CONCLUSION

In this essay I argue for the importance of viewing the divinatory enterprise through a cosmological lens that brings into focus an ontological understanding of words and script as potentially powerful.

ABBREVIATIONS

CAD A. Leo Oppenheim et al., editors, The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute

of the University of Chicago

YOS 10 Goetze 1947

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, Philip

1995 “Bavli Berakhot 55a-57b: The Talmudic Dreambook in Context.” Journal of Jewish

Studies 46: 231-48.

Alster, Bendt

1992“Interaction of Oral and Written Poetry in Early Mesopotamian Literature.” In Mesopotamian Epic Literature: Oral or Aural?, edited by M. E. Vogelzang and H. L. J. Vanstiphout, pp. 23-69. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen.

Andrews, C. A. R.

1993“Unpublished Demotic Texts in the British Museum.” In Life in a Multi-Cultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and Beyond, edited J. H. Johnson, pp. 9-14. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 51. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.

1994“Unpublished Demotic Papyri in the British Museum.” In Acta Demotica: Acts of the Fifth International Conference for Demotists. Pisa, 4th-8th September 1993, edited by E. Bresciani, pp. 29-37. Egitto e Vicino Oriente 17. Pisa: Giardini.

Assmann, Jan

1990 Ma’at: Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im alten Ägypten.

Austin, J. L.

1962 How To Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures 1955. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press.

Bahrani, Zainab

2003 The Graven Image: Representation in Babylonia and Assyria. Philadelphia: University

of Pennsylvania Press.

2008 Rituals of War: The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia. New York: Zone Books.

Bilbija, Jovan

2008 “Interpreting the Interpretation: Protasis-Apodosis-Strings in the Physiognomic Omen

Series Summa Alamdimmü 3.76-132.” In Studies in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society Presented to Marten Stol on the Occasion of His 65^th Birthday, 10 November 2005, and His Retirement from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, edited by R. J. van der Spek, pp. 19-27. Bethesda: CDL Press.

Bohak, Gideon

2008 Ancient Jewish Magic: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bohl, Franz M. Th.

1916 “Mummu = Logos?” Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 19: 265-68.

Borger, Rykle

1957 “Nisirti bärüti, Geheimlehre der Haruspizin.” Bibliotheca Orientalis 5/6: 190-95.

Bottero, Jean

1974 “Symptomes, signes, ecritures en Mesopotamie ancienne.” In Divination et rationa­

lite, edited by J. P. Vernant, pp. 70-197. Sources orientales 2. Paris: Seuil.

Budge, E. A. Wallis

1913 The Papyrus of Ani, Vol. 3. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons; London: Philip Lee

Warner.

Contenau, Georges

1955 Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria. London: Edward Arnold.

Cryer, Frederick H.

1994 Divination in Ancient Israel and Its Near Eastern Environment: A Socio-Historical

Investigation. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 142. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Demichelis, S.

2002 “La divination par l'huile a l'epoque ramesside.” In La magie en Egypte: A la re­

cherche d’une definition; Actes du colloque organise par le musee du Louvre les 29 et 30 septembre 2000, edited by Y. Koenig, pp. 149-65. Paris: Musee du Louvre.

Durand, Jean-Marie

1982 “In Vino Veritas.” Revue d’Assyriologie 76: 43-50.

Dürr, Lorenz

1938 Die Wertung des gottlichen Wortes im Alten Testament und in antiken Orient.

Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-ägyptischen Gesellschaft 42/1. Leipzig: Hinrichs.

Finkel, Asher

1963 “The Pesher of Dreams and Scriptures.” Revue de Qumran 15: 357-70.

Fishbane, Michael

1977 “The Qumran Pesher and Traits of Ancient Hermeneutics.” In Proceedings of the

Sixth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 13-19. August, 1973, edited by M. Jagendorf and A. Shinan, pp. 97-113. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies.

Frankfurter, David

1994 “The Magic of Writing and the Writing of Magic: The Power of the Word in Egyptian

and Greek Traditions.” Helios 21: 189-221.

Freedman, Sally M.

1998 If a City Is Set on a Height: The Akkadian Omen Series Summa Älu ina Mele Sakin,

Vol. 1, Tables 1-21. Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 17. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.

Gardiner, Alan H.

1935 Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum, Third Series: Chester Beatty Gift. 2 volumes.

London: British Museum.

1988 Egyptian Grammar. Oxford: Griffith Institute.

Geller, Markham J.

1998 “New Documents from the Dead Sea: Babylonian Science in Aramaic.” In Boundaries

of the Ancient Near Eastern World: A Tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon, edited by M. Lubetski, C. Gottlieb, and S. Keller, pp. 224-29. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement 273. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

George, Andrew

2001-2002 “Palace Names and Epithets, and the Vaulted Building.” Sumer 51: 38-42.

Goetze, Albrecht

1947 Old Babylonian Omen Texts. Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 10. New Haven:

Yale University Press. Second printing, 1966.

Greaves, Sheldon W.

1996 The Power of the Word in the Ancient Near East. Ph.D. dissertation, University of

California, Berkeley.

Guinan, Ann K.

1996 “Social Constructions and Private Designs: The House Omens of Summa Älu.” In

Houses and Households in Ancient Mesopotamia: Papers Read at the 40^e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, July 5-8, 1993, edited by K. R. Veenhof, pp. 61-68. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.

Hehn, J.

1906 “Hymnen und Gebete an Marduk.” Beiträge zur Assyriologie 5: 279-400.

Heinisch, P.

1922 “Das ‘Wort’ im Alten Testament und im alten Orient.” Biblische Zeitfragen 10/7-8:

3-52.

Hodge, Carleton T.

1975 “Ritual and Writing: An Inquiry into the Origin of Egyptian Script.” In Linguistics

and Anthropology: In Honor of C. F. Voegelin, edited by M. D. Kinkade, pp. 331-50. Lisse: Peter de Ridder.

Horowitz, Wayne

1998 Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Jaffee, Martin S.

2001 Torah in the Mouth: Writing and Oral Tradition in Palestinian Judaism, 200 BCE-400

CE. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jassen, Alex P.

2007 Mediating the Divine: Prophecy and Revelation in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Second

Temple Judaism. Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Jeffers, Ann

1996 Magic and Divination in Ancient Palestine and Syria. Leiden: Brill.

Jeyes, Ulla

1989 Old Babylonian Extispicy: Omen Texts in the British Museum. Istanbul: Nederlands

Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.

Lambert, Wilfred G.

1957 “Ancestors, Authors, and Canonicity.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 11: 1-14.

1967 “Enmeduranki and Related Matters.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21: 126-38.

2007 Babylonian Oracle Questions. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Lane, Edward William

1968 Arabic-English Lexicon, Part 1. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.

Langdon, S.

1918 “The Babylonian Conception of the Logos.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society July

1918: 433-49.

Larsen, Mogens Trolle

1987 “The Mesopotamian Lukewarm Mind: Reflections on Science, Divination, and

Literacy.” In Language, Literature, and History: Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner, edited by F.

Lawson, Jack N.

2001 “Mesopotamian Precursors to the Stoic Concept of Logos.” In Mythology and

Mythologies: Methodological Approaches to Intercultural Influences; Proceedings of the Second Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project Held in Paris, France, October 4-7, 1999, edited by R. M. Whiting, pp. 69-91. Melammu Symposia 2. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.

Leick, Gwendolyn

1994 Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature. London: Routledge.

1998 “The Challenge of Chance: An Anthropological View of Mesopotamian Mental Strate­

gies for Dealing with the Unpredictable.” In Intellectual Life in the Ancient Near East: Papers Presented at the 43rd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Prague, July 1-5, 1996, edited by J. Prosecky, pp. 195-208. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute.

Lenzi, Alan

2008a Secrecy and the Gods: Secret Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia and Biblical Israel. State Archives of Assyria Studies 19. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.

2008b “The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 8: 137-69.

Lieberman, Stephen J.

1977“The Names of the Cuneiform Graphemes in Old Babylonian Akkadian.” In Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein, edited by M. de Jong Ellis, pp. 147-54. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 19. Hamden: Archon Books.

1978“A Mesopotamian Background for the So-Called Aggadic “Measures” of Biblical Hermeneutics?” Hebrew Union College Annual 58: 157-225.

Livingstone, Alasdair

1986 Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars.

Oxford: Clarendon Press.

MacDowell, A. G.

1990 Jurisdiction in the Workmen’s Community of Deir el-Medinah. Egyptologische

Uitgaven 5. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabje Oosten.

Masing, Hugo

1936 The Word of Yahweh. Tartu: Mattiesen.

Matous, Lubor, and Wolfram von Soden

1933 Die lexikalischen Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen.

Vol. 2, Die akkadischen Synonymenlisten. Berlin: Staatliche Museen.

Maul, Stefan M.

1994 Zukunftsbewältigung: Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der baby­

lonisch-assyrischen Loserituale (Namburbi). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Mauss, Marcel

1972 A General Theory of Magic. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Mellinkoff, Ruth

1981 The Mark of Cain. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Michalowski, Piotr

1990a “Early Mesopotamian Communicative Systems: Art, Literature, and Writing.” In Investigating Artistic Environments in the Ancient Near East, edited by A. C. Gunter, pp. 53-69. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

1990b “Presence at the Creation.” In Lingering Over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L. Moran, edited by T. Abusch, J. Huehnergard, and P. Steinkeller, pp. 381-96. Harvard Semitic Studies 37. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

1996 “Sailing to Babylon: Reading the Dark Side of the Moon.” In The Study of the Ancient

Near East in the Twenty-First Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference, edited by J. S. Cooper and G. M. Schwartz, pp. 177-93. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Morenz, Siegfried

1973 Egyptian Religion. Translated by Ann E. Keep. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Moriarty, F. L.

1974“Word as Power in the Ancient Near East.” In A Light Unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of J. M. Myers, edited by H. N. Bream, pp. 345-62. Philadelphia: Temple University.

Nielsen, Kirsten

1978 Yahweh as Prosecutor and Judge: An Investigation of the Prophetic Lawsuit (Rib

Pattern). Translated by Frederick Cryer. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement 9. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press.

Nissinen, Martti

2000a “Spoken, Written, Quoted, and Invented: Orality and Writtenness in Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy.” In Writings and Speech in Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy, edited by E. Ben Zvi and M. H. Floyd, pp. 235-71. Society of Biblical Literature, Symposium Series 10. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

2000b “The Socioreligious Role of the Neo-Assyrian Prophets.” In Prophecy in Its Ancient Near Eastern Context: Mesopotamian, Biblical, and Arabian Perspectives, edited by M. Nissinen, pp. 89-114. Society of Biblical Literature, Symposium Series 13. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

Forthcoming “Pesharim as Divination: Qumran Exegesis, Omen Interpretation and Literary Prophecy.” In On Prophecy in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Hebrew Bible, edited by K. de Troyer and A. Lange. Leuven: Peeters.

Noegel, Scott B.

1995 “Fox on the Run: Catch a Lamassu by the Pun.” Nouvelles Assyriologiques Breves et

Utilitaires 1995/4: 101-02.

2004 “New Observations on Scribal Activity in the Ancient Near East.” In Voice, Text

and Hypertext at the Millennium: Emerging Practices in Textual Studies, edited by R. Modiano, L. F. Searle, and P. Shillinsburg, pp. 133-43. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

2007 Nocturnal Ciphers: The Allusive Language of Dreams in the Ancient Near East.

American Oriental Series 89. New Haven: American Oriental Society.

In press “The Ritual Use of Linguistic and Textual Violence in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East.” In Ritual and Violence, edited by Margo Kitts. Ritual Dynamics and the Science of Ritual 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Noegel, Scott B., and Kasia Szpakowsa

2006 “‘Word Play' in the Ramesside Dream Manual.” Studien zur altagyptischen Kultur

35: 193-212.

Nougayrol, Jean

1944-45 “Note sur la place des ‘presages historiques' dans l'extispicine babylonienne.” Ecole pratique de hautes etudes, 5^e section, Annuaire 1944-45: 1-41.

Oppenheim, A. Leo

1956 The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East: With a Translation of the

Assyrian Dream Book. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 46/3. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Paul, Μ.

1973 “Heavenly Tablets and the Book of Life.” Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society

of Columbia University 5: 345-53.

Pinch, Geraldine

1994 Magic in Ancient Egypt. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Pongratz-Leisten, Beate

1999 Herrschaftswissen in Mesopotamien: Formen der Kommunikation zwischen Gott

und Konig im 2. und 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. State Archives of Assyria Studies 10. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.

Quack, Joachim Freidrich

2006 “A Black Cat from the Right, and a Scarab on Your Head: New Sources for Ancient

Egyptian Divination.” In Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams, and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt, edited by K. Szpakowska, pp. 175-87. Wales: Classical Press of Wales.

Rabinowitz, Isaac

1973 “Pesher/Pittäron”: Its Biblical Meaning and Its Significance in the Qumran

Literature.” Revue de Qumran 8: 219-32.

1993 A Witness Forever: Ancient Israel’s Perception of Literature and the Resultant

Hebrew Bible. Bethesda: CDL Press.

Reiner, Erica

1960 “Fortune Telling in Mesopotamia.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 19: 23-35.

1995 Astral Magic in Babylonia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 85/4.

Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Ritner, Robert K.

1993 The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Studies in Ancient Oriental

Civilization 54. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.

1995 “The Religious, Social, and Legal Parameters of Traditional Egyptian Magic.” In

Ancient Magic and Ritual Power, edited by Μ. Meyer and P. Mirecki, pp. 43-60. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 129. Leiden: Brill.

Roaf, Michael, and Annette Zgoll

2001 “Assyrian Hieroglyphs: Lord Aberdeen’s Black Stone and the Prisms of Esarhaddon.”

Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 91: 264-95.

Rochberg, Francesca

1999 “Empiricism in Babylonian Omen Texts and the Classification of Mesopotamian

Divination as Science.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 119: 559-69.

2003“Heaven and Earth: Divine-Human Relations in Mesopotamian Celestial Divination.” In Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World, edited by S. B. Noegel, J. Walker, and B. Wheeler, pp. 169-85. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

2004The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rubio, Gonzalo

2006 “Writing in Another Tongue: Alloglottography in the Ancient Near East.” In Margins

of Writing, Origins of Cultures, edited by S. Sanders, pp. 33-66. Oriental Institute Seminars 2. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.

Sanders, Seth

2004 “Performative Utterances and Divine Language in Ugaritic.” Journal of the Ancient

Near Eastern Society of Columbia University 63: 161-81.

Sauneron, Serge

2000 The Priests of Ancient Egypt. Translated by David Lorton. Ithaca: Cornell University

Press.

Searle, John R.

1969 Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University

Press.

Shaked, Shaul

1998 “The Poetics of Spells: Language and Structure in Aramaic Incantations of Late

Antiquity, 1: The Divorce Formula and its Ramifications.” In Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical, and Interpretive Perspectives, edited by T. Abusch and K. van der Toorn, pp. 173-95. Studies in Ancient Magic and Divination 1. Groningen: Styx.

Sjoberg, A. W.

1972 “In Praise of the Scribal Art.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 24: 126-31.

Smith, J. Payne

1903 A Compendious Syriac Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Snoek, J. A. M.

2008 Defining “Rituals.” In Theorizing Rituals: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts,

edited by J. Kreinath, J. Snoek, and M. Stausberg, pp. 3-14. Leiden: Brill.

Sokoloff, Michael

2002A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sweek, Joel

1996Dreams of Power from Sumer to Judah: An Essay on the Divinatory Economy of the Ancient Near East. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.

Szpakowska, Kasia

2003Behind Closed Eyes: Dreams and Nightmares in Ancient Egypt. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.

Tambiah, Stanley J.

1968 “The Magical Power of Words.” Man 3: 175-208.

1973“The Form and Meaning of Magical Acts: A Point of View.” In Modes of Thought: Essays on Thinking in Western and Non-Western Societies, edited by R. Horton and R. Finnegan, pp. 194-229. London: Faber.

1985 Culture, Thought and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press.

Teeter, Emily

1997The Presentation of Maat: Ritual and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt. Studies in Oriental Civilization 57. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.

Tigay, Jeffrey H.

1983 “An Early Technique of Aggadic Exegesis.” In History, Historiography, and

Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures, edited by H. Tadmor and M. Weinfeld, pp. 169-89. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

Turner, Victor

1974Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

162

SCOTTB. NOEGEL

van der Toorn, Karel

1997“The Iconic Book: Analogies between the Babylonian Cult of Images and the Veneration of the Torah.” In The Image and the Book: Iconic Cults, Aniconism, and the Rise of Book Religion in Israel and the Ancient Near East, edited by Karel van der Toorn, pp. 229-48. Leuven: Peeters.

2008 “Votive Texts and Letter-Prayers: Writing as a Devotional Practice.” In Studies

in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society Presented to Marten Stol on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, 10 November 2005, and His Retirement from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, edited by R. J. van der Spek, pp. 39-46. Bethesda: CDL Press.

Volten, Aksel

1942 Demotische Traumdeutung (Pap. Carslberg XIII undXIV Verso). Analecta Aegyptiaca

3. Copenhagen: Einar Munsgaard.

von Lieven, A.

1999 “Divination in Ägypten.” Altorientalische Forschungen 26: 77-126.

Wehr, Hans

1976 Arabic-English Dictionary. Ithaca: Spoken Language Services.

Westenholz, Joan Goodnick

1998“Thoughts on Esoteric Knowledge and Secret Lore.” In Intellectual Life in the Ancient Near East: Papers Presented at the 43rd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Prague, July 1-5, 1996, edited by J. Prosecky, pp. 451-62. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute.