Index

abolitionism 17, 45

accounts of violence 18, 22-5, 45

denunciation of cruelty 45

use of depictions of horror 19, 20-2,32-4,37 abusive violence, as morally degrading 43 Ache, Indonesia 464

Adams, Samuel 385

Addison, Joseph, The Spectator 559 adultery

penalties for 224, 284, 398, 403

samurai practice of wife-revenge killing 244 see also domestic violence

Aduston, Joan 261

Africa

European imperative to civilise 10 limited source material 11

traditional male honour 298

war and slave trading 3, 25-7, 576

see also North Africa; West Africa

African rulers, wealth from slave trade 23, 26 Africans, view of inherent deficiency 69 Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan 206

Ahmet Pasa, Deli 210

Akbar, Mughal emperor 158,160

Alamance Creek, battle at (1771) 382 Alawi Muslims, Syria 84

Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of 651 Albania 204

Albanians 198

banished from Serbia 210

blood feuds 205

Catholic Christians 195, 205

conversions to Islam 205

as Ottoman irregular forces 197, 206, 208, 209 revenge attacks in Balkans 210-11 and riots and rebellions in Istanbul 205 settlement of Kosovo 205

Albigensian crusade against Cathars 519-20 Alonso, don, indigenous chief 142

Altan Khan, Mongol leader 124

Altdorfer, Albrecht 647

Alvarado brothers, in Guatemala 151, 152 Alvarado, Pedro de, conquistador 138 Alvares, Diogo 63

America, colonial 100

animal sports 564

bear-baiting 566

British soldiers in 268, 383

cartoon of rape by Britain 266, 267, 268 crime and justice 370-86 criminality of settlers 370-1

culture of white supremacy 7

decline of violence 379

development of governments 370, 375 divorce 261

fox-hunting 560

gendered violence 255-6

homicide rates 371, 372

household structure and governance 259-63

immigration 375

and piracy 469

post-independence violence 385-6

rise of racism 370

sexual violence against servants and slaves 264-6

slavery (Virginian tobacco plantations) 370, 374

southern frontiers 383

treatment of rape 261-2

war with France (1689) 373, 380

wars 370, 372

white Protestant identity 380 witch-hunts 112

see also American War of Independence; Chesapeake; New England;

New York; Pennsylvania; United States; Virginia

American War of Independence (1775-83)

191, 381

incidence of gendered violence in 268 and individual rights 268 Loyalist-Patriot violence 382-4 violent resistance 382

Americas

African martial contests in 588

African ritual combat in 586-90 ceremonial cannibalism 99, 104 European conquests 3, 96-113, 138-54 European imperative to civilise 10, 673 European influence on indigenous ritual violence 105-8

frontier violence 419 indigenous war season 140 piracy in 465-9 revivalist rebellions 109 ritual torture 103

structures of racial difference 10 use of sexual violence for conquest 257, 272 see also America, colonial; Aztec Empire;

Brazil; Inca Empire; Mesoamerica; Mexico; Peru; Spanish America Amerindians

adoption of intercultural emblems 596-8 cannibalism 96, 102

construction of intercultural emblems 598 demand for slaves 106 economic incentives for war 105 justification for violence against 411, 412 mass enslavement 413, 414, 419-20 population collapse 96, 105, 259 ritual violence and sacrifice 96, 101-8, 112 Spanish assumption of depravity of 424 tortured by the Inquisition 111 violence in rebellions 108 wars between 106

see also Native Americans

Amerindians, Portuguese Brazil 57, 59-66 first observations 61 forced labour 70, 73 military action as punishment 65 Portuguese policy towards 64, 65

Amsterdam

homicide rates 295

Noortsteyn murder trial 305 post-mortem examinations and records 292, 296

sticks as defensive weapons 303 Anabaptists

burned for heresy 515 punishment of 535

Andelovic, Koca, Serbian Freikorps leader 208, 210

Anderson, J.

Angelis, goldsmith, execution for apostasy 89

Angola

leopard power in ritual combat 579-82, 584 sanguar skills 583, 584

sodalities (confraternities) of headhunters 579

symmetrical violence and warfare 580 animals, violence against 553-69

bear-baiting 565, 566 beast-baiting 564 beheading of cocks (China) 621 bull-fighting 565-6 cat-tormenting 562 cock-throwing 563

cockfighting 563, 564, 618, 620-1 dog-fighting 563

fox-tossing 564 goose-pulling 563, 564

Great Cat Massacre (Paris) 538 jousting 567

mutilation for sport purposes 568 ritual abuse of 562, 621

trained for fighting in China 618 and vegetarianism 559 see also hunting

anti-Semitism

and Fettmilch riots in Frankfurt 480

of Inquisition 416

see also Jews

Antonil, Andre Joao, Jesuit 70

Antony, Robert 465

Antwerp, Spanish Fury massacre (1576) 543, 652, 653

Anupgiri, warrior ascetic 158, 161

alliance with English East India Company (1803) 161, 162, 164, 165

and Arjun Singh 163 funeral rites 169 and Mahadji Scindia 168 apocalypticism, and communal violence 535-6 apostasy 634

martyrdoms for 88, 89-90 suicide as 313, 318

appeals procedures 398, 524

see also pardons

apprentices, violence against 279

Arjun Singh, and Anupgiri 163

Arjuna, warrior ascetic 156 armed forces 174

and Articles of War 186

command structures 180

discipline 186

increased size 181

as institutions 179-88

permanent 182, 183

professional officer corps 671 recruitment systems 184 taxation to fund 473 see also armies; artillery; navies; soldiers;

weaponry

armies 183-7

administrative units (regiments) 188

Asian 167, 444

French 183, 184,190, 199

increased size 183

infantry 179

Japanese Buddhist temple 508-9

linear tactics 179

military frontiers (border garrisons) 185 siege warfare 180

West African infantry 575

see also Chinese army; Ottoman army; soldiers

Arsenije III Carnojevic, Patriarch of Pec 202 art

depictions of justice in Illuminated Chronicle (Russia) 346

and depictions of war and atrocities by soldiers 644-8

The Massacre of the Innocents 635, 636, 643

Mexican embassy mural of Spanish conquistadors 138, 139

Spanish American intercultural 591-609

use of in abolitionism 17, 32-4,37

and visualisation of violence 634-56

Articles of War 186

artillery 192

Chinese 132

and fortifications 12, 180

and naval warfare 180

see also firearms

Asano Naganori, daimyo 241, 250

Asante state, West Africa 26, 27, 301 asceticism 156

Bhagavadgita 171

and Christian pacifism 157

and power 157, 159, 171

warrior concept of 168-9

Asia

cock-fighting 564

economic and political consolidation 2 religion in East Asia 493-511

and sea sovereignty 458

see also China; India; Japan; Korea; Vietnam

Atahualpa, last ruler of Inca beheading of 591, 592, 604-8 expectation of resurrection 605 La degollacion de Juan Atahuallpa 605

Aubagne, Marseille, murders 294, 295

Augsburg, corpses of suicides 318

Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 549

Augustine, St 312

Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony 564

Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor 160 auto-aggression 102 autos-da-fe 391

Ayodhya, India, pilgrimage town 167

Aztec Empire

rebellion against Spanish 145

Spanish expedition (1518) 144

Spanish Thirty Years War against 147-9

Spanish war (1519-21) 413 women's sexual rights 257 see also Mexico; Tenochtitlan

Aztecs (Mexica) 9, 100 appropriation of Christian iconography 604 enslavement of 148 representation of massacres 591, 599 role of leaders in wars with Spanish 147-8 see also human sacrifice; ritual violence

Bacon, Francis 668, 674

Bacon, Nathaniel 373

Bacon's Rebellion (1676), Virginia 372, 373

Bagis, Egeman 77

Baillie, John 164, 165

bairagis, warrior ascetics 159, 166,167 in armies of Jaipur 167 enmity with gosains 167

Balanand Swami 167

Balbi, Gasparo 324

Balkans

Christian conversions to Islam 79, 94

Christian majority 77 independence of Christian states 213 instability 206-12

Muslim majorities in cities 80

Muslim refugees from 202 Ottoman campaigns in 201-4 see also Albania; Serbs

Banaras, India 165, 166

banditry 306

Albanian Muslim irregular warriors 197,

206, 208, 209

banditry (cont.)

and gambling in China 620

North America 371, 381, 384

and peasant rebellions in China 123,128

Bank of England, and national debt 190

Bankim Chandra Chatterji, Anandamath 170-2

Barbary corsairs 461, 467, 469

see also piracy

Barcelona, riots 487

‘bare sticks', Chinese single ‘rogue males' 226 new laws and penalties for 355-6, 363

Barnard, Timothy 9

The Battle of Issus, painting 647

Bavaria 478

Bayonne, French army at 485 bear-baiting 565, 566 suppression of 566

Beccaria, Cesare 404

Beham, Hans Sebald 635 beheading (decapitation) 231, 249, 281, 339,

392, 401

of Atahualpa 591, 592, 604-8

in massacres 546

Beik, William 474

Belgrade 194, 201, 202, 207

taken by Habsburgs (1789) 209

Belize 419

Belon, Pierre 77

Bengal 164

Bentham, Jeremy 553

Bentley, W.

Benton, Lauren 213, 457

Benzoni, Girolamo 420

Historia del Mondo Nuovo 411, 652

Berce, Yves-Marie 486

Bergerac, Croquant rebellion at 485

Berkeley, William 373

Besan^on, heresy trials 522

bestiality, in New England 372

Bethlehem, Muslim use of Church of the

Holy Nativity 92

Bhagavadgita 171, 172

Bible 520

Book of Revelation 635

illustrated versions 635

New Testament violence 635

Old Testament violence 634

Bie, kingdom of 585

Blacker, Lieut. Col. Valentine 162

Blickle, Peter 483

Block, Sharon 269

Blok, Anton 532

blood money, payment for murder 42, 299, 301, 662, 674

blood sports see animals; bear-baiting; bull­fighting; cockfighting; hunting bloodshed

and discipline 280

and exorcism of demons 617, 625, 632

as retribution 631

see also executions; ritual violence; sacrifice bodies, destruction of rebel leaders' 110 body parts

consumption of 99,112

public display of 340, 606, 609, 630

from slain enemies 102

as trophies 107, 208, 606, 609

see also dismemberment; mutilation; scalps Bogomils, persecution of 519-22 Bologna, executions 395 bones, exhumed and burned, of Amerindians guilty of idolatry 111

Bonny, Ann, pirate 468

Bordeaux, executions 395 borders (frontiers) 177, 185

cross-border raiding and pillaging 198

and European expansion in Americas 380-1, 419

European fortifications 185

Ottoman Empire 177, 185, 198, 204 Borromeo, Cardinal Carlo, Archbishop of

Milan 518, 526

Bossu, Jean Bernard 42

Botocudo Indians, Brazil, war against 74 Bourdieu, Pierre 307

Bouton, Cynthia 477

Bradford, William, governor of Plymouth 259 Braithwaite, Richard 563

branding 398

of exiled criminals in Russia 341

for rape 263

of rebels in Spanish America 140, 148

of slaves 44, 49

Brazil, Portuguese 55-74

African slaves in 57, 66-73, 589

annual ‘kings of Kongo' coronations

588, 589

cannibalism 98, 102

discovery (1500) 56, 60

Dutch control over 466

ethno-racial distinctions 71

exports 63, 67

independence (1822) 74

inland expansion 74

mines 70, 73

mulattoes 72

plantations 100, 418

royal family in exile 74

see also Amerindians

bridewells, houses of correction 399

British Empire

relations of colonists with indigenous women 258

slave societies 52

see also America, colonial; Great Britain; plantations; slave societies; slave trade Brooke, Thomas 165 Broughton, Thomas 162

Browne, Thomas Reiigio Medici (1643) 315 Bry, Theodor de 411

buccaneers

Caribbean 455, 467

see also piracy

Buchanan, Francis 162

Budapest 194

Buddhism

and blood sacrifice 502

Fuju-fuse school, Nichiren 499 institutional 446

in Japan 498-9

in Korea 497

and legitimation of violence 504

Mahayana 504

Maitreya Buddha 506, 508

in Ming China 496

and physical privation 503

True Pure Land sect 499, 509

Buffier, Claude, Traite de la societe civile 670

Bulavin, Kondratii, uprising (1707-8) 340 bull-fighting 565-6

changing rules 566 Bundelkhand, India 163, 164 bureiuchi (disrespect killing), samurai 244-6, 247

Burgkmair, Hans 647

The Battle of Cannae 647

burial

cannibalism as alternative to 98

of suicides 460.160, 463.160.

burial alive 641

burial up to neck, as punishment 249, 339 burning

of bodies 110

as form of torture 107, 339, 409, 528 burning, at the stake 44

in Americas 107

for heretics iii, 514, 515

for idolatry iii

for treason 281

of witches 112, 398, 400, 529

Butler, Elicia, abbess of Kilculliheen 280

Butterworth, William 31

Buxar, Battle of (1764) 162

Byrd, Lucy 255

Byrd, William III, Virginia 255

Byzantine Empire, defeat by Ottomans (1453) 79

Cabral, Pedro Alvares 60

Cahors, France, massacre (1561) 649

Callot, Jacques, The Miseries and Misfortunes of

War (1633) 655, 656, 657

Caminha, Pero Vaz de 60

Camisards, southern France 550

Canada, and wars between Amerindians 106

Canary Islands, combat traditions 573

Canek, Jacinto, Mayan leader 109, 110, 423 cannibalism 28, 98-100

by Amerindians 61, 64, 96, 102

Caribbean 97, 142, 413, 608 ceremonial 99, 104 in communal atrocities 547 and human sacrifice 413, 414, 424 medicinal, in Europe 99, 112 and piracy 455

Canton, China, rock fights 616

Cao Bang mountains, Vietnam 437

capital punishment see executions and death penalties

Careri, Giovanni Francesco Gemelli 160

Carib people (Caribbean) cannibalism 97, 142, 413, 608 mass enslavement 413 ritual piracy 454 seaborne raiding 465 use of term 141

Caribbean

African stick fighting (kalenda) in 589

Anglo-American freebooters 468 buccaneers 455, 467

intercultural emblems in 608

piracy 466 slavery in 141-3

carnival

cats and 563

rituals of 538

see also festivals

Carolina, North and South 381

Cloud's Creek massacre (1781) 383

Caron, Antoine 649

Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) 299, 304

Carter, Landon, Virginia planter 48

Cartesianism, and capacity of animals 553 Casale, Giancarlo 462

Castenada, Antonia 257

Castiglione, Baldassare, Book of the Courtier (1528) 554, 663, 666

Catalonia, revolution (1640) 487

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of (1558) 466

Cathars, Albigensian crusade against 519-20

Catherine II, the Great, Empress of Russia 179, 207, 334

amelioration of punishments 343 executions 343

as lawgiver 346

reforms of local government 338

Catholic Church

and application of punishment 73

and bull-fighting 566

and civil society 4

fear of heresy 391, 521 growth of influence of 520 imperatives of conversion 56 and invocation of the devil 521, 522 and male honour 297 and martyrdom 637 missionaries in Africa 584 missions in East Asia 499-501

Papal Bull (1537) on indigenous peoples 673 and persecution of heretics 516, 537 and private settlements for crimes of violence 4

role of courts in domestic disputes 278 role in peace-making 5

Spanish America 147

and suffering 396

support for slavery in Brazil 68 and use of judicial ordeal 390 see also Inquisition; Jesuit missionaries;

Catholic League, France 486, 544

Catholics

and communal violence against Protestants 543

depiction of Protestant atrocities against 650-1

in Vietnam 438-40

cats 562

Cavalleriis (Cavalieri), Giovanni Battista de 637

Celali revolts, Anatolia (1600) 84

Centla, Battle of (1519) 593

Central Andes

Indian revolt (1780-82) 109

see also Peru

Cervantes, Miguel de

The Bagnios of Algiers 453

Don Quixote 559

Chaldiran, Battle of (1514) 80 Chalons-sur-Marne, heresy trials 522

Cham peoples, and Tay Son Uprising 443 Cham territories, Vietnam 437

Chanvalon, Jean-Baptiste Thibault de 48 Chaperon, slaveholder 42 charivari (rough music) 537, 564

and cats 563

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 594

Carolina law 335, 336, 529

on homicide 299

on torture 392

Charles XII, King of Sweden 179, 190 Chatterjee, Partha 59

Chen Jingwei 352

Chesapeake

African slaves 374, 375

homicide rates 375, 379

indentured servants 371, 373, 376 transported criminals in 376

Chichimeca, intercultural emblem 609 children

depictions of atrocities against 643 parental violence against 277, 280 as sacrificial victims 101

of slaves 265

and violence as learned behaviour 616

as war captives 105

see also infanticide

China 3, 119, 121, 122

autumn assizes 223, 364-6

Board of Punishments 355, 364, 628 coastal south 612

concept of civilisation 367-8 economic and demographic changes 350, 363, 366

effect of poverty on family 356-63 emperor's decision on capital cases 364,365 endemic violence in 119, 136

ethnic and lineage feuding 7

ethnic revolts 128-30

ghosts and demons 617, 621, 622, 631

Great Punitive Campaigns 135

Great Wall 124

Han expansion in Sichuan 129, 353-5 homicide and punishment 300, 350-68 homicide rates 4, 297, 350-1

Jesuits in 500

and ‘just war' 120, 131

land disputes 351-3

legal shift of emphasis from status to gender 225-30

legal status boundaries 226, 233

lifting of ban on maritime trade 130 natural disasters 122, 357

‘pacification' campaigns 122 population 351, 356

power of state 120,136

pressure on widows to remarry 324 property rights 351, 353

religions 133, 495-7

rituals and symbolism of violence 632

rock fights 614, 614-18

sectarian rebellions 133-5

sexual and domestic violence 219-34, 356-9 single, landless men (‘bare sticks', ‘rogue males') 226, 355-6, 363

spectacles of violence 612-32 treatment of tribal leaders 124, 128, 132 and Vietnam 429, 433

warfare 119-36

White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1854) 7, 123 see also executions and death penalties, China; homicide; judicial system; Ming dynasty; punishments, China; Qing Empire; sorcerers and shamans Chinese army 124, 131

Green Standard Armies 127

and ritual practices 507

Wolf Troops 128 chivalry 10, 664

codes of 297, 662

Cholula, Aztec city, massacre (1519) 145, 148, 592, 594, 598

depiction of 602

Christian IV, King of Denmark 179 Christianity

changes in 402

and confessional identity 189

death of Christ 321, 634

and development of civil society 671 ritual of execution 395

role in indigenous American movements 110

schism between Catholic and Orthodox 521 and suffering 396, 400, 634

suicide as sin of despair 311, 321

and syncretic forms of indigenous ritual violence 107

syncretism in Amerindian rebellions 108 see also Catholic Church; Greek Orthodox

Church; Protestantism; Russian Orthodox Church

Christians, in Ottoman Empire 79 conversions to Islam 88 martyrdoms for apostasy 88, 89-90 massacre at Izmir (1770) 93 relations with Muslims 91

Christopher, Emma 29

Chuncho, intercultural emblem 609

Church see Catholic Church; Christianity; religion

Church courts, decline of 397

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Officiis 665 cities

defences 181

Japanese castle towns 237, 245 and social control 308

civil society, Europe 4, 5

and class 676

and commerce 670 emergence of 669-72 regional variation 672 and sociability 670

civil wars

and communal atrocities 543-7

Europe 5, 176

and homicide rates 294, 662

Japan 248

Songhay 576

see also English Civil Wars civilisation

Chinese view 367-8 development of concept of 672-5 European view of 10, 660-3, 673 and modernity 661 and treatment of poor 672, 676 as verb 673, 674

civility and civilised behaviour 663-9, 676 and coercive violence 59

conduct books 669

and decline in homicide rates 307 elite codes of 403

European notions of 6,10, 673

French royal court and 309, 661 and rise in violence 664

Clapperton, Hugh 577

Clarkson, Thomas 33, 34

class

and Chinese legal codes 225, 226, 233 and civil society 676

and colonial system 100, 264

and deference in Japan 244 factor in rape cases 282, 285 and interpersonal fighting 302-4, 307 and piracy 453

class (cont.)

and slave trade 27 see also elites; honour classical world, depictions of violence from 635, 647

Claxton, Ecroyde, surgeon on slave ship 24 clergy

attacks on 537, 539 depictions of 637 as leaders of rebellions 482 Cloud's Creek massacre (1781) 383 cockfighting 563, 564

China 618, 620-1 Codex Aubin 599 Codex Azcatitlan 599 Codex Mendoza 604 Codex Moctezuma 599 coercive violence

to induce civilised behaviour 59

sexual 220, 226 Coligny, Admiral 650 Collaert, Hans, Lament over the Desolation of the Netherlands 653 collective violence see riots colonial system

and class 100, 264 establishment of 12 legitimised violence 11 Portuguese 57-9 relativist views of 423-5 see also America, colonial; European colonists; plantations; Portuguese; Spanish America colour, blackness associated with enslavement 60

Columbus, Christopher (Cristobal Colon) 60, 97, 256, 413

and raiding in Caribbean 465 reputation in United States 138, 140 combat

judicial 390 trial by 665 combat, ritual close (West Africa) 573-90 championship 575, 576-9 danced rituals 581

and leopard power in Angola 579-82, 584 sangamento danced contests 583, 584, 588 stick fighting 578-9, 583 see also honour violence

commerce

and development of civil society 670 and economic growth 2 effect on interpersonal violence 308

warriors and 164, 245 communal violence

in Europe 475-7, 531-50

iconoclasm 539-43

massacre and atrocity 543-7

public holidays 533

and religion 509-10, 533-5

ritualised 536-7

role of soldiers 544, 546

see also interpersonal violence Condorcanqui, Jose Gabriel see Tupac Amaru II

conflict resolution, judicial 390

Netherlands 674

in Roman Law 391

Confucianism 9, 119, 367

and blood sacrifice 502

and Catholicism in Vietnam 439

in Japan 239, 498

in Korea 497

in Ming China 495-6

and moral exercise of violence 504

and patrilineal family paradigm 222, 225,

227, 233

sexual loyalty of wife 220

and validity of marriage 221 violence as uncivilised 612 conscription 185 Constantinople

fall of (1453) 459

see also Istanbul

Corneille, Pierre, Le Cid 665

Cornwallis, Lord 383 corporal punishment 13

forms of 48, 399

of lower orders 677

Russia 333, 343

bastinadoes (rods) 339 knout 338, 343

of slaves 40, 48, 68, 70, 73

see also floggings; mutilation corruption

Ottoman Empire 212

in Russia 337

Cortes, Hernan(do) 97, 258, 409, 465,

593

and conquest of Mexico 147 destruction of Tenochtitlan 138 invasion of Aztec Empire 145

Courtin, Antoine de 670 Coyolxauhqui, Aztec victim 601 Cranford, James, The Teares of Ireland 656 Crawford, Col.

crimes

and compensation for violence 662, 674, 677

depictions of 641

private settlements for 4

by slaves 44

see also homicide; punishments; rape; treason

crucifixion

in Americas 107

in Japan 249

Crusades 521

Cuauhtemoc, last emperor of Tenochtitlan

145, 410

Cuba, Kongolese dance rituals 588

Cueva Del Rio, Roberto 138,139

Da Vach, upland tribe, Vietnam 442 Dahomey, West Africa, slave trading state 26 daimyo rulers, of Japan 237

ban on private disputes 242

biennial processions 236, 245

Daly, Jonathan 344

Danforth, Samuel 372

Dante Alighieri, suicides in The Inferno 312 Daoism

cyclical time 505

and exorcism 624

Ming China 496

and moral exercise of violence 504 Date Masume, daimyo 251 Datong Mutiny (1524), China 135 d'Auberteuil, Michel-Rene Hilliard 43 Davis, Natalie Z. 476, 537 De Wolf, James, slave captain 20 death penalties see executions and death penalties

debt

and homicide (China) 351

imprisonment for 399

national 190 deer, in England 557 Defoe, Daniel 469 dehumanisation

incarceration 628

ritual violence and 533, 546

of slaves 19, 29, 52

Della Casa, Giovanni, Galateo (1558) 664 Deng Zhaohou 354, 355

Deng Zhaolian 354

despair

and suicide 312, 313, 317, 318

as temptation of Satan 317

Diaz, Bernal, account of Spanish conquest of New Spain 148-9

Diaz, Juan 413

Diderot, Denis, Encyclopedic 671

Dien Khanh, Vietnam 447

Diggers, England 536

discipline

armed forces 186

and bloodshed 280

household 13, 260, 276, 277, 280

see also corporal punishment; domestic violence

diseases

introduced to Americas 96,105, 140

smallpox, Caribbean (1518) 143 dismemberment 223

Mesoamerican depictions 601, 602, 604 see also body parts

disrespect, samurai killing for (bureichi) 244-6, 247

dissent 6

Ming China 496

states and 112, 532

see also religious nonconformity divorce

legalised in United States 270

rare in colonial America 256, 261

Doan Gang, Pennsylvania 384

dogs

for fighting 563

for hunting 555, 558

domestic violence 271, 274, 276

against servants 279

China 219-34, 356-9

public shaming for 278, 279

in Spanish America 421

see also adultery; family and households; gendered violence; sexual violence; wife-beating; women

Dominica, Maroon communities 50

Dominican friars, Venezuelan coast 141

Donatism 312

Donne, John, on self-sacrifice of Christ 321 Dornach, Battle of (1499) 646

Double-Five (Dragon Boat) festival, China 614, 617

double-guilt doctrine, kenka ryoseibai 242 Double-Nine (Chrysanthemum) festival, China 614

dragon boat races 617

Dragon Flower Scripture (longhuajing) 506 Drake, Francis 452, 466

Dronacharya, warrior ascetic 156

Du Bois, Francois, Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre 650

Du Tertre, Jean-Baptiste, Histoire generale des Antilles...

duels and duelling 302, 403, 664-5

1613 Act against (England) 668

as democratic 665

as fair fights 307

to first blood 303, 308, 672

in France 666

honour codes and 302, 664 plebeian 303

Dumont de Montigny, Jean-Francois­Benjamin 38

Dunkirk, Spanish corsairs 467

Duran, Diego, Historia de las Indios de Nueva Espana 599

Dürer, Albrecht 635

Durkheim, Emile 322

Dutch East India Company 457

Dutch Republic 190, 667 criminalisation of homicide 300,

308

navy 182 penalties for rape 283 and rules for self-defence 300 and sea raiding (corsairs) 466 and sea sovereignty 457 and stoicism 668 wars with Spain 286 see also Netherlands

Dutch Revolt (1568-85) 486, 532, 653 depictions of violence 648, 651-2 and iconoclasm 539 role of Spanish troops 544

Dyre, Hannah 260

Eagle, slave ship 23

East India Company 2 alliance with Anupgiri (1803) 161, 162, 164, 165

and Indian Ocean pirates 463 and warrior ascetics 160-2, 166

Eberhard, Wolfram 617

Edo, Japan, Tokogawa capital 236 educational violence 73

and incentives 70 as means of control 47, 59

Edwards, Peter 567

egalitarian societies

Americas 96, 100, 104

and human sacrifice 101

Eight Trigrams Uprising (1813) 508

Eisner, Manuel 293

Elias, Norbert 307, 660

elites

aversion to violence 403, 612, 632, 671

France 666

and hunting 555

as leaders of rebellions 482 pacification of 307, 308

Russian 342, 343

see also class; duels and duelling Elizabeth I, Empress of Russia 334, 342 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 558, 565 Emmanuel, Captain 586 empires

‘gunpowder' 12

and religious toleration 12, 14

slave system 12

see also Aztec Empire; British Empire; Inca Empire; Ming dynasty; Ottoman Empire; Qing Empire; Russia enclosure of common land, and protests 473, 480

Endres, Blasi, punishment for murders 641 energy, sources of 2

England

bear-baiting 565

and Caribbean piracy 466 church courts 398

Commonwealth (1649-60) 486 coroners' investigations of suspect death 293

criminal law 404

episodic violence 547 forest law 556 homicide rates 295 hunting in 556-9 pew disputes 666 and politeness 670, 672 riots 478, 481

witch hunts in East Anglia 525 see also Great Britain

English Channel, piracy in 458

English Civil Wars 189, 294, 545

iconoclasm 541

English common law 391, 662 Enlightenment, the 660

and changing view of gendered violence 268

and critique of judicial violence 404 reassessment of slavery 11, 268 and suicide 311, 326

Enryakuji, Japan, Buddhist temple complex 498, 509

entertainment

violence as 14, 554

see also animals, violence against; hunting Equiano, Oladuah 266

account of the Middle Passage 18, 32, 46 Erasmus, Desiderius 647

De Civilitate 663, 666

Praise of Folly 559

ethnography, re-invention of 9 etiquette 675

and civility 666

codes of 661, 664

Eugene of Savoy, Prince, and Belgrade

201, 202

Europe 2, 6

changing concept of honour 298

civil wars 5, 176

external wars 177

global expansion and conquest 176 military advantages 12

reform of criminal justice 45

view of civilisation 10, 660-3 visualisation of violence 5, 634-56 see also Balkans; Dutch Republic; France;

Germany; Italy; Netherlands;

Portugal; Prussia; Spain; Sweden

European colonists

degree of control 105

differing interests of 100

and export of hunting 553

and indigenous ritual violence and sacrifice

96, 105-8

introduction of plants and animals 105 use of ritual violence as punishment 96, 110-12, 113

use of torture 107

varieties of conquest 100-1

and wars between Amerindians 106

see also America, colonial; Brazil; Portuguese; Spanish America; Spanish conquistadors evidence

in rape cases 221, 283

reputation as (Russia) 335, 337

in witchcraft trials 521, 526 executioners

China 631

and disposal of corpses of suicides 318 public 48

status and background of 44, 631 executions and death penalties

beheading (decapitation) 231, 249, 281, 339, 392, 401

boiling in oil 641

breaking on the wheel 340, 392, 641

burial alive 641

burial up to neck 249, 339

by crucifixion 249

by dismemberment 223

drowning 287, 392

in effigy 398, 542

as exemplary 134

for heretics and witches 514, 516 impalement 281, 287, 340 public 44, 134, 339, 395

by quartering (drawing and) 340, 392

rates of 389, 395, 401

and seppuku 249

for slaves 44

as spectacle 395, 418

as state power 395, 418

of war captives 103

see also burning; hanging; torture executions and death penalties, China 366, 629-31

beheading 629, 630

‘death by slicing' 450, 630

and display of severed heads 630

indefinite stay 365

‘lingering death' 357

numbers of 630

as ritual killing 631

by strangulation 223, 231, 630 executions and death penalties, Russia 339, 343

abolition of death sentence 342 affirmation of death sentences 339, 341 fall in use of 341

mass 340, 345

under military law 343

exile

in China (to Xinjiang) 365, 366

in Russia 340, 342, 343

and branding 341

and marking by mutilation 341 expulsion

of Jews from Vienna 535

of missionaries from China 501

of moriscos from Spain 535

of religious groups 536

Exquemelin, Alexander, The Buccaneers of America 455, 456

Facil Ahmet Pasha, grand vizier 86 Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord 560 fakir, warrior ascetic 159, 166 Falconbridge, Alexander 31 family and households

Confucian patrilineal paradigm 222, 225, 227

and domestic murder 271, 277

effect of US constitution on 269

gender roles (China) 227, 228-9

legal controls over 289

murder and disintegration of (in China) 356-63

need for cooperative existence 279, 289 power of heads of 255, 272 and sexual violence against servants and slaves 264-6

structure and governance 259-63, 275-6, 280

violent discipline 13, 260, 276, 277, 280

see also children; domestic violence; gendered violence; kinship; marriage; men; women

famine

Little Ice Age 320, 640

state relief 478

suicide and 319

Faret, Nicolas, Honnete homme 669

Feng Shiji, case of 359-63

Ferdinand, Archbishop and elector of Cologne 526

festivals

China 614, 617

Ottoman religious 91

see also carnival

Feuchtwang, Stephan 624 feuding 667

Albania 205

China 7, 305

factional (Ottoman Empire) 305

and kin networks 7, 301

see also vendetta

fighting see combat; honour violence; inter­personal violence; rock fights; stick fighting; war

firearms 12, 179, 192, 573

China 125

improved technology in Europe 180, 181 Fischer, Kirsten 263

Fisher, Michael 270

Fiske, Alan 305

Fitzpatrick 384

Flanders, use of torture 392

The Flaying ofMarsyas 635

Hogging

of adulterers 398

China 628

on slave ships 23

of women slaves 49

food riots 477-8

French entrave 479

market riots 478-9

forced labour

Brazilian plantations and mines 70, 73

of war captives 64

see also plantations; slavery forcible conversion, to Islam 77, 87 fortifications 12, 135

border posts 185

expenditure on 181

new trace italienne techniques 180

town and city defences 181 Foucault, Michel 389, 405 fox-hunting 558-9, 560 Foxe, John, Actes and Monuments (Book of

'Martyrs) 638, 639

France

and American War of Independence 191 army 183, 184, 190, 199

attempts to reform slave system 45 charges of wife-beating 278

civilising process of royal court 309, 661 civility 666, 668, 669, 672

and manners 666, 670

communal violence 533

conduct books 669

Criminal Code (1539) 335

Criminal Code (1670) 400

Croquants tax rebellions 485-6 duels 302, 667

elite quarrels 666

expansion (from 1670s) 183

fall in executions 400

Flour War (1775) 478, 479

gabelle protests 475

limits on assembly 481 persecution of heretics 514, 516 police force 400, 482, 674 Protestants as heretics 515

riots 473, 478

royal pardons 398

use of torture 392, 393, 400, 404

and Vietnam 446, 448

witch hunts 524

see also Paris; St Bartholomew's Day Massacre

France, Joseph, abolitionist 37 Francken, Ambrosius 653 Frankfurt, executions 395 Frankfurt-am-Main, Fettmilch riots 480-1

Frederick I, King of Prussia 564

Frederick II, King of Prussia 190, 404

Fredrici, Cesare de' 324 freebooters 468 see also buccaneers; piracy

French Antilles

Code Noir (1685) 42 slavery 38

French colonialists, and Native Americans 258, 373

French corsairs, Caribbean 450, 466

French Empire, slave societies 52

French Revolution (1789) 53, 488 and civilisation 675 and iconoclasm 542

French Wars of Religion (1562-98) 189, 294, 537, 544, 546, 662 depictions of violence 648 and feuding 667

Freud, Sigmund 661

Freyre, Gilberto 57, 66

Frisch, Jorg 324

Friuli, Italy, carnival violence 538

Frois, Fr Luis 251

Fronde, wars (1648-53), France 667

Fucar, Pablo del, Ballestas Mosquetes y Arcabuces 561

Fula people, West Africa, stick fighting 578 funerary rites 98

Saiva 169 for suicides 317, 319

Fuzhou, China 626

Galdan, Mongol leader 125

Gallonio, Antonio 637 gambling, China 619-20 Gandhi, Mahatma 157, 172

Gaspar Antonio Chi, Maya nobleman 151

Gatter, Christiana 269

Geertz, Clifford 618, 620 gender roles (China) 227, 228-9 gendered violence

against indigenous women 255, 257, 259 against slaves 255 early America 255-6, 269, 271, 272 and race 263 and religion 262 war and 268 see also domestic violence; men; rape; women

Geneva abolition of torture 404 executions in effigy 398 and standards of proof 402 witch trials 525

genocide, of Zunghar Mongols by Qing China 125

Georgia Act (1755) 44

German Peasants' War (1525) 4, 483-4, 532, 535 taxation and 483

Germanic customary law 390

Germany

city states 474

Imperial Perpetual Peace (1495) 667 and infanticide 288

marriage courts 397 penalties for rape 283 pregnancy from rape 284 prosecutions for wife-beating 278 witch trials 525, 526 see also Prussia

Gheyn, Jacques de 643 ghosts and demons

China 617, 621, 622, 631 exorcism of 617, 625, 632

spirit armies 624

see also sorcerers and shamans, China; supernatural

Gia Dinh (Saigon), massacre of Chinese in (1782) 444

gibbeting, punishment for pirates (England) 450, 451

Giotto 313

Gnadenhutten, Ohio, massacre (1782) 384 Godse, Nathuram 157

Gold Coast, introduction of firearms 573 Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, La Conquista de Mexico 144

Gordon, Patrick 340

Gordon Riots (1780) 482 gosains, warrior ascetics 159,161, 162, 166 and commerce 164 enmity with bairagis 167

Gosse, Philip 455

‘Govindgeer', gosain ascetic 166

Graf, Urs 646

Gray, Rev. John Henry, in China 616, 626

Great Britain

and abolitionism 17, 20, 32, 33 and American colonies 266, 267, 268,

382 beneficiaries of slave trade 28 ‘financial revolution' (from 1680) 190 navy 182, 213, 469 New Model Army 189 outsourcing of colonial project (India) 213

Great Britain (cont.)

and Vietnam 433

see also England; Ireland

Great Turkish War (1683-99) 194, 201

Great Wall, China 124

Greece, ancient, and suicide 313

Greek Orthodox Church

Kollyvades movement 90

and preparation of Christians for martyrdom 90

Greek Revolution (1821-29) 211

Gregory IX, Pope 513, 514

Grenada, Maroon communities 50 grief, and auto-aggression 102 Grosseteste, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln 513 Grotius, Hugo 668

Mare Liberum 457, 464

Gu Yingtai, Mingshijishi benmo (A Topical History of the Ming Dynasty) 122

Guanches, Canary Islands, combat games 573 Guatemala

local vendettas 152

Mayan kingdom in 150

Guazzo, Stefano, Civile conversatione (1574) 664, 668

guilds

and protests 476

Spanish Netherlands 474

Guise, Duke of 649

Gumley, William 379 gunpowder

in China 119

impact on warfare 179 ‘gunpowder' empires 12 guru-chela discipleship 163 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 179

Habsburg Empire 83, 194

army 183

borders with Ottoman Empire 177, 185 and Serbian Freikorps 207

The Hague, public scaffold 403

Hainan island, China 626

Haitian Revolution (slave revolt) 53, 419, 587 Hambodedio, ruler of Kounari 578 hanging 392, 401

for murder 281, 641

for rape 283

Russia 339

of witches 112, 529 harakiri see seppuku Hastings, Warren 164 Hausa people, West Africa 577

hawking 556, 568

Hawkins, John 452

Hayes, James 621 headhunting, leopard sodalities in Angola

579, 580

Hemings, Sally, slave to Jefferson 271 Henri IV, King of France 667

Henry VIII, King of England 558, 565, 567 heresy 513-14, 523

burning of heretics 111, 514, 515

and the devil 522

equated with treason 391

fear of 391, 521 judicial torture 514, 528 lynching 516 medieval trials for 520 and ‘persecuting society' 520 rise in persecutions 519-22 suppression of 493, 634 and witch trials 515, 522

Hernandez de Cordoba, Francisco, 1517 expedition to Yucatan 143, 149

Heyn, Piet, corsair 467 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 6, 248

ban on Christian missionary activity 323, 500

and Buddhism 499 invasion of Korea 131 policies of social order 237 hierarchy

Confucian values of 222, 225, 227, 233

and inter-state relations 177

in Japan 239

and military command 186, 187

see also class; family and households Hikayat Siak, Malay epic 8

Himmat Bahadur see Anupgiri; Umraogiri Hinde, William 568

Hindus

conflict between bands of ascetics 160 relations with Muslims 158, 159

Hispaniola, slave revolts 587 history writing, growth of 8

Hoang Cong Chat, uprising against Trinh (1706-69) 440-1

Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan 5, 669

Hogarth, William 403, 563

Hogenberg, Franz 651, 653

Hojo Ujimasa, lord 248 homicide

China

interethnic 354

official review of death sentences 354,364

related to land disputes 351-3 criminalisation of 299-301 documentation of 292 gruesome depictions of murders 641 of household members 271, 277 of husbands by wives 223, 281, 339 judicial prosecution of 299, 300 and medical treatment of injuries 295 punishments for 281, 300, 641 and rules for self-defence 300 by Scots-Irish in Chesapeake 376 social patterns of 663 weapons 296 of wives by husbands 223, 271 see also executions; honour violence;

interpersonal violence; punishments homicide rates

calculation of 293-4 and civil wars 294, 662 colonial America 371, 372, 375 decline 307 non-European 296 Pennsylvania 377, 378, 380, 381, 384, 385 regional variations 662 rise in China 4, 297, 350-1 temporary peaks 295, 662 trends in Europe 4, 5, 292-7, 661 Homs, Syria, former Church of St Helen 92 honour

Italian science of 668 masculine 13, 676 military academies and 672 Protestant view of 668-9 honour code 5, 676 duelling 302, 664 in non-European world 297-8 transformation to rule-based 302, 309 warriors 102

West Africa 574, 575 honour violence 297-301 disqualification of honour as defence 299 inter-communal 548 and one-to-one fights 302-4 samurai 237, 242, 252 and unfair fights 304 see also combat

Hopkins, Matthew, witch-finder 525, 528 horror, depictions of in abolitionism 19, 20-2,

32-4,37

horses

elite equestrian violence in western Sudan 574-6

and iconography of Santiago Matamoros 602

introduction to Americas 105

jousting 567

racing 567

House of Orange, court of 308 households see family and households ‘Houtbeen' (‘Peg-leg'), Cornelis, corsair 467 Howth, Christopher St Lawrence, Lord 276 Huang Bang 357

Huang Jing'er 624

Huang Junshang 354, 355

Hudson Bay Company 106

Huitzilopochtli, Aztec god 601 human agency 11

human nature, violence in 5

human sacrifice

Amerindians 96, 101-8,112

and cannibalism 413, 414, 424 ritual specialists 104

Yucatan 108

see also sacrifice; self-sacrifice humanism, view of suicide 311 Hume, David, Of Suicide 315 humiliation

auto-da-fe rituals 415, 417

China 629

corporal punishment for 49 religious violence and 533, 537 ‘rough music' 279, 537 see also honour; public shaming rituals

Hungary, iconoclasm 537 hunting 554-60

classification of game 556 coursing with greyhounds 555 driven 555, 562

for food 554

of foxes 558-9, 560

with guns 561-2

with hawks 556, 568 par force de chiens 555, 558 as preparation for warfare 555-6 for recreation 556

satires on 559

Huron people, treatment of captives

104, 105

Hutchinson, Thomas, governor of Massachusetts 382

Hutterites, expulsion of 536

Huygens, Constantin 403

iconoclasm 537, 539-43

symbolism of 540

identity

confessional 92,189 creation of 8

Japanese cultural 237, 243, 244, 252 idolatry, Spanish campaign against 111, 415 Ikoma Genba, samurai 243

Iliffe, John 298, 574

‘illicit sex' (jian)

Chinese legal term 219 consent and coercion 220, 226 and male-male sodomy 231 penalties for 220, 231 in Tang Code 226

Imbangala people, Angola 585 ritual infanticide 585

imprisonment 343, 365, 399-400, 403, 628 for debt 399

effect of shift to 389

Inca Empire (Peru) beheading of last ruler Atahualpa 591, 592, 604-8

Catholic syncretic rituals 108 and popularity of Santiago 596 queros (cups in shape of heads) 606 Spanish conquest 100 warfare in 592

India

Great Britain and 213

Mughal 3 patriotism of warrior ascetics 171 sati (self-immolation by widows) 324 thagi (thugs) 306

warrior ascetic in 156-72

Indian Ocean, piracy 461-3 Indonesia, traditional male honour

298

infanticide 287-9 penalties 287, 290 plea of temporary insanity 289, 402 ritual 585

and stillbirth 288

and suicide by proxy 325

Inquisition

in Americas 111, 416, 421

anti-Semitism of 416

in Mexico III, 416

Roman 514

Spanish 4, 39I, 395, 5I3

use of burning for heretics 111, 514

and use of torture 111, 391 insanity

and murder 306

temporary 289

interpersonal violence 4

against dead 538

and culture of feuding 7, 301 in defence of property 307 and fair fights 302, 307 fist-fighting 303 knife fights 303, 308 male 292-309

and male honour 297

and motive 305-6

and pardons 662

rates of 401, 661, 672, 675

samurai 237, 242-3

in slave societies 43 unfair fights 304 see also combat; communal violence; duels; homicide; honour violence investigation

coroners' 293

of crime, in Roman law tradition 390 into suicide 316

Ireland

attacks on Protestant settlers 543, 546

Tudor policy of Plantation in 673 wars (1640s-1650s) 189, 286 witch trial (1326) 515

Iroquois

changes in war strategy 106 female mourners 102 ritual torture 98, 105

Islam

conversions to 77, 79, 87, 88, 94, 205 and piracy in Mediterranean 459

and relations with Christians in Istanbul 91 Shi'a, of Safavids 80

and slave trade in Africa 573

and West African combat sports 577, 579 see also Muslims

Istanbul

conquest of 80

conversion of Pammakaristos church to

Fethiye mosque 85

fire (1660) and rebuilding 85

Muslim refugees from Balkans 202 riots and revolts (1703, 1730, 1740) 205 Italian Wars (1494-1559) 667 Italy

banditry 306

city states 474, 662

civility and manners 664, 668

duelling 302, 664

factional politics and judicial power 397 homicide rates 295, 309, 662 imprisonment 399 science of honour 668 use of torture 392 vendetta 309, 666 visual representations of justice 345

Ittersum, Martine van 457 Ixtlilxochitl, king of Tetzcoco 148 Izmir, Russian destruction of Ottoman navy

(1770) 92-4

Jackson, Richard, slave captain 30

‘jointing' of rebel slaves 19

Jadunath Sarkar 165

Jamaica

common whipman 48

Maroon communities 50 slave market 24

James the Apostle, St (Santiago) 593

and wars against Muslims 594

James I and VI, King of England and Scotland 526, 556, 565

Jansenists, suppression (1711) 550 Japan

Ako Incident 241

Ashikaga shogunate 498 Buddhism in 498-9, 503

Buddhist temple armies 508-9 castle towns 237, 245

Chinese influence 494 cultural identity 237, 243, 244 disarming of peasantry 237 establishment of shogunate 6 female self-sacrifice 323 invasion of Korea (1592-98) 131-2 Jesuits in 499-500

kinship obligation 7, 361, 365 piracy 123, 130-1 and religion 498-9 reputation in 237, 243, 244 revenge culture 7 Sengoku civil war 248 shinju (mutual suicide of lovers) 323 shunga (pillow books) 323

tension between military and civil arts 236 threat of invasion of China 123 wako ‘dwarf pirates' 464

Warring States period (1467-1600) 236 woodblock prints (broadsheets) 247 see also samurai; Tokugawa Shogunate (1568-1868)

Jassy, Treaty of (1792) 209

Jefferson, Thomas, US President 271, 469 Jesuit missionaries

and Amerindian slavery 64

Brazil 61

on cannibalism 98

in East Asia 499-500

and military action as punishment 65 in Vietnam 439

Jews

atrocities ascribed to 643

ban on new synagogues in Istanbul 85 conversion to Islam 86, 87 in Germany 398

persecution by Inquisition 416 readmission to civil life 548 sporadic persecutions 535 see also anti-Semitism

Jiajing, Emperor, Ming China 496

Joao III, King of Portugal 64

Joao, Prince Regent of Portugal, war against Botocudo Indians 74

‘jointing' of rebel slaves 19

Jonson, Ben, The New Inn 668

Joseph II, Habsburg emperor 207, 208 jousts 555, 567

Judaizers, Novgorod 527

judges

and full proof of crime 393

as mediators in disputes 390 mitigation of sentences 391 judges, Russia

depiction of tsar as 346

as local governors 336, 337 mitigation of sentences 337, 339 role in Russian judicial procedure

335

judicial systems 13

and avoidance of violence 674 martial law 187-8 separate slave courts 44

Virginia 374

see also justice; law codes; Roman law judicial systems, Chinese

autumn assizes 223, 364-6

‘bare stick' legislation 355-6, 363 Board of Punishments 355, 364 legal status boundaries 226, 233

Nine Dignitaries tribunal 365 official review of death sentences

354, 364

Qing reforms 221, 226, 301, 350, 363-4 judicial systems, Russian 335-8

accusatory framework (property, lesser disputes) 335

inquisitorial framework (criminal cases) 335 judicial violence

armed forces 187

decline (after 1600) 389, 404 rise (after 1400) 397 state monopoly of 174 see also torture

Judson, William 264

‘just war' 175

Brazil 65

China 120, 131

and military discipline 186

as punishment 74

Spain, against Muslims 535, 592 justice

changing attitudes to 400-5 evasion of 398 and redress of grievance 474 visual representations of 344-6

Kadizade Mehmet, mosque preacher 82 Kadizadeli movement

attacks on Sufism 82-4 and non-Muslims 85, 86

Kafadar, Cemal 78

kalpic time, concept of 505

Kalyvas, Stathis 549

Kamil Efendi, Mehmed, Ottoman chief jurisprudent 208

Kangxi Emperor, China 125, 501

Kaplan, Benjamin 533

Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699) 194, 205

Karlsen, Karen 373

katakiuchi (revenge-killing), samurai 7, 239-42

Kavi, Man, poet 159, 171

Kea, Ray 587

Ker, Robert 322

Kett's Rebellion (1549) 480

Khan, Ghulam Hussain 162,166

Kiakhta, Treaty of (1727) 125

Kidd, Captain William, pirate 451, 463 kililbas, pro-Safavid Shi'a Muslims 80, 82 Kimber, Captain John, slave captain 33 King, Boston, ‘Memoirs' 40

King Philip's War (1675-78) 258, 372

kinship networks

and feuding 7, 301

riots 475

kinship obligation

China and Japan 7, 361, 365

and lineages in China 615

Kira Kozunosuke, Lord 241

Kitombo, Battle of (1670) 584

Knights of St John 461

Knights of St Stephen 461

knout, leather strap (Russia) 338, 343

Kolb, Peter 562

Kongo, kingdom of 579

Christianisation 584 danced combat rituals 581 slaves from, in Americas 588

Koprülü Mehmet, grand vizier 83

Korb, Johann-Georg 345

Korea

Chinese influence 497

Choson dynasty 132, 494

Japanese invasions 131-2 religion in 497-8

Kosovo, Albanian settlement 205

Kramer, Heinrich, Malleus Maleficarum (1486) 524

Krogh, Tyge 306

Kuang Wenqi 358

Kume, Kotaro and Seitaro 240

Kunnersdorf, Battle of (1759) 190

Kyiv Rus' state, origins of Russia 333

La Fosse, Jean de 395

La Houssaye, Amelot de 666

La Mothe-Le-Foret, Antoine du Puy, Sieur de 485

La Noue, Francois de 666

La Paz, Rodrigo, killing of (Mexico City) 408-9

La Sauvetat, Croquant rebellion at 486

Labours of Hercules 635

Lacey, General John 384

Lafayette, Marquis de 560

The Lamentations of Germany 655

Lancashire, forest of Bowland 557

Lancre, Pierre de 524

land

conditional sales (China) 352, 354 disputes over (China) 351-3, 355

Landa, Fray Diego de, Yucatan 111, 415

Lao territories 436

Lara, Silvia 73

Las Casas, Bartholome de 3, 413, 414, 466

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 652

and Ribera case 142

Lausanne, use of torture 392

law codes

and Articles of War 186

Carolina (Holy Roman Empire) 299, 335, 336, 392, 529

effect on violence 5, 662

Russian 334

and slaves 42, 44, 45

Spanish law against enslavement 140, 141, 142

see also judicial systems; Roman law lawyers, training of 390 Le Code, Vietnam 441

Le Duy May, rebellion 440

Le dynasty, Vietnam 429, 434

Le Loi, establishment of dynasty (1428) 429, 436

Le Roy, Louis, De la vicissitude 674

Le Thanh Tong, emperor 437

Leclerc, Francois, corsair 466

Lefort, Franz 340

Legacies of British Slaveholding project 28

Leopold I, Habsburg emperor 204, 564

Lery, Jean de 61

letters of marque, and piracy 457

Levellers 536

Li Fuda uprising (1512) 133

Li Hongzhang, general 507

Lienzo de Tlaxcala 602, 604

limited wars, Europe (after 1648) 188,190

Lin Feng (Limahon), pirate 464

Lin Zhaoen, Ming literatus 506

Lipsius, Justus 668

literacy, Ottoman Empire 83

Lithuania, communal violence in Vilnius 534 litigation 5

Little Ice Age

and natural disasters 640

and suicide rates 320

and witchcraft 517

Livorno, piracy 461

Locke, John 671, 677

Logan, James 377

L'Olonnais, Francois, pirate 455, 456 London, riots 476, 479

Longqing, Emperor, Ming China 130

Lorch, Melchior, The Pope as a Wild Man 637

Los Reyes, Diego de (Diego el Mulato) 452

Lotzer, Sebastian 484

Louis XIV, King of France 199, 661, 662 Louisiana

Bennett Barrow cotton plantation 41

French 38

slave conspiracy 51

Lu Jingyao 354

Luango, Kongolese kingdom, stick fighting 583

Lucretia, depiction of suicide of 325, 635 Luebke, David 545

Lull, Ramon 555

Luo Teaching (luo jiao) 506

Luria, Keith 545

‘luso-tropicalism' 57, 59

Luther, Martin 536 lynchings, of heretics 516

Mac Dang Dung, overthrow ofLe dynasty 435

Mac family, Vietnam 432

and convictions for heresy 515

driven out 437

rise of 433, 434-6

McKenny, John 384

Madagascar, pirate safe haven 463

Madinka peoples, West Africa 576

Magdeburg, sack of (1631) 189, 286, 545 magistrates, China

and conditions of rural poor 356 recognition of ethical concerns 353 and referral of death sentences 364

Mahabharata text 156

Makassar (Macassar) 464

Malabaris, south-west India 462

Malay identity 8

Mali, empire of 574, 575

slaves from, in South Carolina 587

Malinche (Malinztin), Cortes's interpreter 140, 258

Malleus Maleficarum (Kramer) 524

Malta, piracy 461

Manchus, as threat to Ming China 123, 132-3

Manichaeism, in central Asia 506

Manila, Philippines 464

Mantegna, Andrea, The Battle of the Sea Gods 635

manumission, Brazil 71

Manwood, John 556

Mapuche Indians 609

Marcocci, Giuseppe 60

Maria Theresa, Empress 179

Marignano, Battle of (1515) 646, 646

maritime raiding 13

see also buccaneers; piracy

Markham, Gervase 554

Maroon War, First (1729-39) 51

Maroons (runaway slaves) 50, 588

and Angolan sanga dance ritual 588

Suriname 588

marriage

‘by abduction' 222, 284

changing view of 270

sexual violence within 221-5

and unfilial marital intercourse 224

marriage (cont.)

validity of, in Confucianism 221, 225

see also domestic violence; women

Marshall, Edward 380

Martin, Samuel, slaveholder 51

Martire d'Anghiera, Pietro (Peter the

Martyr) 413

martyrdom

of Catholics in Vietnam 439

and Christian salvation 634

of Christians for apostasy in Ottoman Empire 88

iconography of 637-9, 651

Ottoman opposition to 91

and self-sacrifice 321, 326 suicide and 312, 321

Massachusetts

law on spousal abuse 260

and proof of witchcraft 526

Salem witch trials 373, 525

Shay's Rebellion (1787) 385

The Massacre of the Innocents 635, 636, 643 massacres

blaming of foreigners 547

of Christians (Izmir 1770) 93

communal atrocities 543-7 depictions of 648-50

incidence in Spanish conquests 145,148 ritual beheadings 546

Toxcatl (Tenochtitlan) 145,146, 598-604 Matama kingdom 579

Mather, Cotton, Salem witch hunt 526

Matsudaira Yasuhira, Nagasaki magistrate

252

Maurice, Prince of Nassau, ‘Orange reforms' of army 186

Maximilian, duke of Bavaria 526

Maximilian, Emperor, Weisskunig autobiography 644

Maya people, Yucatan 97, 151

Great Maya Revolt (1546-47) 152 lack of cohesive empire 151, 152 population decline 152 reaction to Spanish 153

scandal of ‘pagan' rituals (i550s-i560s) 108, 415

Spanish Thirty Years War with

149-53, 150

Mayflower Pilgrims, and native women 258 Maynooth Castle, atrocities agains Irish ‘rebels' 547

Mechelen, sack of (1572) 652, 653 medical experts, use of 402

medicine

and internal injury 277

treatment of violent injuries 295 Mediterranean, piracy 458-61, 460 Medway, Dutch attack on English fleet (1667) 182

Mehmet II, Ottoman sultan 81

Mehmet IV, Ottoman sultan 86, 88

Mekki Efendi, Mevlana Mehmed 210

men

and adultery of wives 224

attacks on by household members

280

authority as head of household 275-6 black, and rape of white women 263, 271 Chinese ‘bare sticks' (rogue males) 226, 355-6, 363

growth of sexual licence 271

indentured servants, Virginia

264-5

interpersonal violence 292-309 and male-male rape (China) 230-3 motivation for violence in household

276, 277

murder of wives 223

public shaming rituals 279

and punishment of slaves 48

reputational damage of excessive domestic violence 276

sexual relations with unfree women (China) 226

slaves 29, 49

as victims of rape (sodomy) 231-3

as witches 525

see also honour; wife-beating

Mencius, Confucian sage 504 mercenaries 184

mercy

China 365

Russia

granted by tsar 337, 346

grants of 337 requested by litigants 337 see also pardons

Mesoamerica

ceremonial cannibalism 99

European conquests 100

warfare in 592

see also Guatemala; Mexico; Spanish America; Yucatan

Mexica see Aztecs

Mexican embassy mural see Washington, DC, Mexican embassy mural

Mexico

conquest of (1519-21) 143-7, 408, 413 execution of slave rebels 418 homicide rates 296 independence 138 pardons for homicide 301 popularity of Santiago 594 Spanish Inquisition in 111, 416 Totonac rebellion 423

Mexico City 408 bull-fighting 566 slave market 146 see also Tenochtitlan, Aztec city

Miao peoples, China 128, 129

Michel, Georg 537

Middle Passage, Atlantic slave trade 21, 24, 28-30

Equiano's account of 18, 32, 46 sustained cruelty in 28 see also slave trade

Mikhailovish, Aleksei 347

Military Revolution

and eastern warfare 180

narrative of 174, 179

militias 184

China 134, 496

colonial America 374, 381, 384

Paris 544

millenarianism

China 496, 506, 507

and communal violence 535-6

Ming dynasty, China 3, 6

and Buddhism 496

and cockfighting 618

Confucian legal code 496

Great Wall 124

and Isbah rebellion (1357-66) 496

and Manchu threat 123, 132-3

and military threats 121 Mongol threat to 123-6 and peasant rebellions 126 and piracy 465

regulation of religion 494, 495-7 religious dissent 496 and Vietnam 437

and war in Korea 131

and wokou pirates 130 Ming Keyi 357 Minois, Georges 322 Mirovich, Vasilii 343

The... Mirror of Spanish Tyranny... (1620, 1628, 1638) 654

miscegenation see racial mixture

Mishima Yukio, seppuku (1970) 252

Mitford, Algernon 250

Moctezuma, Aztec emperor

capitulation 145, 153, 415 fabled treasure of 409

monarchy

constraints of representative institutions 178

European states 177

and idea of limited war 190 operational command in war 179 and power to wage war 178

Mongols

East Khalka 125

peace treaty 124

religious heterodoxy under 494 retreat of 494-5

as threat to China 123-6

Zunghar tribe 125

Montague, Walter 674

Montaigne, Michel de 10

Essais 668, 669

‘Of Cannibals' 113

‘Of Cruelty' 553, 559 on suicide 314

on torture 394

on witchcraft 524

Montanus, Arnoldus 414

Montejo, Francisco, invasion of Yucatan

(1547) 149

Montenegro 204

Monter, William, on heretics 515

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron 404

Moore, R. I. 520

morality 11

and ethical norms (China) 352

and exercise of violence 504-5

Russian codes of 342

More, Thomas, Utopia 313, 559

Morgan, Henry 467, 468

Mori Hirosada, samurai 239

Mori Masana, samurai 242 moriscos, expulsion from Spain 535

Morocco, Sultan of 576

mortuary rituals see funerary rites

Morvan de Bellegarde, Jean-Baptiste de 671, 676

Moscow Felony Chancery 336

Moses, son of Raphaeli Abravanel, conversion to Islam 87

Mount Athos, Greece

monastic complexes 79

Mount Athos, Greece (cont.)

preparation of Christians for martyrdom 90 mourning period

official Chinese 225

physical privation 503

‘mourning wars' 102

Mughal Empire, historical works 8 mulattoes, Brazil 72

‘mumia', body parts medicines 99

Munoz Carmargo, Diego 594

Münster, radical religious violence 536

Münster, Peace of (1648) 467

Müntzer, Thomas 535

Murat IV, Sultan, and Kadizade Mehmet 82 murder see homicide

Murer, Christoph 643

Murray, Alexander 320

Murray, Dian 465

Muslims

feuds between in China 496, 509, 510 refugees from Balkans 202 relations with Hindus 158, 159 Spanish ‘just war' against 535, 592, 594 Syria 84 see also Ottoman Empire Mustafa, Deli (Crazy) 211 Mustafa, El-Hac, governor of Belgrade 210 Mustafa IV, Ottoman sultan 212 mutilation

of corpses 44, 50, 98, 109

to prevent resurrection 109

as punishment 341, 499, 628

self- 102, 501, 625

self-sacrifice 101

as slave punishment 44, 49

slitting of nostrils 341, 343 tongue-slitting 398 mutinies, China 123,135-6

Naarden, sack of (1572) 652

Nabeshima, Katsushige, daimyo 251 nagas, warrior ascetics 159,162 Nantes, Edict of (1598) 549

Revocation of (1685) 515, 550

Naples 487, 676

market riot (1585) 479

Natchez Wars (1731) 51

nationalism

and abolitionism in Britain 33

effect in Ottoman Empire 78

and national interest 188

Native Americans 97

alliance with British forces 382 alliance with French in New England 373 ceremonial cannibalism 99

Cherokee 381

Delawares 381, 384

English view of 258, 371

evicted 375

on frontiers of Pennsylvania 380-1 gendered violence against 268

Lenape people in Pennsylvania 377 view of manhood 257

see also Amerindians

natural disasters

China 122, 357

depictions of 640

as divine punishment 640

state relief for 126

see also famine

natural slavery, Enlightenment ideas of 11 navies 182-3

and artillery 180

British (Royal) 182, 213

linear tactics (line-ahead) 180

Ottoman 92-4

and pirates 469

warships 182

neighbours

accusations of witchcraft 518, 523

and communal violence 475-7

and domestic disputes 260, 278

and religious differences 531, 533, 534, 547 Neolin, Delaware prophet 109 Netherlands

communal atrocities 543

iconoclasm (1566) 540

and Portuguese colonies 466

principle of reconciliation 674

and Vietnam 433

see also Dutch Republic

New England

growing toleration 372

homicide rate 371, 375, 379

New Orleans, French 44

New Year, lunar, China 614, 617

Newton, John, slave captain and abolitionist 19

Nghe An region, Vietnam 436

Nguyen family, Vietnam 430

establishment of dynasty 433

and inter-ethnic violence 441-2 opposition to Mac rule 436 war with Trinh family 436-8

Nguyen Hoang 437, 438

Nguyen Hue, Quang Trung emperor 444, 445

Nguyen Huu Chinh 444

Nguyen Kim, assassination 437

Nguyen Nhac, and Tay Son Uprising 443, 444

Nguyen state, Vietnam 438

defeat of Tay Son 446-7

and Tay Son Uprising 442-7

Nicea, Council of (325 CE) 513

Nicholas I, tsar of Russia 343

Nicolas, Augustin 401

Nicolas, Jean 473

Nicole, Pierre, Essays on Manners 671

Nimoo Gooseyng 164

Ningxia Mutiny (1592) 135

Nis (Serbia) 201, 208

Nobunaga, Oda 6

nokogiri (burial to neck), Japan 249 Noortsteyn, Nicolaes, murder trial 305 North Africa, corsairs 454, 461, 467

North America see America, colonial;

Chesapeake; Pennsylvania; United States; Virginia

Northern War (1700-21) 190

Nurhaci, founder of Latter Jin state 132

Oda Nobunaga, shogun 498, 509

Ogilby, John, America 414

Ogiwara Matarokuto, samurai 243

Okeley, William, Eben-Ezer 460

Okudaira Tadamasa, daimyo 251

Oldfield, John 23

Olid, Cristobal de, conquistador 409 Olivares, Count-Duke of 487

Ometochtzin, Don Carlos 111

ordeal, judicial, medieval use of 390 organised crime, Ottoman Empire 2ii Orleans, burning of heretics (1022) 514 Orthodox Christianity

absence of the devil in 527

Catholic propaganda against 519

Russian schism 527

Orthodox Christians, uprisings against Ottomans 194

Orthodox Church see Greek Orthodox Church; Russian Orthodox Church

Osaka, battle at (1614-15) 236

Ostend, siege of (1601-4) 189

Ottoman army 12, 79, 195-8

atrocities ascribed to 643, 644, 645

ban on Christians in 204

banditry of Albanian irregulars 197, 206, 208, 209

defection of Orthodox irregulars to Habsburg Freikorps 201 ethnic and confessional make-up of 198, 200 irregular auxiliaries 197

janissary infantry 195

reforms (from 1792) 209

sipahi cavalry 195

Ottoman Empire 77-94, 194-214, 196

and Balkans

amnesty for Christians (1792) 209 campaigns against Habsburgs and Hungary 201-4

demographic shifts 204

First Serbian Uprising (1804-13) 208, 212 growing instability 206-12 persecution of Serbs 208

borders with Europe 185,198, 204 campaigns of persecution against Shi'a Muslims 80, 81, 84

Catholic Christian population 195 changing policies 78, 93

compared with European colonialism 199-201, 213

conversion of churches to mosques 85 corruption 212

destruction of navy by Russian fleet (1770) 92-4

effect of Great Turkish War on 194 guerrilla war and terror against non­

Muslim populations 199, 206, 209, 212 instability in Anatolia 211

Kadizadeli movement 82-4 mosque building 81, 83 and nationalism 78 organised crime 211

Orthodox Christians in 195

and pastoral Muslim warriors 198,

204, 205

policy of assimilation 200 power of sultan 85 religious identity 92 religious toleration 12, 77, 78 communal prayers 85 management of 90-2, 94 tensions at festivals 91

role of notables as military contractors

197

and Russia 202, 209

and second siege of Vienna (1683) 83,194 as Sunni Muslim polity 81, 82-90 timar fiefdoms (for cavalrymen) 195,197 war with Habsburgs and Russia (1787-92) 207, 209, 213

war with Russia (1806-12) 212

Oyo Empire, West Africa 26

Padmakar, poet 163

pain

Christian view of 389, 396, 400 infliction of 39

Pamplona, bull running 565 Panama City, raid on (1671) 467 Papacy

depiction of Pope as monster 637, 638 and inquisition 391

Paracelsus 99 pardons for homicide 299, 300, 301, 662

China 361, 365

France 398

Paris

Cross of Gastines 543

Great Cat Massacre 538

Parlement 392, 398 police force 674

Parker, Geoffrey 122

Parlements, French appeals courts 524

Paris 392, 398

torture 393

Pascal, Blaise, Provincial Letters 668 Patrona Halil revolt (1730 Istanbul) 206 Paul III, Pope, on American Indians (1537) 97 pax colonial, Spanish use of violence to maintain 412, 422 peasant rebellions

in China 123, 126-7

see also German Peasants' War (1525); rebellion(s)

Pedroso, Bernardino 394 Penn, John, Governor 380 Penn, William 377 Pennsylvania assaults 385 court records 378 divorce petitions 270 early peacefulness 377 Fries's Rebellion (1799) 385 frontier violence 380-1 homicide rate 377, 378, 380, 381, 384, 385 homicide and violence in 377-81 mobility of population 379 non-Quaker immigrants 377 overthrow of government (1776-78) 384 Pomfret Castle 562 punishment of abusive husbands 256 and Quakerism 377, 380 rape prosecutions 271 relations with Native Americans 377, 380, 384

rioting 385

Scots-Irish 378, 380

and War of Independence 383-5

Whiskey Rebellion (1794) 385

Perdue, Peter 125

Perez, Antonio 586

Perrissin, Jean, Forty Tableaus... 648

Perry, Commodore Matthew 253

Persia, rise of Safavids 80

Persons, Robert 639

Peru

anti-Semitic campaign by Inquisition (1649) 417

ritual commemorations of beheading of the Inca 591, 607

see also Inca Empire

Peter I, the Great, tsar of Russia 333, 334, 339 affirmation of death sentences 341 and corruption 338 and mass executions 340 and secular art 345

Petrovaradin, Battle of (1716) 202

Petrovic, Karadorde, Serbian leader 208

Peutinger, Konrad 644

Peyssonnel, Claude-Charles 93

Phaeton, British frigate at Nagasaki 252

Philadelphia, mob violence 378

Phillips, Richard, abolitionist 19

Phu Xuan, Vietnam 438, 441, 444 physical violence

against slaves 39

ritual self-harm 503

to stimulate slaves 40

Pierson, William 28

Pigneaux de Behaine, Bishop 447

Pilgrim Fathers

household structure 259-60

murder of Native Americans 371

and native women 258

Pinker, Stephen 560 piracy 13, 449-70

in Americas 465-9

Barbary corsairs 461, 467, 469

and cannibalism 455

Caribbean buccaneers 455, 467

China 131, 630

and class 453

corsairs (legal) 466

definition 449

East and Southeast Asia 463-5 freebooters 468

Indian Ocean 461-3 kidnapping and ransom of captives 459, 464 and letters of marque 457

Mediterranean 458-61 models of 455 pirate leagues 131 pretexts for 450 religion and 452-3 renegade captives 453, 461 revenge 452, 457, 466 and rise of merchant empires 458 ritual 454-5 and slave trafficking 463, 467 survival 450-2

wokou (Japanese) 123, 130-1

pirates, Chinese 455, 464

Tay Son alliance with 446 and Vietnam 430, 433

Pitt, William, the younger 45

Pius IV, Pope 518

Pius V, Pope 566

Pizarro, Francisco 465

plantations

Brazilian sugar 63

Caribbean sugar 40

disciplinary practices 30

drivers 40, 48

overseers 40, 42, 48

owners 40, 42

systemic violence 40-2, 43, 46, 418

Plassey, Battle of (1757) 2, 164

Plato 312

Pleck, Elizabeth 260

Plum in the Golden Vase (Ming dynasty novel) 220

Plutarch 553

Plymouth, Pilgrim colonists 259-60, 371 poaching, of deer (England) 557, 558 Pocahontas, and John Rolfe 258 Poland, witch trials 528

Polatsk, Poland-Lithuania, murder of Greek

Catholic archbishop 537

police forces

national 400

and riots 482

policing systems 13

and runaway slaves 43

Pollman, Judith 544

Poltava, Battle of (1709) 190

Poma de Ayala, Guaman 605

Pompey the Great 459

Pontiac's War (1763-4) 109

poor, the

absent from collective protest 477 rural China 356 treatment of 672, 676 popular literature and ballads 272 German woodcuts of executions 392 on murder 280

rapid growth of 8, 11 on rebellious wives 281

Russia 346

visual representations of justice 345 see also printing

population

China 351, 356

decline of Amerindian 96, 105, 152, 259 growth, and protests 473, 477

Porcallo de Figueroa, Vasco 561

Portugal

ban on Amerindian slavery 65 concept of racial difference 60 discovery of Brazil 56, 60 independence from Spain 487 judicial institutions in Americas 301 Napoleonic invasion of 74 nature of colonialism 57-9 and West Africa 56, 67 see also Brazil

Portuguese

and African slaves in Brazil 66-73 in Angola 579, 584 justification for slavery 56 and piracy in Asia 463 and piracy in Indian Ocean 462 racist ideology 56

relations with Amerindians 59-66 rules of violent practices 55, 59

Potosi silver mines 3

Powers, Karen Vieria 257

Prague, Jewish ghetto 535

Prange, Sebastian 462

printing 8, 11, 656 broadsheets 639 and depictions of violence 634, 636-41 and propaganda against enemies 643-4 see also popular literature and ballads

prisons 399-400 bridewells 399 China 628 see also imprisonment

processions

China 626, 627

Japan biennial daimyo 626

proof, law of 393, 400

changing standards of 401 and witchcraft 526

property, violence in defence of 307 property rights, China 351, 353

prostitution

China 226

prohibition of 228

protest

individual 474

and threat of violence 474

see also rebellions; resistance; riots Protestantism

in colonial America 373

and iconoclasm 539

and martyrdom 638

and predestination 311

and suffering 396

view of honour 668-9

see also Puritans; Quakers; Reformation Protestants

depictions of Catholic massacres of 648-50, 651-2

violence against Catholics 537

Provisorato (Indian Inquisition, Spanish America) 421

Prudentius, Psychomachia 313

Prussia 190

abolition of torture 404

communal violence in Torun 535 conscription 185 see also Germany

psychological violence, against slaves 39 public opinion

and revulsion against slave trade 20,

32-4, 419

Russian community surveys 337

see also abolitionism

public shaming rituals 399

for domestic abuse 278, 279

stocks and pillory 112

tarring and feathering 384, 385

of violence against children 280

see also humiliation

Pugachev, Emelian, execution 343 Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-5) 5 pugilism, Hausa forms of 577, 588 punishments

for attacks on heads of households 281 banishment 399

castration 263

European states 395-400

exemplary, for rebellion 64, 65

fines 338, 399, 403

gruesome depictions of 641-3 imprisonment 343, 365, 399-400, 403, 628 for infanticide 287

for murder 281, 300, 641

payment of blood money 42, 299, 301,

662, 674

for pirates 450, 630 sending to galleys 399 transportation 44, 300, 399 see also branding; corporal punishment;

executions; flogging; mercy; mutila­tion; pardons; public shaming rituals; punishments, on slave plantations; punishments, China; punishments, Russia; torture

punishments, China

blows by heavy bamboo 231, 497, 628 exile to Xinjiang 365, 366 flogging 628

for illicit religions 497 incarceration 365, 628 and kinship relations 361, 365 mutilation 628 public display 629 ritual 626-31 tattooing 628 wearing of cangue (wooden frame) 231, 629 see also executions; torture punishments, Russia 338-44

exile 340

hard labour 340

running the gauntlet 340, 344 slitting of nostrils 341, 343 punishments, on slave plantations 44, 46, 47

customs and rituals of 47 debates on 43 delegated to overseer or driver 48 four stakes 36,37, 37-8

Puritans

iconoclasm 543

New England, persecution of Quakers 112 Pythagoras 560

Qasimi pirates, Persian Gulf 462 QiJuguang, General 130

Qianlong, Emperor, Qing China 125, 223,

353, 363

and decision on capital cases 365 Qing Empire, China 3, 6

economic and demographic changes 350,

363, 366

and Green Standard Armies 127 homicides over land and debt 307 lack of legal dispute mechanisms 7 law on sodomy 231-3 legal reforms (Law Code) 221, 226, 301, 350, 363-4

militarisation of 120

Mongols as threat to 125

and piracy 131, 630

and religion 506-8

and secret societies 134 suicide of widows 324-5 territorial expansion 121

and threat to social order 127, 368

and Vietnam 430, 433, 445

Qu Dajun, scholar 622 quail fighting, China 618, 619

Quakers

and Pennsylvania 377, 380 persecuted as dissenters 112 treatment of violence against women 262, 272

Quang Nam region, Vietnam 437

Quang Ngai region, Vietnam 442

Quang Trung, Tay Son emperor 446 Qui Nhon, Vietnam 443, 447

race, and gendered violence 263 racial mixture (mesticagem) in Brazil 57, 63, 66

classification of mulattoes as black 266

Latin America 259

racism

against African Americans, in Virginia 374 against Native Americans 373, 374 in colonial America 370

and decline in homicide in colonial America 372, 374

and gradation of colour 56, 63, 67, 71 pre-scientific view 56, 60 view of black sexuality 265, 271 view of inherent deficiency of Africans 69 Rajendragiri, warrior ascetic guru 158, 161, 164, 166, 168

Rajputs, view of battle 171

Ralston, David 163

Rama, warrior ascetic 156

Ramakrishna Mahant 167

Ramayana text 156

Rangel, Rodrigo 561

rape

and abduction 284

assumptions about victim 228, 230, 233, 261, 262

attempted 261, 271

as capital crime in Europe 261, 271, 282 changing views of 267

in colonial America 261-2, 271 definitions

legal 274, 282

as vaginal intercourse 220, 282 and evidence of violence and lack of consent 283

male-male 230-3, 282 marital 221, 255, 270 and marital status 262, 282 penalties for 231, 262, 263, 289 and pregnancy 284, 287 prosecutions for 229, 284

North America 256, 262, 271

by soldiers 268, 285-7

standards of evidence for (China) 221 of under-age girls 285

Razin, Stepan, uprising (1670-1) 340

Read, Mary, pirate 468 rebellion(s) 472, 482-8

Amerindian, ritual violence and 108

Chinese peasant 123, 126-7

colonial 422-3

Europe 176

exemplary punishments for (Russia) 340

French Croquant 485-6

German Peasants' War (1525) 483-4

Japan 236, 500

as justification for violence 410

Kett's (1549) 480 leadership of 482 musketeer (1698 Russia) 340 Pennsylvania 384, 385 and religion 474

Tay Son (Vietnam) 131, 430, 442-7

White Lotus 7, 123, 134, 507

see also slave rebellions

Rediker, Marcus 22

Reformation 5, 397

and heresy 523

and iconoclasm 539-43

and inter-communal violence 531

and minorities 531

and move towards coexistence 548-9

and politics of revenge 10

print propaganda 637

and state power 177

see also Protestantism

Reggio Emilia 398

Reis, Joao Jose 587 religion

China 133, 495-7

and communal violence 509-10, 533-5 East Asia 203, 493-511

and gendered violence 262, 269

and meaning of self-sacrifice 321

religion (cont.)

and moral exercise of violence 504-5

as motivation for homicide 306

and rebellion 474

role of 8, 402

simultaneum in Holy Roman Empire 545 and slave rebellions 52

suppression of heretics 493 violence in practice of 501-3 and violence as sacred performance 14 and war 177, 189

see also Buddhism; Catholic Church;

Christianity; Islam; Orthodox Christianity; Protestantism; Russian Orthodox Church

religious nonconformity 14

move towards coexistence 532, 548 punishments for 536 as rebellion against polity 532 and role of providence 536 see also heresy; Quakers religious persecution

against Muslims (Ottoman Empire) 78, 80,

81, 84

of Jews 416, 535

of Quakers 112

see also heresy

Renaissance

art 635

and civility 664, 675

and view of suicide 311, 313, 326 renegades (pirate captives) 453, 461 Rennes 288

representative institutions, European

states 178

reputation

and English juries 391

as evidence in Russia inquisitorial trials 335, 337

Japan 237, 243, 244

see also honour; humiliation

resistance

popular 13

on slave ships 30

see also rebellion(s); revolutions; riots resurrection, mutilation of corpses to prevent 109

revenge

against non-blood relations 241

and culture of vengeance 7

piracy 452, 457, 466 politics of 10 retaliatory 240 samurai katakiuchi 7, 239-42, 244 vendetta 301, 548

revolutions 472, 486-8

against Spanish monarchy 486

Catalonia 487

Greek 211

Haitian 53, 419, 587

see also Dutch Revolt; English Civil Wars; French Revolution

Ribera, Gomez de, capture of indios as slaves 141, 142

Richardson, David 30

Riches, David 8, 305

Rio de Janeiro 62

Riot Act (1715 England) 482

riots 472, 475-82

against billeting of soldiers 475 against enclosures 480 as collective action 474, 475-7

England 476, 478, 479, 481

Fettmilch, at Frankfurt 480-1

food 477-9 frequency 472 and injustice 475

Istanbul 205

kinship ties 475

size 475

tax 475

ritual behaviour

carnivals 538

and control of violence 8

piracy 454-5

see also humiliation; public shaming; sacrifice

ritual violence

in Amerindian rebellions 108

Amerindians 96

European use of 110-12, 113 for exorcism 501, 502 for retaliation 101

ritual murder by leopard sodalities in Angola 580, 584

and syncretic forms of Christianity

107

torture of captives 103

variations 96

West African close combat 573-90 see also cannibalism; sacrifice; torture of captives

Roberts, Bartholomew, pirate 468 Robinson, David 120

Rocha, Manoel Ribeiro 73 rock fights, China 614, 614-18

adolescent youths 616

and fertility rites 617

Rodney, Walter 25, 27

Rolfe, John, and Pocahontas 258

Roman law

Carolingian Europe 390 compensation for crimes of blood 662 and concept of satisfaction 665 inquisitorial trial procedure 335, 521 investigation of crime 390 and prosecutions for self-murder 315 reintroduction in Europe 389, 390 Romans, France, carnival violence 538 Rome, Jesuit English College 637 Rome, ancient, and Roman Empire beast-baiting (venationes) 564, 565 massacre (43 BC) 649

Ottoman Empire compared with 78

and piracy 458

and suicide 311, 313

Romero, Francisco 566

Rosignoli, Ottavia di 394

Roth, Randolph 371

Rottenburg, Germany, witch trials 526

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 268, 672 Rowlandson, Mary 258

Rowson, Susanna, Charlotte Temple (1791 novel) 269

Royal Navy 182, 213

and Caribbean pirates 469

Rubens, Peter Paul 654

Rude, George 476

Rumelia (Rumeli)

conversion of Christians to Islam 88

Orthodox attacks on Muslim

population 194

Ruskin, John 17

Russia (Russian Empire) 331-47

abolition of death sentence 342 administration and bureaucracy 332, 336, 337 Cossack uprising (1648) 537

depictions of justice in Illuminated Chronicle 346

executions for political crimes 343 expansion and conquest 331-2 frontiers 185, 332 judicial procedure 333, 335-8 Law Codes 334

Criminal Articles (1669) 341

Criminal Code (1845) 343, 344 criminal law 333-4 military 340, 343 secular law (Rus' Law) 333

Ulozhenie, Conciliar Law Code (1649) 334, 339, 341

legal reforms (1860s) 333, 336, 344

Lithuanian Statute (1588) 334

local government reforms (1775) 338 local laws 333

moral code 342

Moscow Felony Chancery 336

Old Believers 527, 535

and Ottoman Empire 202, 207, 209 destruction of Ottoman navy at Izmir (1770) 92-4

war with (1806-12) 212 patrimonialjudicial role of tsars 333,337,343, 344, 346

persecution of witches and heretics 527-8

Preobrazhenskii Chancery 339

prison system 343

Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-5) 5 punishments 338-44 secular art 345

Treaty of Kiakhta with China 125 witch trials 527

see also executions and death penalties; judges; punishments

Russian Orthodox Church 333, 342 jurisdiction of 333, 334

Sa, Mem de, governor of Brazil 64 sacred time

concept of 505, 506-7

in Japan 508

sacrifice

to appease deities 501

cockfighting and 620-1

concept of 101

Confucianism and 502

offer of body parts 102

scapegoats for 617

see also human sacrifice; self-sacrifice

Sahagun, Fr Bernardino de

Florentine Codex 9

Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva Espana 599

Sahkulu rebellion (1511) 80, 82

St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, France 532, 543, 643

painting 650

St Jan, Dutch West Indies, slave revolt 587 Saint-Domingue, French colony 42, 44 Sainte-Marie, Jean-Baptiste Poyen 40 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 58

Salazar, Gonzalo de, factor in New Spain 409, 410, 411

Samadhi interment, Saiva ascetics 169 samurai, Japan 236-53

blood revenge 240-1

bureiuchi (disrespect killing) 244-6, 247 and Catholicism 499

and commercial transactions 245 cultural identity 252 domestic violence 244 exercise of violence 236, 239, 243 and failure to redress insults 246 fair and unfair fights 304 grant of refuge 241 honour violence 237, 242, 252 interpersonal violence between 239-44 katakiuchi (revenge-killing) 7, 239-42 and kenka (fights) in private disputes 242-3 removed from land to castle towns 237 reputation and male identity 237, 243, 244 seppuku 237, 248-52, 322 traditional male honour 298 two swords 239, 252 under-employment 238

violence against commoners 244-8 sanga (blade dance combat ritual) 581, 588 Santa Catarina, Portuguese galleon 464 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia 593 Santiago Matamoros (intercultural emblem) 591, 593-6

renamed Santiago Mataindios 596, 601 Santos Atahualpa, Juan, Andean rebel 605 sanyasi, warrior ascetics 159, 161, 166 Sardinha, Pedro Fernandes, Bishop 64 Saveuse, Henri de 675 Savory, Mary 261 Saxony, classification of game 556 scalps

from slain enemies 98, 102

taken by Europeans 107 Schappeler, Christoph 484 Schoelcher, Victor, abolitionist 37 Schoen, Erhard 644 Schwartz, ‘Blackjack' 562 Scienza Cavalleresca 668

Scindia, Mahadji, and Anupgiri 168 Scots-Irish

Pennsylvania 378, 380

in Virginia, reputation for violence 376 Scott, James C. 474, 597 scribes, chancery 338

role in Russian inquisitorial trials 335,

336, 337

Sea Dayaks of Borneo, ritual piracy 454 Sebastiao, King of Portugal 65 sectarian movements, China 123,133-5

methods of suppression 134 sectarian violence

wars and 189

see also religious violence secular courts

expansion of 389, 397

and moral offences 397

use of torture 392

Sefer Reis, Indian Ocean raider 462 Segu, West African kingdom 576 self-control 9, 307, 668 self-inflicted violence

flagellation 625

ritual self-harm 503

by shamans 625

see also seppuku; suicide self-sacrifice 101, 323

in battle 322

as heroic 321

and martyrdom 321, 326

see also human sacrifice; martyrdom; sacri­fice; suicide

Selim I, Ottoman sultan 80

Selim III, Ottoman sultan 212

New Order reforms 209-10

Sens, France, massacre (1562) 649, 650 seppuku (harakiri), self-inflicted violence 237, 248-52

abolition (1873) 252

to avoid disgrace 248

as capital punishment 248, 249, 250 cutting of neck 249

disembowelling 248, 249

inseki (responsibility-driven suicide) 251 junshi 250-1

ritualisation 248

as voluntary self-destruction 250

see also suicide

Serbia, Kingdom of (1718) 202

Serbs 198

defection to Habsburg Freikorps 198, 201, 207

exoduses to Habsburg Empire 202, 204

First Serbian Uprising (1804-13) 208, 212

Ottoman measures against 208

rebellion against Ottomans 194, 201 servants, domestic, violence against 264-6, 279

servants, indentured 264-5

homicides by 371

and pregnancy 265

in Virginia 371, 373

settler colonies see America, colonial

Seven Years War 190, 268

slave revolts in Caribbean 45

sexual abuse, and racial mixture 58 sexual crimes

homicide related to (China) 351

see also rape

sexual practices, and Chinese legal texts 220 sexual slavery, of indigenous Americans 140, 420

sexual violence

against slaves 49

depictions of 635, 653

in Europe 282-7

modern meanings 219, 274

by single, landless men (‘rogue males') 227, 229, 230

within marriage (China) 221-5

see also ‘illicit sex'; rape

Seyyid Abdullah, Sheikh, Kurdish dervish 87 Shagan, Ethan 547

Shah Alam II, Mughal emperor 161

Shakespeare, William, Hamlet and suicide 314 Shammas, Carole 259

Shandong province, China, homicides 357

Shawan rural district, Canton, rock fights 615 Shimabara, Japan, rebellion (1637) 236, 500 Shuja ud-Daulah 162

Siam, and Vietnam 430, 433, 444

Sichuan province, China

Han expansion into 129

interethnic violence 353-5

Jinchuan Wars 130

Thirteen Houses of Kuidong rebels 127

Sicily, revolt against Spain 487

siege warfare 180

Silamka, Masina Fula knight 578 silver, Pacific trade in 3

Silverblatt, Irene 417

sin

punishment of 402

suicide as 311, 321

Sipahi bazaar riot (1740 Istanbul) 206

Sital Singh ‘Bikhwud' 167

Skinner, James 167

Skopje (Macedonia) 201

slave markets

Caribbean 30-2

Ottoman Empire 209

sale process 31

the scramble 31

slave narratives 18, 32, 46

slave rebellions 51

and abuse of women 266

armed resistance 586

Caribbean 45

Haiti 53, 419, 587

Saint-Domingue (1791) 53

Spanish fear of 417-18

slave societies 12

collective regime of violence 42-5, 419 dependence on new captives 39 and honour violence 298 public justice 43 racial divide 36

violence as normal 37, 41, 46

and white non-slaveholders 42, 43 see also plantations

slave trade, African, wars and 25-7

slave trade, Atlantic 3, 18, 417

captains 19, 29

conditions on ships 24, 29 deaths of slaves 19 growth of public revulsion 20, 32-4, 419 international abolition (1807-15) 53 Middle Passage 18, 21, 24, 28-30 rebellions 30 sailors 19, 20, 23, 28 use of terror 19, 20-2, 24 see also abolitionism; slavery slave-raiding

Caribbean 143

piracy and 463, 467

slavery

abolition of 53

in Africa 26, 573, 586

in Caribbean 141-3

chattel 38, 42, 49, 265

justification for 56 natural 11

patriarchal (Portuguese) 58, 66 for rebels in Spanish America 140, 148 variations of systemic violence 40-2 see also abolitionism; slave trade; slaves slaves

African, in Americas

as first cowboys 587

and ritual combat 586-90 taken as soldiers 586

African, in Brazil 57, 68

Portuguese policy towards 66-73 violence against 68 from west central Africa 586 conversion (to Christianity) 65, 69

slaves (cont.)

debates about abuse of 42-5

as domestic enemies 41

exclusion from civil society 677

and incentives 70 inspection of 32, 39 and legal systems 42, 44 murder of masters 51 and racism in America 370, 374 runaways 43, 50

treatment of male 29, 49

violence between 50

violence by 50-3

violence as means of control 47, 70, 265 see also Maroons; women slaves (black)

Smallwood, Stephanie 29

Smith, John, Virginia 673

Smith, William, Jr 376

Snayers, Pieter 655

sodalities (confraternities) of headhunters

among slaves in America 588

Angola 579

sodomy

China 231-3

punishment for 403

soldiers

and Chinese peasant rebellions 126 depictions of atrocities by 644-8, 653 discipline 186

as independent agents 176

as legal group 187

and military law 187-8

and rape 268, 285-7

role in communal violence and atrocities 544, 546

see also armed forces; armies

Song dynasty, China, and necessity of violence 504

Songhay Empire, West Africa 574, 575

civil war (1588) 576

sorcerers and shamans, China 622-3, 623 charms and spells 624 and exorcism of demons 623-6 religious festivals 626 self-flagellation 625

Sores, Jacques de, corsair 466

Sosa, Alonso de 455

Soto, Hernando de 561

Sousa, Tome de, governor of Brazil 64

South Africa, hunting 562 sovereignty

of monarchs 177

over the sea 456-8

Soyo province, kingdom of Kongo 582, 584 Spain

army 183

ban on Amerindian slavery 140,141

and concept of civilisation 673 conquest of Mexico (1519-21) 143-7, 408, 413 gendered notions of violence 257 Inquisition 4, 395

and ‘just war' against Muslims 535, 592 and piracy in Americas 465 revolts against monarchy 486 and wars between Amerindians 106 wars of invasion in Americas 100,

138-54, 592

Spanish America administration 146 bull-fighting 566 Catholic Church 147 culture of male honour 297 encomienda system 146 fear of rebellion by slaves 417-18 greyhound coursing 561 indigenous people 10

see also Amerindians

intercultural emblems of violence 591-609 judicial institutions 301

and legitimacy of power 597 Spiritual Conquest (conversion to

Catholicism) 415-16 stability of colonial regime 592, 608 views of violence 408-25 violence of conquest 422 written records 412

see also Aztec Empire; Inca Empire; Maya people; Mexico

Spanish conquistadors 147

in Mexican embassy mural 138, 139

as pirates 466

treatment of indigenous women 257, 258 ‘Spanish Fury', Antwerp 653

depictions of 543, 652

Spanish-Maya Thirty Years War 149-53, 150 failure of colonisation 152 manipulation of local rivalries 152

The Spectator 559, 671

Spee, Friedrich 401

Spenser, Edmund 673, 674 sports, animals for spectacle 554

Staden, Hans 61, 450

Staffordshire, Needwood Forest 557 Standish, Myles 371

Stanfield, James Field, The Guinea Voyage (1788) 21, 22-5

Star Chamber (England), prosecution of Catholics 397

state formation, Europe 175-6, 400 state(s)

and armed forces 174, 179

and boundaries 177, 185

and civil militias 184

and civil society 4 composite 473 executions 395

and internal security 400

and judicial violence 13, 174, 389, 397 limits on assembly 481 monopoly of legitimate violence 42, 120,

174, 199

and ‘national interest' 188 and piracy 456 pre-industrial 2

and religious orthodoxy 493, 510, 532

and representative institutions 178 suppression of interpersonal violence

299, 307

use of contracted armed forces 176, 184, 213 and warfare 175, 176

see also armed forces; armies; navies Stedman, Lieutenant John Gabriel 266 Steele, Richard, The Spectator 559 Stewart, Lazarus 381 stick fighting, West Africa 578-9, 583

and African diaspora 589 sticks

to beat inferiors 304

for defence in knife fights 303 stocks and pillory, punishment of witches 112 Stono Rebellion, of slaves (1739) 587, 588 Storace, Giovan Vincenzo, and Naples riot 479

strappado, torture by 339, 393, 528 Strassburg, Gottfried von 556 Stuyvesant, Pieter 564

Sudan, Western, equestrian skills 574-6 Sufism

Indian fakir warrior ascetics 166

Kadizadeli attacks on 82-4

Sugiura Uemon, samurai 251 suicide 311-27

as apostasy 313, 318 attitudes to 312-15 changing judicial treatment of 403 as crime 315-20

crop failures and 319, 320 degrading funeral rituals 317, 319 and despair 312, 313, 317, 318

as dishonour 317

disposal of corpses 316, 318, 403

and euthanasia in More's Utopia 313

folk beliefs about 319-20

global comparisons 320-6

indirect 306

investigations into 316

legal sanctions 317

leniency for 313

mutual (of lovers) 323

origin of term 311, 315

paradox of 311 pathologised 315, 316, 326

rates of 320

and Roman notion of honour 313

by slaves 50

see also martyrdom; self-sacrifice; seppuku suicide murder (suicide by proxy) 306, 325 Suleyman the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan 201

Sulu, Philippines, piracy 454

Sun Shiyi, governor general of

Guangdong 445 supernatural

offerings to 102, 104

punishments by 104

see also ghosts and demons

Swabian League 484

Swadeshi movement, Bengal 171 Sweden

abolition of torture 404

suicide by proxy (infanticide and execution) 326

Swedenborg, Emanuel 305

Swift, Jonathan 568

Switzerland, witch trials 515

Syria

Alawi Muslims 84

sharing of sacred spaces 92

Tagore, Rabindranath 171

Taino peoples, Caribbean 465

conquest of 142,143, 414

Spanish treatment of women 256 Taiwan 465

Taki Zenzaburo, samurai 250 Takizawa Kyuemon 240

Taky Onqoy millenial movement, Peru 605 The Tale of Hogen, Japanese war chronicle 248 Tang dynasty, legal code 225

Tang Guhe, magician 625 tapas (asceticism) 156, 159 Tarquinius, Sextus 325 tarring and feathering 384, 385

Tatars, refugees from Crimea to Rumeli

198, 209

The Tatler 671

Taussig, Michael 598

taverns, and collective violence 476 taxation

to fUnd wars (Europe) 190

and German Peasants' War (1525) 483

and rebellion 484

and state control 473

Tay Son Uprising, Vietnam (1771-1802) 131,

430, 442-7

allies 443

establishment of state 445-6

surrender to Trinh forces 443

Taylor, Comfort Dennis 263

Taylor, John, on violence against slaves 41 Te Brake, Wayne 549

Teach, Edward (Blackbeard), pirate 468 Tempesta, Antonio 637

Tenochtitlan, Aztec city

destruction of 146

in Mexican embassy mural 138,139 siege and capture of 144, 145-6, 592, 602 Toxcatl Massacre (1520) 145,146, 598-604 see also Mexico City

terror

in slave societies 52

state use of 418

use of in slave trade 19, 20-2, 24

thagi (thugs), India 306

Thai Duc, Tay Son emperor 446

Thailand see Siam

Thang Long (Hanoi) 438

imperial centre 434, 435

Tay Son armies in 444

Thanh Hoa region, Vietnam 432, 435, 436 Thevenot, Jean de 92

Thevet, Andre 61

Thirty Years War (1618-48) 183, 189, 294, 545 death rate 662

violence of 545, 655

Thistlewood, Thomas, slaveholder 41, 49, 677

Thomas, Keith 563

Thompson, E. P. 476, 558

Thomson, James, Summer 17

Thornton, John K. 585, 587

Three-in-One (san yijiao) 506

Thuan Hoa region, Vietnam 437

Tiandihui secret society (Triads) 134

Tibet 125

Timbuktu, chroniclers 576

Tlaxcala city-state, Aztec Empire 145 Tlaxcalans 591

as allies of Spanish 594

visual histories 598, 602

Tokugawa Shogunate (1568-1868) 6, 236 and Chinese influence 494 establishment of political and social order 237-8

Laws for the Military Houses (1683) 242, 251 Tomba, Marco della 162 Tondibi, Battle of (1591) 576 Tong, James 122

Tonkin, northern Vietnam 434

Tortorel, Jacques, Forty Tableaus... 648 torture of captives

Amerindians 96

ritual, war captives 103

torture, judicial 390-4

bone crushing 528

China 628

in classical Rome 390

to combat heresy 391, 514, 528

to extract confession 392

and false confession 394 frequency of use 393 gradual abolition in Europe 404 by Inquisition 111, 391 as interrogation tool 389, 392 methods of 103, 339, 393 not used in England 391 peine forte et dure 397 as punishment for infanticide 287 on the rack 528

Russia 335, 339, 342

statutory limits on 392, 528

by strappado 339, 393, 528

use by colonial authorities 45, 107, 110

of witches 393, 514, 525, 528

see also burning; punishments Toulouse, heretic trial 522 Tours, France, massacre (1562) 649 Toxcatl Massacre, Tenochtitlan 145,146,598-604 Traite du vrai merite de I'homme 671 Tran Cao, uprising in Vietnam (1516) 435 transportation 44, 300

to American colonies 376 Transylvania 209 treason

attacks by wives as petty 281

‘illicit sex' as (China) 219

penalties for 281, 339

Treitzsaurwein, Marx 644

Trinh family, Vietnam 430

opposition to Mac rule 436

war with Nguyen family 436-8

Trinh Kiem 437

Trinh Sam

campaign against rebellions 441

invasion of Nguyen territories 443 Trinh state, Vietnam 438

anti-Catholic edicts 440

Hoang Cong Chat uprising (1706-69) 440-1 trophy-heads, display of (Americas) 606, 609 True Description... of the Barbaric Tyranny of the Spaniards 653

Truong Phuc Loan, Nguyen regent 443 Tryon, Thomas, Wisdom Dictates (1691) 559 Tupac Amaru I, Andean rebel (1572) 605 display of severed head 607 execution of 592, 604

Tupac Amaru II, Andean rebel (1781) 109, 110, 112, 423, 607

Tupac Katari, Andean rebel 109, 607 Tupi-Guarani tribe, Brazil 63, 102, 107 Tupinamba tribe, Brazil 61, 98,104

and captive women 105

Tupinikin tribe, Brazil 61

Turks, atrocities ascribed to 643, 645

Turner, J. M. W., Slavers Overthrowing the Dead and Dying 17, 33

‘tyranny', as justification for violence 410 Tzevi, Rabbi Shabbatai, conversion to

Islam 86

Ukraine, Khmelnitsky massacres of Jews (1648-58) 535

Umraogiri, warrior ascetic 158, 161, 165, 168 United States of America

Constitution (1787) 269 domestic murders 271 post-independence violence 385-6 see also America, colonial; Carolina, North and South; Chesapeake; Massachusetts; New England; Virginia

Uskoks of Senj (Dalmatia) 461 Utrecht, iconoclasm in cathedral 540

Val Mesolcina, Italy, witch trial (1583) 518 Valetta, Malta, pirate slave market 461 Valide Sultan, Hatice Turhan Sultan 86, 87 Valiente, Juan 586

Valignano, Alessandro, on seppuku 249 Valle, Marques del 409

Valtellina, massacre of Protestants (1620) 545 Valvasone, Erasmo di, Della Caccia 561

Vani Mehmet, preacher 83, 85, 87

Vansina, Jan 585

Varma, Raji Ravi 157

Vasistha, brahman sage 156

Vassy, France, massacre (1562) 648

Vatican, and witchcraft trials 518 vegetarianism 559

Velazquez, Diego de 143,144 vendetta

and communal violence 548

Guatemala 152

Italy 309, 666

Mediterranean 301 see also feuding

Veneziano, Agostino 635

vengeance see revenge

Venice, penalties for rape 283

Verdier, Marcel Antoine, Punishment of the Four Stakes in the Colonies 36,37, 53

Veritable Records, Chinese chronicles 121

Verstegan, Richard, A Theatre of Cruelties 650 Vespucci, Amerigo 61

Vidin (Serbia) 201

Vieira, Antonio, Jesuit 69

Vienna

expulsion of Jews 535

and Kingdom of Serbia (1718) 202 second siege of (1683) 83, 194 siege of (1529) 643 use of torture 392

Vietnam 429-48

Chinese influence (Red River region) 432 extent 430 nature of conflicts 434 patterns of regionalism 432-4

Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) 131, 430, 442-7

upland ethnic populations 432, 441-2 violence against religious minorities 438-40

Vijaya, former Cham capital 444

Vikings, in Mediterranean 459

Vilela, Gaspar, Jesuit, in Japan 500 Villanueva, Archbishop Tomas de 566 Villegagnon, Durand de 62

Villers-Cotterets, French Statute of (1539) 529

Villiers, George, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Bilsdale hunt 558

Vinckboons, David 655

violence

changing views on 14

effect of civilisation on 660 legitimacy of 8, 673 as perspectival 11

violence (cont.)

and social constraints 663

see also animals, violence against;

communal violence; domestic violence; executions; gendered violence; honour violence; interper­sonal violence; judicial violence; punishments; religious violence; ritual violence; self-inflicted violence; sexual violence; war

Virginia 673

Bacon's Rebellion (1676) 372, 373 divorce 261

homicide rate 371 indentured servants 371, 373 justice system 374 laws on slaves 265 Scots-Irish in 376 see also Chesapeake

Viswamitra, warrior ascetic 156

Vitoria, Francisco de 97

Vojvodina, military border region 204 Voltaire 268, 404, 660

Vrancx, Sebastian 655, 656

Vredeman de Vries, Hans 649

Wagadu Empire, Western Sudan 574 Waldensians, of Savoy 550

Waley-Cohen, Joanna 120 Walker, Garthine 283

Walpole, Horace, civilisation and treatment of poor 672, 676

Walsham, Alex 547

Wang Chen 357

Wang Jiayin rebellion, China (1628) 126

Wang Lun Uprising (1774) 134, 508 Wanli, Emperor, Ming China 121, 135 war

in Africa 25-7, 576 casualties of 189 close-quarter fighting 192 conduct and impact of 188-92 depictions of 644-8 effect of European weaponry on Amerindian conflicts 106

and enslavement in Ottoman Empire 91 hunting as preparation for 555-6 inherent risks 191

limited 188, 190

and ‘national interest' 188 objectives and goals of 191 plunder and lamentation 653-6 and rise of ‘gunpowder' empires 12 and ritual violence in Angola 580, 584 seasonality 140, 183, 191 and self-sacrifice 322 and the State 174-9

wars between Amerindians 106

see also armed forces; armies; ‘just war'; wars of religion; wars of succession; weapons and weaponry

war captives

forced labour 64

and honour of warrior 102

marriage and adoption of women and children 105

participation in ritual 103 ritual torture 96, 103 sacrificial victims 101

Warren, James 454 warrior ascetics (India)

in Bankim's Anandamath 170-2 concept of 156, 163 decline of 170

and English East India Company 160-2 enmities between 167

and guru-chela discipleship 163 in regional armies 161, 162, 167 state authorisation of 160 variants for 159, 166 wars of religion 188, 189

and depictions of violence 648-52 see also Dutch Revolt; French Wars of Religion

wars of succession

Europe 177

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) 191

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) 191 Washington, DC, Mexican embassy mural 138, 139

Washington, George 560 weapons and weaponry

azagaya (African short spear) 575, 587, 588 duelling 302, 303

equality of, interpersonal violence 302 and gunpowder 119, 179 for hunting 561-2 kingdom of Kongo 582 and military drill 186 for murders 296 on slave ships 28, 30

Spanish conquistadors' steel swords 600 sticks for defence 303

Vietnamese 444

see also artillery; firearms

Weber, Max 661

West Africa

Asante state 26, 27, 301

leather shields 575, 586 and Portugal 56, 67 ritual close combat 573-90 Songhay Empire 574, 575, 576 stick fighting 578-9, 583

West, Ashley 648

West Indies, parliamentary report on slavery 45

Westphalia, Peace of (Congress 1643-8) 178, 190, 548

Weyer, Johann 401, 526 whipman, common, Jamaica 48 whips

on plantations 40, 41

used by sailors on slave ships 29

White Lotus Rebellion, China (1796-1804) 7, 123, 134, 507

White Lotus sect 133, 134, 496

Whittaker, Cynthia 342

Wick, Johann Jakob, ‘Wonder Book' collection of illustrations 640-1 wife-beating

China 222

colonial America 260, 270

Europe 277

penalties for 278 prosecutions for 277 wild boar 557 Wilde, Oscar 559

Wilhelm IV, Duke of Bavaria 647

Williams, S. W. 619

Williamson, Col. David 385

Wilson, David, slave captain 23

Wilson, George 563

Wilson, Peter 545

Wimpffen, Alexandre-Stanilas de 47

Windt, Christoff, punishment for murder 642, 642

Wirtschafter, Elise 342

Wise, Naomi, ‘Omie Wise' folk ballad

272

witch hunts (1500-1700) 516, 523, 529

East Anglia 525

Franche-Comte (1600-60) 524 purpose of 516-18 witch trials

death toll 516

and heresy 515, 522

Salem (1692) 373, 525

variations in regions and convictions 517 witchcraft 319, 514

in Americas 111, 421

banishment for 403

changing attitudes to torture and proof of 526-7, 529

criticism of prosecution of 40i

and the devil 521, 522

Malleus Maleficarum (1486) 524 punishments for 339, 522 and use of torture 393, 525 and witch fear 525

witches

accusations by peasants 518, 523 depictions of 643

gatherings in sabbaths 514, 522

as malicious 523

men as 525

Mother Goose 527

prosecutions of 112, 525

see also sorcerers and shamans (China) wolves 556

women

attacks on husbands 281

and chastity (China) 220, 228

civilised treatment of 676

and collective protests 476

and concealment of pregnancy 288

and ‘consensual' rape 220

‘disobedience' 223

as indentured servants 264-5

and infanticide 287-9

and the Inquisition 421

and male honour code 676

as mourners 102

murder of husbands 223, 281, 339

in patriarchal societies 13, 277 penalties for adultery (China) 224 protection for abused wives 260, 278 and punishment of slaves by 48 punishments (Russia) 343 rebellion against abuse in North America 256

and regulation of morals (America) 269 role in ritual torture of captives 104 as sacrificial victims 101

and samurai practice of wife-revenge killing 244

and self-sacrifice 323

as shamans in China 624

sodalities in Angola 579

and subordinates in household 276 suicide after sexual assault 360 suicide of Chinese widows 324-5

women (cont.)

suicide by sati (India) 324

tortured as witches 393

violence against in Spanish America 420, 421

as war captives 105

see also marriage; rape; wife-beating; witches

women, indigenous (Americas) enslaved by Spanish 140 gendered violence against 255,

257

manumission in Brazil 72

as sex slaves 140

women slaves (black)

and African combat rituals 589 children of 265

lack of legal protection 263, 265,

271

sexual exploitation of 265-6, 271 violence against 49, 255

Woodley, Edward, rape by 261 Woodmason, Charles 376

World Antislavery Convention (1840) 17 wrestling, West Africa 576, 588 Wyoming Valley 381

Xavier, Francis 323

Xu Hongru uprising (1622) 133

Yang Yinglong, Miao chieftain 129, 132

Yangjiang county, Canton 617

Yazaemon, Enomoto (1625-86), diary 9

Yogis, warrior ascetics 159

wandering bands of 160

Yongzheng Emperor, China 125, 363

decree on gamblers 620

expulsion of missionaries 501

Yoruba states, West Africa 26

Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, China 120, 123, 494

Yucatan 97, 421

Great Maya uprising (1546-47) 108, 152

Quisteil uprising (1761) 109, 423 scandal of ‘pagan' rituals (i550s-i560s) 108,

415, 421

Spanish expeditions 143, 144

Yunnan province, Han-Muslim violence 510

Zhang Juzheng, Ming adviser 130

Zhang, Ms 359-60

Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), Chinese pirate 465

Zheng Yi Sao, ‘pirate queen' 465

Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming founder 495, 496

Zhuge Yuansheng, Ming official 128

Zishtov, Treaty of (1791) 209

Zong, slave ship 17, 33

Zuazo, Alonso de, judge 142

Zwingli, Huldrych 647