References
American Psychological Association. Reducing Violence: A Research Agenda. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1996.
Bandura, A. “Psychological Mechanisms of Aggression.” In R.
G. Geen and E. I.Donnerstein (eds.), Aggression: Theoretical and Empirical Reviews. Vol. 1. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1983.
Bandura, A. “Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action.” In W. M.
Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development, Vol. 1: Theory. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1991.
Baron, R. A. Human Aggression. New York: Plenum, 1977.
Berkowitz, L. “Impulse, Aggression, and the Gun.” Psychology Today, April 1968,
pp. 18-22.
Berkowitz, L. Aggression: Its Causes, Consequences, and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Berkowitz, L., and Heimer, K. “On the Construction of the Anger Experience.” In M. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 22. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1989.
Berkowitz, M. W., Guerra, N. G., and Nucci, L. “Sociomoral Development and Drug and Alcohol Abuse.” In W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development, Vol. 3: Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1991.
Berman, D. “Zap! Pow! Splat!” Business Week, February 9, 1998, p. 22.
Braziel, A. “No Shot in the Dark: Emergency Doctors Develop Picture-Taking Skills to
Record—and Prevent—Domestic Violence.” Hospitals and Health Networks, 1998, 72(12), 50-51.
Brown, L. M., & Chesney-Lind, M. “Bad girls, bad girls, whatcha gonna do?” Accessed on July, 21, 2006, http://www.hardygirlshealthywomen.org/docs/ BadGirls.pdf.
Cairns, E. Children and Political Violence. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996.
Canada, G. Fist, Stick, Knife, Gun: A Personal History of Violence in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
Crosby, F. Relative Deprivation and Working Women.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.Currie, E. “Solutions for a Nation Where Children Kill.” New York Times, April, 12, 1998, Section 2, p. 37.
De Ridder, R., and Tripathi, R. C. (eds.). Norm Violations and Intergroup Relations. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Dellums, R. V. “The Day of the African Child.” Congressional Record, 1996, 142(96), E51180.
Deutsch, M. “Interdependence and Psychological Orientation.” In V. J. Derlega and F. Grzelak (eds.), Cooperation and Helping Behavior: Theories and Research. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1982.
Deutsch, M. Distributive Justice: A Social Psychological Perspective. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.
Deutsch, M. “Educating for a Peaceful World.” American Psychologist, 1993, 48, 510-517.
Dodge, K. A., and Coie, J. D. “Social-Information-Processing Facts in Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children’s Peer Groups.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 53, 1146-1158.
Dollard, J., and others. Frustration and Aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939.
Egan, T “From Adolescent Angst to Shooting Up Schools.” New York Times, June 14, 1998, sec. 1, pp. 1, 22.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. Love and Hate: The Natural History of Behavior Patterns. (G. Strachan, trans.). New York: Schocken, 1974.
Fainaru, S. “Alaska School Murders: A Window on Teen Rage.” Boston Globe, October 18, 1998, pp. A1, A23.
Farmer, P. Infections and Inequalities. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, 1998.
Fessenden, F. “They Threaten, Seethe and Unhinge, Then Kill in Quantity.” New York Times, April 9, 2000, pp. 1, 28-29.
Fine, M., and Weis, L. Silenced Voices and Extraordinary Conversations: Re-Imagining Schools. New York: Teachers College Press, 2003.
Fisher, R. J., and Keashly, L. “A Contingency Approach to Third-Party Intervention.” In R. J. Fisher (ed.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup and International Conflict Resolution. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Fiske, S. T., and Taylor, S. E. Social Cognition. New York: McGraw Hill, 1991.
Flaxman, E. Evaluating School Violence Programs. New York: ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education, 2001.
Frist, B. “Domestic Violence.” Congressional Record, 1998, 144(140), S12024.
Galtung, J. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research, 1969, 3, 167-191.
Greene, M. “Youth Violence in the City: The Role of Educational Interventions.” Health Education and Behavior, 1998, 25, 173-191.
Grillo, T. “The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women.” Yale Law Journal, 1991, 100, 1545-1610.
Gurr, T. R. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970.
Hawkins, D. J., and others. “Preventing Adolescent Health-Risk Behaviors by Strengthening Protection During Childhood.” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 1999, 153, 226-234.
hooks, b. Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
Huesmann, L. R. “Psychological Processes Promoting the Relation Between Exposure to Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior by the Viewer.” Journal of Social Issues, 1986, 42, 125-139.
Lerner, M. J. Belief in a Just World. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.
Levinson, D. Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1989.
Maslow, A. Motivation and Personality (rev. ed.). New York: HarperCollins, 1970.
Maxwell, J. P. “The Effects of Interpersonal Oppressive Violence on Women and
Children: Implications for Conflict Management and Violence Prevention Training.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 1998, 4, 155-166.
Mifflin, L. “Many Researchers Say Link Is Already Clear on Media and Youth Violence. New York Times, May 9, 1999, p. 27.
Mydans, S. “Ancient Hatreds, New Battles.” New York Times Magazine, March 14, 1999, pp. 50-53.
New York Times. “Guatemala’s Murdered Women.” October 21, 2005. p. A24.
Novicki, M. A. “Protecting Children from War’s Impact.” Africa Recovery, 1996, 10(3), 10-11.
Opotow, S. “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction.” Journal of Social Issues, 1990, 46, 1-20.
Opotow, S. “Animals and the Scope of Justice.” Journal of Social Issues, 1993, 49, 71-85.
Opotow, S. “Social Injustice.” In D. J. Christie, R. V. Wagner, and D. D. Winter (eds.), Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001.
Opotow, S. “The Psychology of Impunity and Injustice: Implications for Social Reconciliation.” In M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), Post Conflict Justice. Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Press, 2002.
Opotow, S. “Hate, Conflict, and Moral Exclusion.” In R. J. Sternberg (ed.), The Psychology of Hate. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2005.
Opotow, S., and Deutsch, M. “Learning to Cope with Conflict and Violence: How Schools Can Help Youth.” In E. Frydenberg (ed.), Leaming to Cope: Developing as a Person in Complex Societies. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Opotow, S., Gerson, J., and Woodside, S. “From Moral Exclusion to Moral Inclusion: Theory for Teaching Peace.” Theory Into Practice, 2005, 44(4), 303-318.
Opotow, S., and Weiss, L. “Denial and Exclusion in Environmental Conflict.” Journal of Social Issues, 2000, 56, 475-490.
Phillips, D. P., and Hensley, J. E. “When Violence Is Rewarded or Punished: The Impact of Mass Media Stories on Homicide.” Journal of Communication, 1984, 34, 101-116.
Prunier, G. The Rwanda Crisis 1959-1994: History of a Genocide. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain, 1995.
Quindlen, A. “Remember Nicole Simpson.” New York Times, June 22, 1994, p. A21.
Rosenthal, J. “On Language: Security Blankets.” New York Times, September 7,2003, p. 26.
Rule, B. G., and Nesdale, A. R. “Moral Judgment of Aggressive Behavior.” In R. G. Geen and E. C. O'Neal (eds.), Perspectives on Aggression. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1976.
Russell, E. W. “Factors of Human Aggression: A Cross-Cultural Factor Analysis of Characteristics Related to Warfare and Crime.” Behavioral Science Notes, 1972, 7, 275-312.
Sheppard, D. “Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence.” OJJDP Fact Sheet, no. 93. U.S. Department of Justice, February 1999, p. 1.
Sherman, L. W., and Berk, R. A. “The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault.” American Sociological Review, 1984, 49, 261-272.
Simkin, S., and Katz, S. “Criminalizing Abused Girls.” Violence Against Women, 2002, 8(2), 1474-1499.
Smetana, J. Concepts of Self and Morality: Women’s Reasoning About Abortion.
New York: Praeger, 1982.
Staub, E. “The Psychology of Perpetrators and Bystanders.” Political Psychology, 1985, 6(1), 61-85.
Staub, E. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence.
New York: Cambridge University, 1989.
Tjaden, P. G., and Thoennes, N. Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey Research Report. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000.
Waller, J. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
World Health Organization. World Report on Violence and Health: A Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.