Conclusion
The ‘wind of change’ that British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan described in 1960, referring to growing African national consciousness, emerged in the Pacific and led to decolonisation.
The empires of the Coral Sea lasted from 1853 until 1980, now all extinguished except in New Caledonia. The Coral Sea territories were caught up in the 1880s—1890s final worldwide push for colonial territory. By international standards imperial control of the outposts in New Guinea and the Melanesian archipelagos was reasonably benign and short-lived. The mobilisation of labour reserves was a key part of the rationale and modus operandi of colonial control, though with some differences in New Caledonia which became a French settler society. The proximity of the British colonies in Australia and the perpetual influence of Australia and its large commercial companies on the region were also important. Considering its huge size and population, although labour exploitation was greater there than elsewhere, New Guinea was never fully tapped as an imperial resource, which has left Papua New Guinea with less of a colonial legacy than in other parts of the world. Australia will always loom large, although the other modern Coral Sea nations have now developed wider ties. The result for the people of the Pacific (though not in Australia or New Caledonia) was the safeguarding of indigenous land rights which in Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea remain significant.Notes
1 Clive Moore, New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History (Honolulu, 2003), pp. 1-56.
2 Doug Munro, ‘The Origins of Labourers in the South Pacific: Commentary and Statistics’, in Clive Moore, Jacqueline Leckie and Doug Munro (eds), Labour in the South Pacific (Townsville, 1990), pp. xxxix-li.
3 Clive Moore, Kanaka:A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby, 1985), pp.
23-100.4 Munro, ‘The Origins of Labourers in the South Pacific’, p. xlvi.
5 Ibid., p. xlviii.
6 Brij V. Lal, A Vision for Change: AD Patel and the Politics of Fiji (Canberra, 2011).
7 Deryck Scarr, Fragments of Empire: A History of the Western Pacific High Commission, 1877--1914 (Canberra, 1967).
8 Moore, Kanaka, pp. 96-97.
9 Jonathan Fifi‘i, From Pig-Theft to Parliament: My Life Between Two Worlds, Roger M. Keesing (ed. and trans.) (Honiara, 1989).
10 Stewart Firth, New Guinea under the Germans (Melbourne, 1982).
11 D.C. Lewis, The Plantation Dream: Developing British New Guinea and Papua, 1884--1942 (Canberra,
1996).
12 Michael Somare, Sana:An Autobiography (Port Moresby, 1975).
Further reading
Aldrich, Robert, The French Presence in the South Pacific (Honolulu, 1990).
Aldrich, Robert, France and the South Pacific since 1940 (Basingstoke, 1993).
Bennett, Judith A., Wealth ofthe Solomons: A History of a Pacific Archipelago, 1800--1978 (Honolulu, 1987). Firth, Stewart, New Guinea under the Germans (Melbourne, 1982).
Garrett, John, To Live among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (Geneva and Suva: 1982).
Lal, Brij V., Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians (Canberra, 1983).
Lal, Brij V., Broken Waves: A History of the Fiji Islands in the 20th Century (Honolulu, 1992).
Lewis, D.C., The Plantation Dream:Developing British New Guinea and Papua, 1884-1942 (Canberra, 1996). MacClancey, Jeremy, To Kill a Bird with Two Stones: A Short History of Vanuatu (Port Vila, 1980). Moore, Clive, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby 1985).
Moore, Clive, New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History (Honolulu, 2003).
Moore, Clive, Jacqueline Leckie and Doug Munro (eds), Labour in the South Pacific (Townsville, 1990).
Scarr, Deryck, Fragments of Empire: A History of the Western Pacific High Commission, 1877-1914 (Canberra, 1967).
Scarr, Deryck, A Short History of Fiji (Sydney, 1984).
Shineberg, Dorothy, They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandalwood Trade in the South-West Pacific, 1830-1865 (Melbourne, 1967).
Shineberg, Dorothy, The People Trade: Pacific Island Laborers and New Caledonia, 1865-1930 (Honolulu, 1999).
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