Index

Abd al-Qadir Jilani, 250

Abduh, Muhammad, 209, 219-21, 224,

228- 29, 248-51

accountability, and agency, 12, 73-74, 95-96, 99

Adams, Charles, 219

Adonis (New Arab poet), 54-56 Afghanistan, 12,152-53038

African Americans, 141-48 agency, 67-79; and desire, 68-69, 79; in ethnography, 85-92; from scripture, 11-12; and moral authority, 24, 73, 91, 92-99,186-87; through motherhood, 88-89; iⁿ religious history, 78, 85-92; and representation, 74-75; and responsibility, 12, 73-74, 91-99; and sovereignty (Locke theory), 132; theatrical context of, 75-78; theories of, 67-73, 98, See also moral authority agent/victim binary, 79, 81, 83 Ahmed, Leila, 233-34 al-Bishri, Tariq, 212, 239078 Algeria, 199

Ali, Muhammad (Egyptian penal reformer), 214

allegory, 63-65

America.

Amin, Qasim, 209, 233-35, 255.

Amnesty International, 149Ï32

Anderson, Benedict, 2,1411,193,197Ï, 223

Anderson, John, 212Ø5

Anderson, Perry, 170-71 animal rights, 155-56 anthropological studies of: emotions, 69;

medicine, 69-70; religion, 21-22, 31-34; secularism, 16-17

Aquinas, Thomas, 38,130115

Arabic concepts of: community/society, 196-98, 229-30; family, 231-32; identity, 161; sacred, 55, 237, 253; secular, 206-208; virtue, 241, 250

Arab nationalism, 195—201

Arendt, Hannah, 135,143-44

Ashmawi, Sa’id, 213

Asian financial crisis, 128-29 assimilation, 159-60,169-70 atheism, 23, 55

Athey, Ron (performing artist), 120 authority: challenges to, 29,185, 234Ï67; from myth, 26-27,3^192,55; from the past, 98; from self-embodiment, 241, 245, 250-52; in Islamic tradition, 220, 237-38, 250; overlapping sources of, 179; personification of, 95, 97,187, 248-49; supernatural sources, 33-34. See also moral authority; political authority; religion

barbarism/barbaric behavior, 103, m-13 Baring, Evelyn (1st earl of Cromer),

59-60096, in, 212014 baroque drama, 63-65 Benjamin, Walter, 22, 62-66 Bentham, Jeremy, 108-109,1131117 Berger, Peter, 225 Bhabha, Homi, 180038 Bible: interpretation of scripture, 11,

37-45; as literature, 8-9, 40; as prophetic language, 144-46 bin Abdul-Wahhab, Muhammad, 222 Binder, Leonard, 60-61 biotechnology, 158 Blumenberg, Hans, 1911113 body: integrity of, 148-49, 251-52.

“body politic,” 1911112

borders, shifting nature of, 14,170-72, 177-80

Bosnia, 164

Bourdieu, Pierre, 251 Bouvoir, Simon de, 89

Bremmer, Jan, 27, 98n53 Brison, Susan, 83, 89

Britain: citizenship in, 136-37,140; decolonization era, 167; English Bill of Rights, 142; minority policies, 175, 180038; National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 230053; religion in, 5,174,190; Rushdie affair, 160,180Ï38; television advertising in, 1581148

Browning, Robert, 52-53 Brown, Nathan, 214, 218, 222, 227 Burke, Edmund, 121-22,174 Burns, Edward, 76, 77Ï20 Butterfield, Herbert, 42 Bynum, Carolyn Walker, 87

Canovan, Margaret, 56-61,133,155 capitalism: global nature of, 15,140-41, 146-47,171-72,179; impact on Egypt, 219, 232, 236; international trade and human rights, 151,153 carrier civilization, Islam as, 168—69 Casanova, Jos6,181—82,183 Certeau, Michel de, 38, 48 Chadwick, Nora, 49-5ÎÏ73 Chatterjee, Partha, 8 childbirth, 87-89 China, 151,153Ï39

Christian Enlightenment, 42Ï52 Christianity/Christian theology, 37-45;

and agency, 11, 78; “conscience” in, 744-46; idea of Europe, 166; and international law, 162-64; International Religious Freedom Act (U.S.), 146-47; martyrs/martyrdom, 85-86; moral thinking, 251; pain and suffering, 47, 61-62,106-107; penance, 122-23; state of “grace,” 34-35. See also redemption citizenship: in Britain, 136-37,140;

citizen rights, 227-28; concept of, 3-5, 58, 253-54; in France, 176-77; and human rights, 144; and Islamism, 253-54 civilization: Europe as model of, 212-13;

and identity, 171; politics of, 170-72; theories on, 165-70, 253-54 civil law (Egypt), 241 civil rights, 136,141-48 clones, 158 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 43-44, 52081 collateral damage, 128 Collier, Joan, 135-36016 Collingwood, R.G., 81-82 Collini, Stefan, 52 colonialism: Egyptian resistance to, 221;

ethics and morality, 109-11, 239-41; European-based reforms, 109-13; indigenous rights, 135-36016,163; intimidation, 6n; judicial process, 211-12014; minority representation, 175

communism, 14,188 community, in Islamic theology, 196-97,

229- 30

complex space concept, 178-80 Comstock, Richard, 36 Connolly, William, 177-80,1840 conscience: in liberal democracies,

60-61, 94-95,106,186-87, ²3°! moral concept of, 36, 93,106, 239, 244-47, 248.

74, 89-90, 92,154041,192, 245; false consciousness, 86,124,192,193; in liberal democracies, 60,135; and motivation, 104,119; and pain, 79; in religion, 11, 56, 99; theories on, 44-45, 69, 74, 98,156 courts. See judicial process crimes against humanity, 138 criminal law (Egypt), 218, 241 cruelty: bestial, 102; elimination of, 102-103; in institutional religion, 100-101; measurement of, 113-18; modern technologies of, 117;

sadomasochism; 118-24. See also torture

Crusades, The, 169020 culture: globalization of Western norms,

148,151-53, 232-33; industries of, 152-53; nationalistic character of, 195; redemption through cultural change, 154

customary law, 109-10

Daston, Lorraine, 1090 Das, Veena, 82031

“Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen,”174

de Man, Paul, 62-66 democratic liberalism. See liberal democracies

desire, 68-69, 79

Detienne, Marcel, 27011, 29-30 dignity, idea of, 137

Dillon, Michael, 93, 96 direct-access societies, 2-4 Dirks, Nicholas, m-12 “disenchantment,” 13, 48, 225 divine law, 131-32,163 Douglas, Mary, 17 “disciplinary society” (Foucault theory), 103-104,105,108

Durkheim, Emile, 31, 32-33, 36, 95

economic sanctions, 146-47

EC. See European Community Egypt, 205-56; Cromer on, 6n, 59-60096; Milner on, noni2; mimicry of the West, 148,151-53, 212-18, 232-33; “modern” family, 226, 231-35; politicized religion, 182; resistance to legal reform, 216-17. See also Ottoman Empire »

Egyptian folklore, 254

Egyptian law: criminal law, 214, 218; European influence on, 210, 212-18, 236, 252-53; ijtihdd (independent reasoning), 219-20; “personal status,” 23in55; reform of, uoni2, 210-27, 236-41, 248. See also family law; fiqh·, Islamic law; shan'a

Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried, 43 elections, 3-4, 61 Eliot, T.S., 53 empowerment, 79, 85-88,105-106. See also zgpncy

England. See Britain English Bill of Rights, 142 Enlightenment, The: concept of nature, 192; idea of Europe, 166; judicial torture, 107-109; morality in, 46, 47065, 1090; natural rights concept, 133; notion of history, 41-45; political society, 61,129,174; property rights, 167; rational thinking, 44, 46, 61; religious wars, 100; and Shamanism, 46-48; superstition, 35, 39n; universality concept, 169,182; use of myth, 28-29, 53, 54089 “epiphany,” 41, 53 equality, notion of.

ethics: accountability, 12, 95-96, 99; in colonial Egypt, 2O5-56;distinction between law and, 238-39, 241-48; and religion, 243-46, 254-55; social space and personal ethics, 255. See also morality/immorality

ethnography, and agentive pain, 85-92 Europe: and civilization, 165-70,172, 212-13, 240, 252; as colonial power, 109-13,163; “idea” of, 13-16,159-72; minority representation, 6,172-80; and Muslims, 159-80; property rights, 167-68; shifting borders of, 14, 170-72,177-80. See also Enlightenment, The; liberal democracies; secularism

European Community (EC), 139-40, 161-62,170-71,179

evangelicalism, 39

evil, as concept, 7, 62, 92,132

fables, 28

faith, 38-39> 49

Fakhri, Husayn, Pasha, 215

family: Abduh definition of, 229; adoption of Western norms, 232-33; as economic unit, 232; military family, 232; the “modern” family in Egypt, 231-35

family law: in Egypt, 211, 235, 248-49, 253; family as legal category, 227-28,

230- 31; Islamist provisions for, 248; marriage/divorce, 233-37, 248; and moral autonomy, 227-31. See also fiqh·, shan'a

fatwa (legal opinion), 224, 225, 246

Feldblum, Miriam, 176Ï

female circumcision, 148-49Ï Feyerabend, Paul, 98

fiqh (jurisprudence), 241-48; “conscience” in, 245-47; and Egyptian family law, 227; individualistic nature of, 243; and torture, 247Ï92; “virtue” in, 247, 250. See also shan'a

Flaherty, Gloria, 50-51

Foner, Eric, 7

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 28-29 Fortes, Meyer, 99Ï55

Foucault, Michel, 24, 71ØÎ, 103-105, 108-109,137,190, 227

France: concept of sacrl, 32; Jacobin experience, 175-77, 208; Muslims in, 159,165Ï, 175-77; religion in, 5,174

freedom, definition of, 157-58

freedom of speech. See liberal democracies

freemasonry, 188

Freud, Sigmund, n, 35, 44056, 68-70, 94, 98, 234^7

Front National party (France), 165ml

Funkenstein, Amos, 281114

Gandhi, Mahatma, 147

Gaub, Jerome, 49

Gay, Peter, 234067

Geertz, Clifford, 16,188

genetic engineering, 157—58

Geneva Convention, 116,117-18,127 genius, concept of, 50-52

German Higher Criticism, 37-38

German tragic drama, 62-66

Germany, 162.

Gleason, Philip, 16m

good/evil binary, 7, 92,132

“governmentality” (Foucault theory), 24, 190

grace, Christian concept of, 34-35

Greece, 139,164010

Greek tragedy, 98

Greenblatt, Stephen, 154041

Grossberg, Lawrence, 6yn

Grotius, Hugo, 131,163, 238

Guillebaud, Jean-Claude, 158047

Habermas, Jurgen, 183

habitus, 95-96, 98, 250-52 hadith (discourse of prophetic tradition), 223-24, 241, 242082

Hague Convention, 116

Hale, Mathew, 133

Halimi, Serge, 15

Haller, Albrecht von, 47-48

Hampshire, Stuart, 58, 60

Hay, Denys, 162-63

Hayes, Carlton, 187

Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, 192 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 400,43, 50 Hinduism, 8, nzni6

Hirschkind, Charles, 89-91 history: authentication of, 41-45; and international law, 163—64; sacralization of, 37-41; of torture, 101-107, 247092. See also religious history

Hobbes, Thomas, 131-33 Holmes,. Stephen, 14 Homer, 27, “human,” identity as, 148-58, 256 “humanness concept”: boundaries of, 155-58; and imperialism, 109-13; as legal concept, 135-40; and natural rights, 130,133-34; pain measurement and, 123-24; secular states as definers of, 150-53; in U.S., 144-45; and warfare, 115-18

humanism/secular humanism, 21, 2203, 192

human rights, 127-58; and citizenship, 144; civil rights struggle (U.S.), 141-42; declarations of, 142-43,174; elimination of cruelty, 102—103; globalization of, 15,140-41,147,151, 153; individual autonomy, 148-55; and liberalism, 57-59; nation-state application of, 129,139-40, 256; and natural rights, 130-34; redemptive nature of, 140-48; sovereignty issues, 134-40; subjectivity of, 155-58, 256 Human Rights Charter (EC), 139-40 Hurgronje, Snouck, 242, 244 Huxley, Julian, 187-88

Ibn Taymiyya, 220, 250, 25in96 identity: citizenship as, 5; “European,” 159-72; group traditions as, 178-80;

“human,” 148-58,256; and modernity, 14

identity cards, 139-40 ijma (consensus of scholars), 237 ijtihäd (independent reasoning), 219-20, 236

imagination: Coleridge theory on, 44-45; expression of, 5,149,152-53; and myth, 23, 28-29, 63; religious, 194, 223

IMF.

India, 8, 82n3i, in-12, 240n/9 individualism: autonomy, 148-55, 226, 245-46; and sovereignty, 134-40. See also citizenship

Indonesia, 128 industrial revolution, 168,172

Institutes of Justinian, 213 international law, 163-64,171-72 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 15, 128

International Religious Freedom Act (U.S.), 146-47

international trade, and human rights, iji> 153

Iran, 103,105,182

Iraq, 10,196nzo

Isambert, Francois, 32-33

Islam: as-sahwa (“the awakening”), 195; binary theories on, 224; and European identity, 161-70; Hanbalite reforms, 222; and myth, 54; and nationalism, 195-200; pain as virtue, 90-91; rites of, 90-91; Shia Muslims, 121; Sufism, 221, 224; Sunni Muslims, 90; violent “roots of,” 9-10. See also religion;

~*shan‘a

Islamic civilization, European representations of, 168-69

Islamic Golden Age, 219

Islamic law, 218-27; Abduh reforms, 228-29, 248—51; justiciable acts under, 246-47; monotheistic character of, 56; moral and legal judgments in, 244-46, 249-51; Qur’an as source for, 237-38, 240-41. See also fiqh·, shana

Islamic theology: concept of community (umma), 196-98, 229-30; dying and death, 91; Hanafi doctrine, 24.7092; interpretation of scripture, 11; permitted acts, 237-38, 241, 250-51; religion and ethics, 243-46; rules of classification, 241; vice/virtue binary, 89-91

Islamic tradition: ethics and morality, 239-41; fatwa, 224, 225; hadith, 223-24, 241, 242082; and nationalism, 195; reformulation of, 218-27; religious duties and social relations, 243-51

Islamism/Islamists: “citizenship” concept, 253-54; defined, 198; family law provisions, 248; Khartoum conference, 196, 2oonz6; nationalism, 195-200; ummatu-l- muslimln, 197-98

Israel, 114,127M, I43n25

Jacob, Margaret, 188 James, Susan, 68 Jerusalem, i69n2O

Johansen, Baber, 242-48, 255 Judeo-Christian tradition, 144-47, I49> 168

judges, criteria for, 248-50 judicial process: in Egypt, 211-121114, 213; and human rights law, 129,151; importance of, 256; Mixed Courts (Egypt), 2H, 214, 215; and myth, 64; National Courts (Egypt), 231055; punishment under, 113; and torture, 107-109,114. See also shan'a

Judt, Tony, 162

justice, and morality, 109-10

Kant, Immanuel, 51-52,106,137, 245-47> 255

Keegan, John, Ii6

Khartoum conference, 196, 2oona6 Kierkegaard, S’ren, 2550

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 145-48,155 kinship units, 228-29, 232 Klassen, Pamela, 87-89 Koselleck, Reinhardt, 223 Kundera, Milan, 170

Langbaum, Robert, 52-53 Langbein, John, 107-108 law: accountability under, 12, 95-96, 99; and agency, 74, 77; authority derived from, 138-40, 210, 217, 235-41, 249-51, 253; citizen rights, 227-28; customary law, 109-10; humanness concept in, 135-40, 256; importance of judicial process, 256; and institutional violence, 143-44; interior/exterior binary, 247; property rights, 130-31; and responsibility, 96-97; torture as instrument of, 107-109. See also Egyptian law; ethics; family law; Islamic law

Layish, Aharon, 219-20 Le Pen, Jean, 175-76 liberal democracies: citizen participation, 3-4; concepts of humanity, 157-58; freedom of speech, 135-36,158,160, 184-85; idea of nature, 57-58; majority rule, 173-80; minority representation, 6,172-80; and myth, 26, 56-62; notion of equality, 6,13, 56-57,145, 151,173-74, ^2I9> ²34-36; rhetoric of

denial, 105,106; social space concept,

191,1951-201; state-sponsored cruelty,

105,106,113-15. See also nation-states liberty, as property, 130-31 Lincoln, Bruce, 26 literature, 8-9, 66h

Locke, John, 74,135,154,167 logos, 16-27

Lord Cromer. See Baring, Evelyn (1st

Earl of Cromer)

Lord Milner. See Milner, Alfred

(Viscount)

Lowith, Karl, I9ini3

Luciani, G., 195019

McKeon, Richard, 95

Mack, Phyllis, 78 magic, 94-95

Mahmood, Saba, 89-91 majority rule, 173-77

Malcolm X, 141-44,148

Mani, Lati, U2ni6

Marett, R.R., 33-34 market culture, 2-4,151-53,157-58 marriage/divorce. See family law Marshall, TH., 136-39

Martyr, Peter, 163 martyrs/martyrdom, 85-86,106,120 Marx, Karl/Marxism, 174, 227 masochism/sadomasochism, 85,118—24 mass media, 4-5, 7-8,151-53

Mauss, Marcel, 95, 251-52

Mazowiecki, Tadeus, 164 medical anthropology, 69-70 medicine, significance of suffering, 87 Mexico, 135-36016

Michaelis, Johann David, 41049 Michel, Thomas, 250-510

Milbank, John, 35035, 92042(178 military weaponry, 116-17 Milner, Alfred (Viscount), noni2

Milosz, Czeslaw, 170

minorities: in Britain, 175, i8on}8; and colonialism, 175; concept defined, 174-75; in France, 159, i6$n, 175-77; representation in liberal democracies, 6,172-80; rights of, 174-75

Mitchell, Timothy, 240

Mixed Courts (Egypt), 211, 214, 215 modernity: Arab concerns over, 198;

character and development of, 12-16, 62-66,181-82, 217029, 254; moral heterogeneity, 186-87; and The Other, 30, 3in24, 55; temporality of, 223039. See also secularism

Molina, Luis de, 131 Montag, John, 38 moral authority: agency from, 24, 73, 84, 91, 92-99,186-87; °f Ae family, 235; of government, 139; and Islamic law, 249-51

moral autonomy: and family law, 227-31; of individuals, 245-46 morality/immorality: and colonial justice, 109-n; defined, 236; distinction between ethics and, 239-41; Enlightenment doctrines of, 46, 47065, K>9n, 163, 214; and human rights, 157; interior/exterior binary, 247; and Islamic theology, 215, 230-31, 241-42, 248; Locke on, 132; and medical science, 46-47; moral discourse, 138-40, 235-41, 248; personal morality, 24, 205, 230-31; public/private binary, 56, 240; and punishment, 92-99; responsible behavior, 94-97, 99,124,131-32, 226, 245; and secular movement, 6-706, 35-36, 61,134,183, 208-209, 235-41; Victorian theories of, 94-95. See also conscience; religion Moslems. See Muslims

motherhood, 88-89 Mozart, 50-51.

.Muhammad (Prophet), 196-97 music, and pain, 79-80 Muslims: assimilation of, 159-60; in

Britain, i8on38; in France, 175-77; and "idea” of Europe, 161-65; as religious minority in Europe, 159-80. See also Islam

mysticism, 221, 224, 248 myth: and democratic liberalism, 26, 56-62,133; Enlightenment view of, 28-29; origins of, 23, 26-30; and the “Other,” 30; poetry, 52-56; as sacred, 27011; and scriptures, 37-45; and secularism, 26, 52-56

Napoleonic Code, 211, 213-14, 231055 Nasir, Jamal Abdul, 212 National Courts (Egypt), 231055 nationalism: American, 7; Arab, 195-201;

authority from, 189; concept of,

193-94; as secularized religion, 187-94. See also Islamism/Islamists Nationality Code (France); 176 nation-states: authority of, 134,138-39,

141,171,189, 225; complex space concept, 178-80; as definers of “humanness,” 150-53; and human rights, 129,135-40, 256; importance of judicial process to, 256; and Islamism, 198-201; national identity in, 137-39; religion in, 5-6,174,181-201,190; shifting borders of, 177-80; sponsorship of torture, 103-106. See also citizenship; secularism; social space natural rights, 57,125,130-34. See also

human rights

nature, idea of, 27, 28,57-58

nazism/Nazi Germany, 57,100,106, 138-39,162, 165011, 188

Netherlands, 130,163 Neuwirth, Angelika, $6n New Arab poets, 54-56 New World Order, 14 Nubar Pasha, 214-15 Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 138 Nussbaum, Martha, 149-51,155

Odyssey, The (Homer), 27 Oedipus myth, 92-99 opinion polls, 4 Orientalism, 11, ziyn, 219-21, 242 Orpheus myth, 50 Osser, Bernard, 164 Oster, Shai, 151,153n39 Other, The, concept of, 30, 31024, 55 Ottoman Empire, 210-n, 217, 219 Overton, Richard, 133

pain: agentive pain, 85-92; childbirth, 87-89; “delight” in viewing, 122; empowerment from, 85-88; Enlightenment understanding of, 46-48; expression of, 79, 81-83; gratuitous nature of, u; measurement of, 115-18,123-24; and music, 79-80; pleasure/pain binary, 118-24,132; *ⁿ religious history, 47, 61-62, 85-87, 89-92,106-107; secularization of, 46-49, 91-92; structurations of, 79-85, 250; tolerance to, 83-84. See also punishment; suffering; torture Palestinians, n, 127m passion, 67-68,75 penal reforms (Egypt), 214, 218 penance, 122—23 Perkins, Judith, 85-87 personal status, 231055, 236-41, 248-49.

See also Egyptian law

Peters, Rudolph, 214023,2i8n32

Plato, 28, 58

pleasure/pain binary, 118-24,132 Pocock, John, 154,171,180039 »

poetry: and myth, 52-56; Old Testament

as, 40; poetic vision, 44-45; and secularism, 52-56; Shamans as poets, 50-51; as truth, 27

Poland, 182

political authority, 3-4,136,151,184,199, ²55

politicized religion, 181-83,186

Poovey, Mary, 1911112

Portugal, 131

power: in agency theory, 71-72, 79; from rituals of torture, 104; origins of, 26-30; and violence, 60. See also wars/warfare

pressure groups, influence of, 4 print, spread of, 140, 219, 223, 225 profane, concept of, 30-37 property/property rights, 130-31,167-68,

192, 207

prophetic language, 144—46

prophets: “Arabian Prophet,” 196-97, 241; in Christianity, 43, 45

public/private binary, 185—86, 228 public sphere, exclusivity of, 183-84 punishment: and moral agency, 91,

92-99; and pain, 85, 250, 256; penance, 122-23; 2nd responsibility,

92-99,131-32; supernatural, 131-32; torture as instrument of, 107—109; when to apply, 247, 248, 256

Qadri, Muhammad, Pasha, 2i5n26

Qur’an: myth in, 56n; secular concepts of, 10, 55, 56; sense of community in, 196-97; as source of Islamic law, 237-38,240-41

Ramonet, Ignacio, 151-53 Rawls, John, 2, 58,150 Read, James, 109 reason: concept of, 22, 28-29, 58. See also Enlightenment, The redemption, 140-48; in Christian theology, 61—62; civil rights as instrument of, 146; global redemption project (U.S.), 15,140-41,146-47, 171-72; and liberalism, 26, 59; through cultural change, 154

Reformation, 38-39,174,192, 207 resistance, notion of, 70-72 Rejali, Darius, 101,103-105 religion: and agency, 11-12, 78, 85-92; authority from, 10-12,33-36, 63, 78, 139,186, 255; duties of and social relations, 243-51; arid ethics, 243-46, 254-55; magic, 94-95; and nationalism, 187-94; pain as virtue, 85-86, 90-91; as political tool, 181-83, 186; resurgence of, 1; and secularism, 25-26,199-201, 205, 254-55; Shamanism, 45-52; and sovereign states, 5-6,181-201; study of and anthropology, 21-22, 31-32; as truth, 42-43; vice/virtue binary, 89-91; and violence, 9-12. See also Christianity/Christian theology; Islam; Islamic theology religious freedom, 146-47, 205 religious history: and agentive pain, 85-92,105-107; determinative nature of, 11-12; structurations of the body in, 252

religious identity, 139-40 religious law. See Islamic law religious minorities, 6,159-80 representation: and agency, 74-75;

citizenship in nation-states, 3-4; minorities in liberal democracies, 6, 172-80

responsibility: and agency, 92-99; in government, 95-96; and law, 96-97 Rey, Roselyne, 46-48 rhetoric of denial, in liberal democracies, 105,106

“Rhetoric of Temporality, The” (de Man), 62-66

Rida, Rashid, 219-21, 224Ï42

Rights of Man and the Citizen (France), 143

Rise of Christian Europe, The (Trevor- Roper), 166-67 ritual drama, 78 Roman law, 130, 213 romanticism, 13-14 Rosanvallon, Pierre, 136Ø8 Rushdie, Salman, 160,180Ï38 Russia, 128,168,170-71

sacrament(s), 33-35, 77Ï20 sacred/profane binary, 25, 29-37, 58, 65 sacred Isacredness: in anthropology, 22-23, 29-33, 188-89; of humanity, 59-61,117,122,138,143-45,155; and language, 54-55, 237; myth as, 27ÏÏ; in national politics, 189; scripture as, 9-10, 401148; in secularism, 13, 25, 41-43, 58, 60-63, 66niO2,143-44; universality of, 33, 36. See also shart'a Sade, Marquis de, 124 Safwat, Ahmad, 209,235Ï69,236-41, 248, 255

Saint-Exupery, Patrick, 164 Saudi Arabia, 12 scapegoats, 96-97 Scarry, Elaine, 80-81,115-16 Schacht, Joseph, 242-44 Schmidt, Leigh Eric, 39Ï Schmitt, Carl, 189

Schneewind, Jeremy, 124

Schulze, Reinhard, 218-19, 221-22, 224 Scott, David, 1541140 Scott, G,R, 101-103

Scott, Sir John, 2izni4

scripture: authority from, 10-12; and myth, 37-45

secular, concept of, 25,183,192-93, 206-108

secularism: authority from self­embodiment, 241, 245, 250-52; common assumptions of, 253-55; concept of, 1-6, 23-25,181-201; genealogy of, 16, 39,191-93; as goal of modernity, 13,15,192-93; importance of judicial process to, 256; legal authority in, 252-56; in modern texts, 62-66; as politicized religion, 181-83, 186; public/private binary, 185-86. See also citizenship; human rights; liberal democracies; moral authority; nation­states; religion Selden, John, 131 Sennett, Richard, 155 September 11 tragedy, 7-8 sex/sexuality, 225-26, 234n67 Shaffer, Elaine, 43-44, 5in8i Shamanism, 45-52 shan’a·. Abduh reforms, 228-29, 248-51;

codification of, 210-12, 241; courts, 210-n, 2i2ni5, 228-29; criminal law, 2i8n32; in Egypt, 207, 209, 248-51; as family law, 227-31,235, 253; history of, 221; reform of, 197, 207, 228-29, 236-41, 248-51, 256; as “sacred law,” 207, 236-37, 242, 250, 253; Safwat reforms, 236-41, 248. See also fiqh Shia Muslims, 121 Shulman, George, 145,146028 signified/signifier, 38, 65, 87-89,188-89 Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob, 225 slavery, 130-31

Smith, 'William Robertson, 33, 40 social rights, 136

social space: concept of, 191,199-201, 235-36; and emotions, 69; personal ethics in, 255; and religion, 181, 199-201, 243-51

society: Arabic concept of, 196-98, 229-30; disciplinary (Foucault theory), 103-104,105,108; political (Enlightenment notion), 61,129,174 Socrates, 64

Somalia, 127 soul, idea of, 89 sovereign states: duties of, 129,132, 134-40,190ml; limitations of, 178-79; powers of, 141,143-44, 239, 251; theological concepts in, 189-91, 193-94

sovereignty: and agency, 132; and human rights, 130,134-40; of individuals, 16, 52, 71,131-32,145,154-55, ²39, 251; moral sovereignty, 84, 245, 247; power of, 29-30, 64, 85,104,150,163; and secularism, 5,181-201,189,191-92, 197. 255

Spain, 168

Speed, Shannon, 135—36ni6 Stalinism, 57

Starobinski, Jean, 29,41, 53, 79-80 Steiner, Franz, 31, 97,189

Stephen, James Fitzjames, 239077, 240n79 ·

Stetkevych, Jaroslav, 56n

Stiglitz, Joseph, 128 Stoicism, 86-87

Strauss, David, 45061

Stroup, John, 41, 42052, 43n5i r suffering: empowerment through, 85-88, 91-92,105-106; measurement of, in—13; and pain, 81-82, 92, 256;

symbolic significance of, 87-89. See also Christianity/Christian theology Sufism, 221, 224, 250-51 suicide, 117026 sunna (tradition of the Prophet), 237 Sunni Muslims, 90 supernatural: authority, 33-34;

punishment, 131-32 superstition, 35, 254 Swabey, Marie, 173-74 symbolism: state rituals, 188-89; and suffering, 87-89

Syria, 10

taboo, notions of, 22, 30-31, 33, 35, 94046, 97, 237

Tannenbaum, Jerrold, 113-14018 Taussig, Michael, 22, 59

Taylor, Charles, 2-7,137-39,150,178, 186

Thailand, 128

theater, 63-65, 75-78, 98 theology. See Christianity/Christiain theology; Islamic theology

Thual, Francois, 164010 Tissot, Simon, 50-51 Torah, 10

torture: abolishing of, 107-109; and deliberate cruelty, 113-18; Hanafi doctrine, 247092; history of, 101-107, 247092; as instrument of state, 103-106,113-18; modern concept of, 115; and pain, 81, 83; secretive nature of, 104-105,114; theatricality of, 85-86,104,120-21. See also cruelty Tractarianism (Britain), 174,190 trade, human rights linkage, 151,153 tradition: and identity, 178-80; linearity of, 222-23. See Islamic tradition Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 166-67, i69nni9,2O truth: origins of, 26-90; religion as,

42-43; transcendency of, 15 Tucker, Judith, 232 Tuck, Richard, 130,13107,133-34,163 Turkey, 161-64,185η, 199

Ultramontanism (France), 174,190 umma, Arabic concept of “community,” 196-98, 229-30

United Nations, 141

United States: Bill of Rights, 142—43; childbirth, 87-89; civil rights struggle, 141-48; cultural hegemony, 151-53;

global redemption project, 15,140-41, 146-47,171-72; humanness concept, 144-45; International Religious Freedom Act, 146-47; military doctrine, 127-28; modernity in, 13-16; nationalism, 7; pluralism, 177; prophetic language in, 144-46; religion in, 5-7,182; September 11 tragedy, 7-8; as superpower, 15 universal capabilities, Nussbaum theory

on, 149-51

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The (UN): dignity and inalienable rights, 136-39; female genital mutilation, 149^2; health and well­being, 128-29; origin of, 143; and property rights, 158; torture or cruel and degrading treatment, 101,122; and U.S. civil rights movement, 141 universal suffrage, 61

Valery, Paul, 79-80 vice/virtue binary, 89—91,150 Victorian Age, 31023, 52-53, 94-95 Vinogradoff, Paul, 239077 violence: and law, 6-8, 22, 36,143-44,

148, 218, 247, 256; as moral language, 162; necessity of, 59-60; and political doctrine, 59, 64,134; power of, 22, 62; and religion, 9-12,30,100. See also torture; wars/warfare

virtue: concept of, 241, 247, 250; from pain, 88-89, 90, 95, ²5°! in liberal democracies, 56,184; and religion, 31, 34, 38, 52, 90, 169020, 246, 252H99 vivisection, 47-49

Waal, Alex de, 127

wars/warfare: “humanness concept,” 115-18; military doctrine, 127-28; pain and security, 91-92; and secularism, 7

“war on terrorism,” 8,152038

Watson, Adam, 172

weapons of mass destruction, 117 Weber, Max, 22,151, 207, 217-18, 242,

244

Weickard, Melchior, 51

Welfare Party (Turkey), r8sn

Western norms: globalization of, 148,

151-53, 212-18, 232-33; and modernity,

13-16,165-70

Williams, Bernard, 96-97

Williams, Raymond, 166

Wintie, Michael, 165-66

Wise, Steven Μ., 156

Wolff, Robert, i83n3

Wolf, Susan, 73

women, status of Muslim, 233-35

World Trade Organization (WTO), 151

Zaghlul, Fathi, 2111113·

Zaki, Hamid, 2131117, 231055

Cultural Memory

in the Present

Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity

Dorothea von Mücke, The Rise of the Fantastic Tale

Marc Redfield, The Politics of Aesthetics: Nationalism, Gender, Romanticism

Emmanuel Levinas, On Escape

Dan Zahavi, Husserl’s Phenomenology

Rodolphe Gascho, The Idea of Form: Rethinking Kant’s Aesthetics

Michael Naas, Taking on the Tradition: Jacques Derrida and the Legacies of Deconstruction

Herlinde Pauer-Studer, ed., Constructions of Practical Reason: Interviews on Moral and Political Philosophy

Jean-Luc Marion, Being Given: Toward a Phenomenology of Givenness

Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment Ian Balfour, The Rhetoric of Romantic Prophecy

Martin Stokhof, World and Life as One: Ethics and Ontology in Wittgensteins Early Thought

Gianni Vattimo, Nietzsche: An Introduction

Jacques Derrida, Negotiations: Interventions and Interviews,

ed. Elizabeth Rottenberg

Brett Levinson, The Ends of Literature: Post-transition and Neoliberalism in the Wake of the “Boom"

Timothy). Reiss, Against Autonomy: Global Dialectics of Cultural Exchange

Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber, eds., Religion and Media

Niklas Luhmann, Theories of Distinction: Redescribing the Descriptions of Modernity, ed. and introd. William Rasch

Johannes Fabian, Anthropology with an Attitude: Critical Essays Michel Henry, I Am the Truth: Toward a Philosophy of Christianity Gil Anidjar, “Our Place in Al-Andalus": Kabbalah, Philosophy, Literature in Arab-Jewish Letters

Hdfene Cixous and Jacques Derrida, Veils

F. R. Ankersmit, Historical Representation

F. R. Ankersmit, Political Representation

Elissa Marder, Dead Time: Temporal Disorders in the Wake of Modernity (Baudelaire and Flaubert)

Reinhart Koselleck, The Practice of Conceptual History: Timing History, Spacing Concepts

Niklas Luhmann, The Reality of the Mass Media

Hubert Damisch, A Childhood Memory by Piero della Francesca Hubert Damisch, A Theory of ICloud/: Toward a History of Painting Jean-Luc Nancy, The Speculative Remark (One of Hegel’s Bans Mots) Jean-Francois Lyotard, Soundproof Room: Malraux’s Anti-Aesthetics Jan Patocka, Plato and Europe

Hubert Damisch, Skyline: The Narcissistic City

Isabel Hoving, In Praise of New Travelers: Reading Caribbean Migrant Women Writers

Richard Rand, ed., Futures: Of Derrida

William Rasch, Niklas Luhmanns Modernity: The Paradox of System Differentiation

Jacques Derrida and Anne Dufourmantelle, Of Hospitality Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Confession of Augustine

Kaja Silverman, World Spectators

Samuel Weber, Institution and Interpretation: Expanded Edition

Jeffrey S. Librett, The Rhetoric of Cultural Dialogue: Jews and Germans in the Epoch of Emancipation

Ulrich Baer, Remnants of Song: Trauma and the Experience of Modernity in Charles Baudelaire and Paul Celan

Samuel C. Wheeler III, Deconstruction as Analytic Philosophy

David S. Ferris, Silent Ums: Romanticism, Hellenism, Modernity Rodolphe Gascho, Of Minimal Things: Studies on the Notion of Relation Sarah Winter, Freud and the Institution of Psychoanalytic Knowledge Samuel Weber, The Legend of Freud: Expanded Edition

Aris Fioretos, ed., The Solid Letter: Readings of Friedrich Holderlin J. Hillis Miller / Manuel Asensi, Black Holes /J. Hillis Miller; or,

Boustrophedonic Reading

Miryam Sas, Fault Lines: Cultural Memory and Japanese Surrealism

Peter Schwenger, Fantasm and Fiction: On Textual Envisioning

Didier Maleuvre, Museum Memories: History, Technology, Art Jacques Derrida, Monolingualism of the Other; or, The Prosthesis of Origin Andrew Baruch Wachtel, Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature

and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia

Niklas Luhmann, Love as Passion: The Codification of Intimacy

Mieke Bal, ed., The Practice of Cultural Analysis: Exposing Interdisciplinary Interpretation

Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo, eds., Religion

73. In her study of shamanism and poetic inspiration, Nora Chadwick refers to a nineteenth-century ethnographer of Siberian life: “According to Niemojowski children consecrated for the office of shaman are taught by old men, doubtless shamans themselves, not only the outward form and ceremonies, but the medical

±1. This is precisely Bentham’s argument about the rationality of torture in comparison with punishment: “The purpose to which Torture is applied is such that whenever that purpose is actually attained it may plainly be seen to be