reingold, Meyer 416-7 religion 139-40, 141-2, 167, 170, 500-1;

and empire 423, 439-50; tensions 35-7;

see also missionaries

Renda, Günsel 367

Reynolds, Henry 308 Rhodes, Cecil 226, 310

Ricardo, David 90

Richards, Eric 95

Richards, John 331

Richards, Vincent 294 rights of man, the 54 Rintoul, Robert 94

Rio de la Plata 27

Ripon Regulations, the, 1831 95

Roberts, Mary 500

Robinson, Edward 169

Robinson, Henry Wirgman 285-6

Robinson, Ronald 5, 131, 257

Rockefeller Foundation, the 281

Rogers, Rebecca 347

Rogers, Robert 63

Rolls, Eric, 286

Roman Empire 363, 409-19, 500; American references to 409-10, 416-9; army 414-5;

British references to 409-10; and citizenship 414; comparisons with America 417-9; comparisons with Britain 410-3, 419; comparisons with France 419; French references to 409-10, 413-6; impact of 419; law 413; North Africa 414-6; strategic lines 412

Roosevelt, Theodore 129

Rose, Sonya 302

Ross, Ronald 277

Rostworowski, Maria 186 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 66, 76

Royal Anthropological Institute 256

Royal Geographic Society 8

Royal Navy 195, 199-201, 201-3; Australian

Station 153

Royal Society, the 170

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 238, 241 Roys, Thomas 143

rubber cultivation 389

rugby 397

Rüger, Jan 195

Rural Hygiene in Far-Eastern Countries conference, 1937 281

Russell, Patrick 291

Russia 47, 129; colony in America 137-42; colonial administration 139-40; convict transportation and labour 105, 113; eastward expansion 137-42; foreign policy 198; fur trade 136, 137-42; Great Power status 120; identity 137, 140; sale of Alaska 137, 141, 143; scramble for China 124; Statute of Alien Administration, 1882 139-40

Russian American Company (RAC) 138-42 Russian navy 197, 198, 204n3, 205n16, 205n17 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) 118, 132 Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 216

Saada, Emmanuelle 232 sacred trusteeship 472 Said, Edward 11, 301; Culture and Imperialism 8;

Orientalism 8-9, 363, 364, 365, 3á6 St. Croix 76, 78 St. Moulin, Leon de 464 Saint-Domingue 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 103 Sakakawea 189

Salamanca School, the 12n4 Samoa 65, 67, 200 Samson, Jane 195 sanitary conferences 276

Sanitary Council of Alexandria 276 Sanneh, Lamin 427

Sao Tome 107 Sarraut, Albert 279 Sauer, Martin 138 Schimmelmann, Ernst 76-7 Schimmelmann, Heinrich Carl 76, 78 schools 127-8, 142

Schuman, Robert 490 Schumann, Maurice 491 science, imperial 237, 499; anthropology 237,

255-67; funding 240-1; human-animal relations 237, 285-95; knowledge networks 237; Linnaean classification 237, 238-52, 245, 246, 250; medicine 237, 270-82; motivation 248; and utility 248 scientific exploration 167, 168-70, 171-2, 173-4 scientific racism 7 Scotland 302-3 scurvy 271

Second World War 6-7, 132, 142, 156-7, 160, 162, 165, 195-6, 281, 390, 409, 455, 473-4, 485, 486-7

Seeley, Sir John Robert 87, 412 Seetzen, Ulrich 168-9, 175n30 Segalen, Victor 8 self-determination 471-4, 474-7, 478-9 Selim III, Sultan 366-9 Sen, Satadru 260, 261

Senegal 79

Senghor, Leopold 481n32, 488 Sennett, Richard 367 Sepp, Father Anton 28 Settler Revolution, the 308 settlement colonialism 118, 124-9, 130-1 settler colonialism 88, 89, 130 settler press network 305-7 Seven Years' War 48, 49, 60-1, 73, 109 sex, sexual abstinence 224-5; sexual violence

455; sexuality 9 Sharp, Grandville 74-5 Sheppard, William Henry 458, 460 Shipping and shipping routes: Atlantic routes

312n29, 317; challenges and constraints 317; coaling stations 317; and imperialism 317-21; importance of 326; Indian Ocean routes 317; the Pacific problem 324; Pacific routes 299, 315-26; Pacific transit time 318-9; relationships 326; state subsidies 317, 319, 321 Siberia 137

Sierra Leone, 74-5, 77 Simla 336-8, 337, 353 Simpson, A.W. Brian 469 Singapore 276 Sinha, Mrinalini 356 Sjahrir, Sutan 477 Skabelund, Aaron 288 Skott, Christina 499 slave uprisings 47, 52, 103 slavery and the slave trade 4, 16, 46, 48, 49,

49-50, 51, 55, 76, 79, 81-2, 102, 106, 315-6; abolition 4, 15, 72, 75, 78, 83, 103; abolition movement 15, 52, 55; Adam Smith on 52-3; and the Age of Revolutions 46-7, 54-5; America 46-55; and colonies 72-4; conditions 76-7; Denmark 72-3, 76-7, 84n4, 106; and disease 271; Emancipation Act, Great Britain, 1833 103; expansion of system 48, 51; France 72-3, 73-4, 79, 81-2, 84n4, 85n44, 106; Great Britain 46, 72-3, 84n4, 106; and the Haitian Revolt 54; management 73; the mature plantation system 48-51; moral arguments against 73-4; mortality rates 73; networked analysis 305-7; new imperial history 301; and the plantation system 46-7; planter control 52; populations 49-50; resistance 51-2; scale 4, 73, 73, 84n4; as transportation 102-3; treatment 76-7 Sleeper-Smith, Susan 69 smallpox 20, 275, 280, 281-2 Smeathman, Henry 74 Smith, Adam 50, 52-3, 90, 95 Smith, James 183 Smith, John 188 Smith, Sydney 425 Smuts, Jan 474 snakebites 290-1, 292-3, 295 snakes, poisonous 290-1, 292-3, 295 Social Darwinism 130, 131 social imperialism 118, 130 Societe Archeologique de Constantine 414

'^1,

Societe Fran^aise d’Emigration des Femmes (SFEF) 222, 226-7, 228

Societe Historique Algerienne 414, 416 Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge 170 soft power 367, 399 Solander, Daniel 251 Solomon Islands 154, 155, 159-60 Solow, Barbara L. 49 Somare, Michael 162-3 Sonthonax, Leger-Felicite 54 South Africa 288, 303, 303-4, 304-7; football in 406; as Mandatory Power 472; sport in 397, 400-1

South African Commercial Advertiser 306

South African War (1899-1902) 104, 130-1, 410, 426

South America: and Italy 127; the Jesuit reductions 27-9; silver 4; Spain loses 5; Spanish administration 27; Spanish conquest of 15, 17-29, 180-2; women in 180-2

South Australian Land Company 95-6 sovereignty 469, 471-2, 479 space 299, 300; metropolitan 310; and mobility

308-9; networked analyses 304-8; vertical mapping 316

Spain: and the Age of Revolutions 47; and the Caribbean 17-8; colonial empire 29; conquest of Chile 22; conquest of Cuba 18; conquest of Mexico 18-22, 181, 183; conquest of Peru 25-7, 183; conquest of South America 15, 17-29, 180-2, 181; conquest of Venezuela 22-4; convict transportation and labour 105, 107-8, 108; and the Coral Sea 153; encomenderas 184-5, 191; encomienda system 18, 21; German banking family contracts 22-4; the Great Andean rebellion 186-7; imperial governmental structures 21; Inca gold 26-7; and the Jesuit reductions 27-9; loss of South American empire 5; Mexican gold 18, 22; missionaries 439, 440; motivation 17-8;

North American colonies 63; prisoners of war transportation and labour 104; size of empire 22; South American administration 27; South American silver 4; succession practices, 186, 191; treatment of indigenous peoples 17-8, 21; value of plantation system 49; viceroys 27 Spanish-American War, 1899 118, 122, 124, 195

Spate, O.H.K. 194 spatial networks 303-8 spatial turn, the 299 Spice Islands, the 4 spiritual conquest 27-9 sport 363, 396-406, 500; and commerce 397;

cultural characteristics 400-2; and economic expansion 397; and empire 397-9; and independence movements 403; legacy 406; and local politics 399-400; and moral order 398, 403; and national identity 401, 402-5; and nation-building 403-4; post-colonial legacy 405-6; and racism 404; role 396, 397-8; and social mobility 401 Sri Lanka 36-7, 41; see Ceylon.

Stairs, William Grant 454-5, 461, 462 Stanley, Brian 428

Stanley, Henry Morton 119, 461-2, 462 steam ships 119, 316, 317, 320

Steel, Frances 499-500 Steensgard, Niels 34 Steiner, Zara 488 Stengers, Jean 460 Stephen, James 94 Stocking, George W., Jr. 266 Stoianovich, Traian 213-4 Stoler, Ann 222, 359

Student Volunteer Movement 432 Studies in Imperialism series 301, 303 subaltern individuals 310; networked analysis 307-8

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay 39, 48

Sudan 120-1 Sudjojono, Sindudarsono 391-2 Suez Canal 118, 119, 120-1, 171, 276, 318,

319, 340

Sufian, Sandra 173 sugar 157, 390 Sumatra 383, 389 Svensson, Knut 463 Sweden 238, 241, 243, 248, 251 Swedish East India Company 237, 238, 499;

Canton trade 241-5, 243; dissolution 251; naturalists 243-4; sample collecting 242-8 systematic colonisation 87, 89-99

Tahiti 65, 441-2, 445-6, 447 Taiwan 128, 278, Tanganyika 476

Tarnstrom, Christopher 246-7 Taylor, Hudson 431-3 Techichopotzin 184

Ten Years' War (1868-1878) 273 Tenochtitlan: massacre 19-20; siege and fall of

20; Spanish rebuild 21 terrorist attacks, 9/11 418-9 Tessin, Count 243-4

Teurloen, Hans 243 Thomaz, Luis Filipe 33 Thompson, Andrew 11, 302 Thomson, Donald 261-5, 263, 265, 267, 499 Thonning, Peter 78, 83 Thorne, Susan 427 Thornton, Henry 75 Threlkeld, Lancelot 439 Thunberg, Carl Peter 251 Tiberondwa, Ado 435 Tientsin, Treaty of 430 Tilly, Charles 208 Tinayre, Marcelle 227-8 Tippu Tip 461-2 ToBaining, Vin 162-3 Todorova, Maria 209 Tonga 65, 442 Toren, Olof 249

Toyotomi Hideyoshi 39 trade unionism 489

Trans-Pacific shipping route 299, 315-26, 322; advantages of 317-9, 320-1; American shipping dominance 321-2; assistance package 325-6; British support 320-1; cargo volume 325; competitive difficulties 324; extension 321; integration with CPRCo. 324; itinerary 321; losses 323, 324; and New Zealand 319-20, 321; opening 319; passenger traffic 325; revenue 325; revival 319-20; running costs 320, 323; state subsidies 319, 321; terminal ports 319

Trans-Siberian Railway 129

Treille, Georges 348 Tristram, Henry Baker 170 tropical medicine 270, 279-81 tropical neurasthenia 274, 348, 500 Tunisia 120, 125, 415-6 Tupac Amaru 186, 186-7 Tupaia of Raiatea 65

Turkey 218; see Ottoman Empire.

Turner, Michael 75

Tylor, Sir Edward 258, 266

Uganda 278, 399, 403, 405, 439 Unangan, the 137-42

Union Coloniale Fran^aise (UCF) 222

Union de Femmes Coloniales 347

Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand 319-20, 321, 323-4

United Nations 162, 469, 474

United States Navy 169-70, 195, 203-4

United States of America 6, 129; Alaskan administration 142; Anglo-Indian War (Pontiac's War), 1763 61-2; animals as agents of encroachment 288; aspirations 363; the Bush Doctrine 417, 419; colonies 118; comparisons with Roman Empire 417-9, 419; and the Congo 456; constitution 53; the Constitution 416; Dead Sea exploration 169-70; exceptionalism 416-7; First Nations 181-2; First Nations women 187-8; fur trade 142, 190; Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan 129; the Great Plains 189-91; Great Power status 120; Havana Yellow Fever Commission 277-8; imperialism 417, 418-9; Indian Act, 1869 191; indigenous experience of empire 60-4; international primacy 409; and Japan 199; Jones-White Act, 1926 323; manifest destiny 409; maritime supremacy 326; merchant fleet 321-3; militarism 417-8, 418-9; military power 122; myths of origin 417; native women of the American west 189; native women of the Great Plains 189-91; New England 187-8; Pacific missionary activity 442; Pacific shipping dominance 321-6; Pax Americana 409-10, 416-9; and the Philippines 124; plantation system 46-55; the plantation system and resistance 51-4; planter control 52; poisonous snakes 290; the Proclamation Line, 1763 62; purchase of Alaska 137, 141, 143; racial segregation 303; references to the Roman past 409-10, 416-9; reintroduction of the horse 62-3; response to 9/11 terrorist attacks 418-9; Revenue Cutter Service 143; and settlerism 308; Seven Years' War in 60-1; and slavery 46-55, 53, 55; soft power 399; and South Africa 303-4; sport in 397; transcontinental railway 129; tropical medicine 280; Wakefield's influence 98; whaling industry 143-6

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 470, 474, 474-7, 477-8, 479

Universal German School Union 128 urban development 500; cantonments 338-9; company towns 333-4; European exemplars 334-6, 337-8, 340, 340-1; India 299, 330-44; Indian capital cities of the Raj 334-9, 337; Mughal Empire 330-1, 333, 336, 344n1; networked analysis 309-10; planning 332; port cities 339-40, 340; social 338

USSR 413, 417

Valentia, Lord, later 2^nd Earl of Mountnorris 335, 336

Valenzuela, Carlos 476 Valran, Gaston 230 Valverde, Father 26 Vangroenweghe, Daniel 460 Vasco da Gama 33, 42

Velazquez, Diego 18 Vellut, Jean-Luc 460, 461 Venezuela, Spanish conquest of 22-4 Veniaminov, Ioann 140, 142 Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)

34, 38, 272

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain 5, 335-6,

342-3, 444

Vieira, Cristbvao 37 Vietnam 275, 353, 356-7, 485, 489, 490-2, 492-3

Villeneuve, Geoffroy de 79 Vinkovetsky, Ilya 138 violence 16; colonial 423, 454-64, 501;

missionaries and 427-8; non-European

461-2; and self-defence 455; sexual 455; vigilante justice 145; wars of pacification 459 visual culture 363, 500; and articulation of state ideology 370-4; ‘beautiful Indies' paintings 385-7, 386, 387-9, 391-2; and cross-cultural contact 365-6; and cultural identity 370-4, 372, 373, 378; and environment 382-92; georgic aesthetic 387; and landscape 384; landscape photography 389-91, 391, 392;

Ottoman art 363, 364-79, 365, 369, 370, 372, 373, 375, 377; politics of art 387-9; role 366; and women 374-8, 375, 377; see also art

Voigt, Frederick A. 413

Voltaire 76 Vray, C. 356-7

Wadstrom, Carl Bernhard 75, 79 Waitangi, Treaty of 444, 445 Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 87, 89-99, 443,

498; Colonization of New Zealand 94; as a critical reformer 93; ‘Cure and Prevention of Pauperism, by means of Systematic Colonisation' 93-4; England and America 94; and indigenous peoples 94; influence 95-9; A Letter from Sydney 90-2, 96; The New British Province of South Australia 96; A View of the Art of Colonization 94

Wakefield, Priscilla, Excursions in North America 91 Walker, George Washington 305 Walker, Mary Adelaide 375-6

Wallis, Samuel 64, 65 Walls, Andrew 427 War of 1812 63 Warburg, Otto 172 Ward, Kerry 307 Wariboko, Waibinte 429 Washington, George 62, 79 Wasservas, Baron Albert d'Anthouard de 347-8 Weaver, John 97 Weetamo 188

Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 130 Weinburg, Gerhard 455 Weizmann, Chaim 173 Welser banking family 22-4 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society 440, 442, 443

West Indies 49, 50; see Caribbean.

West Indies Company 109 western navies: cooperation 194-204; cultural significance 195; fraternisation 197; information sharing 197; interdependence 200; as overlapping communities 204, 205n19; scientific expeditions 196-7; tensions 195, 197-8

Westminster, Statute of 1931 264 whaling, industry 64, 136, 143-6; ports 143;

ships 64; stations 144, 145-6; whale oil 143 Wheeler, Daniel 442 White, Richard 63 White Australia Policy 162 Wichale, Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 121-2, 133n8

Wight, R. Allan 285

Wilberforce, William 52, 75, 433 Wildenthal, Lora 347 Wilkes, Charles 198 Williams, Eric 50 Williams, George 431

Williams, George Washington 458 Williams, Henry 444, 448, 460 Wilson, Captain Charles 172 Wilson, Woodrow 471-3 women: of the American West 189; in the

Americas 179, 180-91; benefits of emigration 224-8; chieftains 185-6; civilising mission 222-3; clubs 355; colonial feminine mystique 228-9; colonial life 347-8, 348; the coloniale 222-32; contributions 229, 231; convict transportation and labour 105; and culinary practices 230; dress 377, 377-8; education 160; emigration 223-4, 499; emigration societies 223; encomenderas 184-5, 191; excess single 226-8; exclusion 182, 190-1; exercise of power 179; familial colonialism 223-4, 224-5; the First Nations 187-8, 191; and football 404; gender disparity 356; gender roles 347; gendered roles 180, 191; and the Great Andean rebellion 186-7; hunting 358; identity 189; indigenous peoples 139, 179, 180-91, 498; marriage alliances 183-4, 188, 498; myth of the destructive female 222; Native Americans 187-8, 189, 189-91, 191; Ottoman 374-8, 375, 377; polygyny 190; positions of authority 182, 185-6; power 180, 182-3, 185, 190; presence 191; protection 185, 187; re-civilising process 230-2; representation of 363, 374-8, 375, 377; role 184, 228-9, 500; role in the French Empire 179, 222-32; social life 231-2, 500; unemployment 227

Wood, John 292-3

Woodford, Charles 159-60

World Health Organization 281, 281-2,

282n17; Global Malaria Eradication campaign 276

world history approaches 3

World Missionary Conference, 1910 435

Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovich 138-9

Wrisberg, Johan P.D. 78

Wrong, Michela 460, 464

yellow fever 271, 273, 277-8, 281-2

Yersin, Alexandre 278

Yongzheng, Emperor of China 39

Young, John 367-8

Zain al-Din, Tufhat al-Mujahidin 35

Zionism 172-3, 174