Further Reading

Berkes, Niyazi The Development of Secularism in Turkey (McGill University Press, Montreal, 1964)

Birge, John K. The Bektashi Order of Dervishes (Luzac, London, 1965)

Chambers, Richard L.

Friedlander, Ira The Whirling Dervishes (Wildwood House, London, 1975) Inalcik, Halil The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1973)

Holt, P.M., Lambton, Ann K.S. and Lewis, Bernard (eds.) The Cambridge History of Islam, vol. I: The Central Islamic Lands (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970)

Lewis, Bernard The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, London, 1966)

Lewis, Geoffrey Modern Turkey, 4th edn (Ernest Benn, London, 1974) Mardin, §erif ‘Religion in Modern Turkey’, International Social Science Journal, XXIX, no. 2 (1977), pp. 279-97.

Martin, B.G. ‘A Short History of the Khalwati Order of Dervishes’ in Nikki R. Keddie (ed.) Scholars, Saints, and Sufis (University of California Press, London, 1972) pp. 275-306 ·

Norton, J.D. ‘Bektashis in Turkey’ in Denis MacEoin and Ahmed Al-Shahi (eds.) Islam in the Modern World (Croom Helm, London, 1983), pp. 73-87

Repp, Richard ‘Some Observations on the Development of the Ottoman Learned Hierarchy’ in Nikki R. Keddie (ed.) Scholars, Saints, and Sufis (University of California Press, London, 1972), pp. 17-32

Schimmel, Annemarie ‘Islam in Turkey’ in A.J. Arberry (ed.) Religion in the Middle East: Three Religions in Concord and Conflict, II (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1969), pp. 68-96

Shaw, Stanford History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 vols. (Cambridge University Press, London, 1976 and 1977)

Trimingham, J. S. The Sufi Orders in Islam (Oxford University Press, London, 1971)