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Aldrich Robert, McKenzie Kirsten (eds.). The Routledge History of Western Empires. Routledge,2014. — 542 p.. 2014

Colonial expansion—from the era of the Greeks and the Romans down to the hegemonic manoeuvres of international powers in the twenty-first century—is one of the most far- reaching processes in human history. From an infinity of possible topics that form part of the domain of colonial and imperial history, this volume presents thirty-three chapters that illustrate some of the themes and methods of contemporary history writing about coloni­alism. The collection does not claim to be comprehensive in presenting all the methodol­ogies that historians employ, the theories they have proposed or the terrain they have covered. Those who wish, for instance, to read overviews of the colonial history of key imperial powers, particularly Britain or France, are fortunate in having a large number of books from which to choose. The burgeoning of colonial history as an academic field— alongside books targeted at a more general market—means that there are stacks of volumes and reams of journal articles devoted to themes introduced here and ones for which there was no room in an already weighty volume.

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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHY COLONIALISM?
Part I MAPPING THE IMPERIAL TURN
Introduction
SPANISH - INDIAN ENCOUNTERS
The conquest and creation of new empires
Felix Hinz
The Caribbean—an imperial prelude
Mexico—the foundation of a ‘New Spain'
Venezuela—the search for El Dorado
Peru—invading the Empire of the Sun
The Jesuit ‘reductions'—God's country in the jungle?
FLOATING FRANKS
The Portuguese and their empire as seen from early modern Asia
Jorge Flores
The Estado da India
Asian images of the Portuguese
Conclusion
EMPIRES, THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS AND PLANTATION AMERICA
Trevor Burnard
In 1750, the majority of the world’s population lived in the great agrarian empires of Eurasia, spanning the globe from China to Austria but also covering large swathes of Spanish America.
The mature plantation complex
The plantation system and resistance
Conclusion
FACING EMPIRE
Indigenous experiences of European empire in comparative perspective, 1760-1820
Michael A. McDonnell and Kate Fullagar
This chapter examines from a comparative perspective the experience of European empire by indigenous peoples of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean worlds.
North America
South Pacific
Conclusion
AN EARLY SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
British, Danish and French colonial projects on the coast of West Africa, 1780s and 1790s
Pernille Roge
The second half of the eighteenth century witnessed a rise in new colonial projects and exploration.
Colonies and the slave trade in the second half of the eighteenth century
The British slave-free colony in Sierra Leone
The Danish colonial project on the Gold Coast
A French colonial project on the island of Borodo
Conclusion
Part II PLANNING EMPIRE
Introduction
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EMPIRE-BUILDING
CONVICT LABOUR AND THE WESTERN EMPIRES, 1415 -1954
Clare Anderson and Hamish Maxwell-Stewart
Between 1415, when the Portuguese first used convict labour in the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta, and 1954, when the French penal colony in Guiana closed,
Defining convict transportation
The imperial scale and reach of penal transportation
The Portuguese Empire
The Spanish Empire
The French Empire
The British Empire
NEW DYNAMICS AND NEW IMPERIAL POWERS, 1876 -1905
Mark I. Choate
The striking display of power in the ‘scramble for Africa’ and the ‘scramble for Asia’ remains one of the most unusual chapters in world history.
Paper borders, Maxim bullets
The colonialism of ‘economic exploitation'
Settlement colonialism in the age of mass migration
The motives of empire?
The idea of ‘imperialism'
A clash of races
Part III LOCATIONS OF EMPIRE
Introduction
EMPIRE AT THE FLOE EDGE
Western empires and indigenous peoples in the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean, c. 1820-1900
Annaliese Jacobs
We tend to imagine the Arctic and subarctic regions as ahistorical wildernesses, frozen spaces scarcely touched by the modern world, newly under threat from resource extrac­tion, geopolitical contests and, above all, climate change.
The Russian maritime fur trade and Unangan chiefs
The friction of the floe edge: shore whaling in northern Alaska
10 EMPIRES OF THE CORAL SEA
Clive Moore
The Coral Sea
Indigenous peoples of the Coral Sea
The Australian colonies and the Coral Sea
Island Melanesia and the labour trade
Colonial partition of the Coral Sea
French New Caledonia
The British in the Coral Sea: Fiji
New Hebrides
Solomon Islands
Germany, Britain and Australia in New Guinea
Conclusion
11 COLONIALISM IN PALESTINE
Science, religion and the Western appropriation of the Dead Sea in the long nineteenth century
Jacob Norris
On 1 January 1930, a new company was incorporated in London under the name of Palestine Potash Ltd (PPL).
Dead Sea exploration and the compilation of a canon of expertise
Acting upon the landscape: the Dead Sea as a colonial resource
Conclusion
Part IV PEOPLE OF EMPIRE
Introduction
12 NATIVE WOMEN OF THE AMERICAS IN POWER (C. 1530-1880)
Blanca Tovias
In 1572, the 15-year-old Dona Beatriz Clara Coya, daughter of the Inca emperor Sairi Tupac, who died resisting the Spanish conquerors, married the conquistador Don Martin Garcia de Loyola, Knight of the prestigious Order of Calatrava and Governor and Captain-General of the Kingdom of Chile (see Figure 12.1).
Marriage alliances between natives and newcomers
Encomenderas in Iberian America
Colonial women chieftains: cacicas or kurakas, and capullanas
Women as war leaders during the Great Andean Rebellion
First Nations women and empire-building north of the Rio Grande
Native women of the American West
The limits of empire: women of the Great Plains
The patriarchal legacy of empire
13 NEIGHBOURLY RELATIONS
Nineteenth-century Western navies’ interactions in the Asia-Pacific region
Cindy McCreery
‘A ship is the most living of inanimate things’.
Scientific voyages to Sydney
Japan and China, 1860s—1870s
Flying the flag voyages: HMS Galatea 1867-1871 to the Great White Fleet 1907-1909
Conclusion
14 THE OTTOMAN ROMAN EMPIRE, c. 1680-1900
How empires shaped a modern nation
Nicholas Doumanis
In Europe, a nation’s birth was typically conceived as a rebirth.
The Graeco-Roman Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Orthodoxy
In the sultan's service
Conclusion
15 THE MAKING OF THE COLONIALE UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC
Marie-Paule Ha
In his 1897 speech for the inauguration of the Societe Franqaise d’Emigration des Femmes (SFEF), a society set up under the auspices of the prominent pro-colonial organisation the Union Coloniale Francaise (UCF)
Familial colonialism
Forced celibacy and concubinage
Repopulating France through colonisation
The empire as ‘outlet' for single women
The colonial feminine mystique
The making of the colonial French home
‘Frenchify the table'
Re-civilising process
Part V IMPERIAL SCIENCES
Introduction
16 EXPANDING FLORA’S EMPIRE
17 ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE
Martin E. Thomas
Defining the terrain
Empire and the ‘science of man'
Anthropology in practice: views from the field
Beyond empire
18 HEALTH AND DISEASE IN THE COLONIES
Medicine in the Age of Empire
Laurence Monnais and Hans Pols
When Christopher Columbus landed on the shores of the Americas in 1492, the rulers of the major European powers realised that the world was much larger than they had thought.
The era of exploration: health and the tropical climate before 1800
Imperial expansion and medical pessimism in the nineteenth century
The advent of modern public health
Germs, parasites, insects and nematodes
‘Colonising the body': tropical medicine as a tool of medicalisation?24
Conclusions
19 IMPERIAL SCIENCE OR THE REPUBLIC OF POISON LETTERS?
Venomous animals, transnational exchange and colonial identities
Peter Hobbins
Malcolm Fraser had likely been drinking, although at the inquest his wife attested that he ‘was not of drunken habits’.
An animal matrix of co-colonisation
Designating danger
A Republic of Poison Letters
Part VI IMPERIAL SPACES
Introduction
20 PLACE AND SPACE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL HISTORY WRITING
Alan Lester
In recent decades the boundaries that used to delimit separate domains of British history, imperial history, area studies and the histories of former colonies have been traversed promiscuously.1
Britain and empire
Space
Place
21 LINES ACROSS THE SEA
22 EMPIRE AND CITY
The imperial presence in urban India
Jim Masselos
While cities have always been important in the fortunes of the Indian subcontinent, most of India’s vast population has lived in villages and hamlets whether in pre-colonial, colonial or even post-colonial times.
City and emperor: the Mughal practice
Company towns
Capital cities of the raj
The colonial port city
Mughal memories
23 HILL STATIONS, SPAS, CLUBS, SAFARIS AND COLONIAL LIFE
Eric T. Jennings
This chapter examines specific places and modes that were central to imperial cultures.
Gender dynamics and opportunities
Ennui, nostalgia and neurasthenia
Disease and colonial countermeasures
Hill stations
Colonial spas
The club
Clothing and food
Hunting
Conclusion
Part VII IMPERIAL CULTURES
Introduction
24 OTTOMAN ART, EMPIRE AND THE ORIENTALISM DEBATE
Mary Roberts
Jean-Leon Gerome’s The Snake Charmer (Figure 24.1) is a painting about mystery and latent danger in the exotic East.
Art and diplomacy
Cultural patrimony
Gender and Orientalism
Conclusion
25 ENVIRONMENT AND VISUAL CULTURE IN THE TROPICS
The Netherlands Indies, c. 1830-1949
Susie Protschky
Backdrop as foreground: environment and histories of imperialism
Visual perspectives on environment and empire
The ‘beautiful Indies'
The politics of beautiful Indies landscapes
The splendour of endeavour: landscape photography from the Indies
Conclusion
26 AT PLAY ON THE FOOTBALL FIELDS OF EMPIRE?
John Connell
One of the most familiar tropes—even cliches—of British colonialism is the persistent and ubiquitous theme of the relationship between sport, muscular Christianity and empire.
Commerce, sport and empire
Recreation and empire
Order and resistance
A local sport?
Creating national identity
Epilogue: a post-colonial legacy
27 PAX ROMANA TRANSPOSED
Rome as an exemplar for Western imperialism
Patricia M.E. Lorcin
... the Roman Empire... is now regarded in spite of all the barbarism, all the superstition, and all the misery, as one of the most interesting of all historical phenomena.
Pax Britannica: from empire to peace
Pax Gallica: bearing the mantle of Rome
Pax Americana: war and peace across the globe
Conclusion
Part VIII MAKING AND UNMAKING EMPIRE
Introduction
28 BRITISH MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES IN THE HIGH IMPERIAL ERA, C. 1857-1914
Jason Bruner
The British Protestant missionary movement was as diverse in its implementation as it was ambiguous in its effects.
Nigeria: mission ahead of empire
China: mission beyond the empire
India: mission within the empire
Conclusion
29 RELIGION AND EMPIRE IN THE SOUTH SEAS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
30 VIOLENCE AND EMPIRE
The curious case of Belgium and the Congo
Matthew G. Stanard
In the early 1890s, a chartered company called the Compagnie du Katanga was exploring Katanga to add territories to Leopold II’s Congo Free State (CFS) by surveying unknown lands and persuading Africans to submit to the CFS’s authority.1
Belgium's colonial past and the violence of Leopoldian rule
Western colonial violence and the historiography of Belgian imperialism
31 HUMAN RIGHTS AND EMPIRE
Roland Burke
The collapse of the Western empires and the rise of human rights constitute two of the most transformative developments of the twentieth century.
Anti-colonialism as human rights movement?
Humanitarian imperialists: empire, its abuses and its critics
Sacred trusteeship and human rights? Civilisations, development and welfare
The right to self-determination: colonialism recast as a human rights violation, 1950—1960
Conclusions: a world made new? Human rights after empire
32 RESISTING DECOLONISATION
EPILOGUE: IMPERIAL FRICTIONS
INDEX

Books and textbooks on the discipline World history:

  1. Beaton Roderick. The Greeks: A Global History. Basic Books,2021. — 608 p. - 2021 ãîä
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  3. Bang Peter F., Bayly C.A., Scheidel Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Volume Two: The History of Empires. Oxford University Press,2020. — 1352 p. - 2020 ãîä
  4. Bang Peter F., Bayly C.A., Scheidel Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press,2020. — 584 p. - 2020 ãîä
  5. Edwards Louise, Penn Nigel, Winter Jay (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Violence. Volume 4: 1800 to the Present. Cambridge University Press,2020. — 676 p. - 2020 ãîä
  6. Fagan Garrett G., Fibiger Linda, Hudson Mark, Trundle Matthew (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Violence. Volume 1: The Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds. Cambridge University Press,2020. — 756 p. - 2020 ãîä
  7. Gordon Matthew, Kaeuper Richard, Zurndorfer Harriet (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Violence. Volume 2: AD 500-AD 1500. Cambridge University Press,2020. — 696 p. - 2020 ãîä
  8. Abulafia David. The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans. Oxford University Press,2019. — 1088 p. - 2019 ãîä
  9. Bagge Sverre H.. State Formation in Europe, 843-1789: A Divided World. Routledge,2019. — 306 p. - 2019 ãîä
  10. Armitage David, Bashford Alison et al. (eds.). Oceanic Histories. Cambridge University Press,2018. — 338 p. - 2018 ãîä
  11. Barcelo Juan A., Del Castillo Florencia (eds.). Simulating Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds. Springer,2016. — 410 p. - 2016 ãîä
  12. Bauer Susan Wise. The Story of the World: History for the Classical Child: Volume 1: Ancient Times: From the Earliest Nomads to the Last Roman Emperor. Peace Hill Press,2015. — 338 p. - 2015 ãîä
  13. Alpers Edward A.. The Indian Ocean in World History. Oxford University Press,2014. — 182 p. - 2014 ãîä
  14. Abulafia David. The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane; Penguin Books,2012. — 816 p. - 2012 ãîä
  15. Aberth John. Plagues in World History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,2011. — 257 p. - 2011 ãîä
  16. Abbenhuis Maartje, Buttsworth Sara. Restaging War in the Western World: Noncombatant Experiences, 1890-Today. Palgrave Macmillan,2009. — 242 p. - 2009 ãîä
  17. Adolf Antony. Peace: A World History. Polity,2009. — 298 p. - 2009 ãîä
  18. Ansary Tamim. Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes. PublicAffairs,2009. — 416 p. - 2009 ãîä
  19. Best Antony. International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Routledge,2008. — 638 p. - 2008 ãîä
  20. Abernethy David B.. The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415-1980. Yale University Press,2002. — 524 p. - 2002 ãîä
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