INDEX

accretion 3

Act of Settlement of 1781, 15

Adoption Bill 121

Ahl-e-hadith 136

Ahmad, Leila 136, 137

Alam, Muzaffar 123

Ali, Maulana Muhammad 77, 78

All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA) 92

All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) 94, 129, 135-140; challenging hegemonic discourse 135-140; challenging hegemony 143-147; Shariat and 121-124; Triple Talaq Law 100, 101, 110

All India Muslim Women Personal Law Board (AIMWPLB) 7, 8, 135, 136; challenging hegemony 143-150; formation of 137-139; versatile conformism 139-142

All India Women’s Conference 91

Allahabad High Court 78

Ambedkar, B.R.

Amber, Shaista 137, 145, 146

An-Nisa, Surah 115

Angrezi Shariat 44

Article 25, Constitution of India 24, 25, 126, 127

Assam Civil Courts Act 18

Avadesh, Maharishi 30, 31

Bai Tahira v. Ali Hussain Chothia 52

Bai Tahira v. Ali Hussain Fidaalli Chothia 81 Baxi, Upendra 76, 78, 83—85

Bebaak Collective 103, 104

Bengal Civil Courts Act 17 Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan

(BMMA) 67-69, 95, 96, 102-105 Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) 31, 92, 95-98 Bombay High Court 28, 110

Bombay Presidency, Regulation IV 17 Bombay Supreme Court 18

caste 65-67

census 95, 96

Central Provinces Laws Act 17

Cheshire 80

Code Napoleon 20

Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (CrPC)

51-53, 81-83 comparative law, practical usefulness of 45 conformism, versatility of 139-142 Constitution of India 20; Article 25, 24,

25; Article 35, 152, 153; Article 44, 151;

Article 26, 29, 30; Part III 24

Criminal Procedure Code of 1972 (CrPC)

51-53, 81-83 customary law 17-20 customary practices 19-21, 55, 64, 124, 152

Dagdu Latur vs. Rahimbi Dagdu Pathan 110 Danial Latifi v. Union of India 53, 54

Darul Qaza 9-11

Darul-Islam (land of Islam) 3

Dastur-e-Hind aur Uniform Civil Code 125-132

Dave, Sumita 100

denominational morality 25

Directive Principles of State Policy 91,93 Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act 93 diversity: communities/castes/tribes 155;

regional 154; statutes and scriptures 15-41

Eaton, Richard 3, 123

Engineer, Asghar Ali 111

Fadel, Khaled Abou Al 138

fiqh 111

Fundamental Right to Freedom of Religion 91

fundamental rights, issue of 26-32

Fuzlubi v.

Fyzee, Asaf Ali 68

Gandhi, Rajiv 98

general law 15, 16; presenting state law as 44

Gentoos 15

Global North 44

globalisation 43-45

hadith 2, 113, 114

Hanafi (maslak) schools 95

Hanafi Law 75

Hasan, Rifat 140, 141

Hasting, Warren 15

Hastings, Warren 63, 64

hegemonic justice, challenging 135-137; AIMPWLB and AIMPLB 143-150; board formation 137-139; versatile conformism 139-142

Hidayatullah, Aysha 140

Hindoo Law 18

Hindu Code Bill 93, 94

Hindu Marriage Act 19, 80, 97

Hindu Succession Act 19

Hindu system of law 19

‘ijtihad 65, 74, 84, 111

Ijma (consensus) 64

India: changing demographics in 42, 43; communities in 63-65; Hindoo system of law 18; pluralistic principles 24; religious landscapes in 42, 43; Shariat politics in 120-132; socio-religious diversity in 17

Indian Express, The 78

Indian Muslims 3, 7-9, 21, 30, 57, 60, 77, 80, 84, 113, 115-117, 135

Indian Succession Act 26

Islam 1, 2; involvement of 42, 43; Islamic laws 20, 21, 74-76; Islamisation 2, 58; MPL in 3-6

Islam, Baharul 110

Islamic Law 20, 21, 74-76

Islamic Shariat Act 116

Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind 99, 100

Jehovah Witnesses 29

Jose Paulo Coutinho 26

Judicial Plan of 1772 15

Kaviraj, Sudipta 4

Kerala 23

Khajamian Waq f Estate etc. versus the State of Madras and Another 127

ki rajniti 98

kite model, law: case example 50-57; practical application of 49, 50; in principle 46-49; thoughts on 57-61

Law Commission of India 22, 25, 104

legal management, types of 43-45

legal pluralism 2, 8, 46, 68; practical usefulness of 45

live-in relationship 16

Lok Sabha, Article 44 in 111, 128, 129

Madani, Hussain Ahmad 125

madhabs 21

Madras High Court 19

Madras Presidency 18

Mahmood, Saba 139, 140

Mahmood, Tahir 126-128 maintenance 81-85

Malabar 3

mansabs 65-67

Masaji Chiba 46

Masroor Ahmed vs. State 110

Maulavis 124

Mawdudi, Abu Ala 136

McNaughton 76

Menon, Nivedita 92

Modi, Narenda 95

Mohd.

Mulla 76

Muslim Personal Law (MPL) 1, 57-61, 135; cross-national perspective 42-62; frequently used terms 10; history of 3-6; Islamic laws and 20, 21; life in postcolonial India 4, 5; MPL-TT background 93, 94; MPL-UCC dichotomy 1,2; politics of 6—11; reforming 73—85, 110—119; triple talaq 89-109

Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 18, 19, 93, 124, 151-156

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on

Divorce) Act 31, 75, 82, 94, 135

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on

Marriage) Act 1, 79, 52, 104

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on

Marriage) Bill 7, 111

Muslims: affecting demographic configuration 3; demonization 96; educating 145, 146; gender justice 67-69; involvement of 42, 43; Muslim view 101; as permanent minority 4, 5; pluralism among 65-67; religious courts of 10

Naseem, Farogh 115

Nazeer, S. Abdul 111

New India 96, 97

Niaz, Noorjehan Safia 102

Nichols-Roy, J. J. M. 23, 24 Nikah-Misyar 16, 17

Nikah-Muta 16, 17 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 137, 138

Numani, Shibli 114

O’Keeffe, Anne 90

Oudh Laws Acts 17

Owaisi, Asaduddin 99, 100

Pakistan 125

Pandits 124

Pardesi Muslims 3

Parekh, Abul Qarim 136

Pearl, David 145

People of India Project 63-65

People’s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) 92

personal law: customary law and 17-20; defining 15-17; fundamental rights issue 26-32; UCC conundrum 21-25

personal laws 48

Pew Report 9, 25

PIL 30-32

plea bargain 16 polygamy 76, 77

Portuguese Civil Code 20

Pradesh, Uttar 141

Prange, Sebastian R. 3, 4

Prasad, Ravi Shanker 97

Privy Council 18

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) 74

Punjab Laws Act 17

Qazis 63, 64

Qiyas 65

Quran 2, 110, 112, 115, 116; Shariat and 121-125; versatile conformism 139-142

ra’y 65

Rahman 64, 65

Rankin 48

rashtrawadi rajniti 98

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 92 reform 3

reforms 75, 76; Islamic Law 74-76; maintenance 81-85; polygamy 76, 77; triple talaq 77-81; triple talaq 102-105

Regulating Act of 1773 15

Right to Religious Freedom 99

Rights of Minorities 21, 22

Sabrimala 32-34

Saraswatee, Swami Jeetendranand 30 Sardar, Shaheen 78

Sarla Mudgal v.

Scheduled Tribes 19

Sen, Amartya 17

Shah Bano 26

Shah, Amit 96

Shanti, Ekta and Sadbhavana 96, 97

Sharia 3, 94, 99

Shariat 120, 121; defining 121-125; postcolonial form of 125-132

Shariat Act of 1937, 19

Shariat Application Act 23, 103

Shayara Bano vs. Union of India & Ors. 51, 54, 55

Shaybah, Musannaf ibn Abi 113

Sikh 17, 24, 27, 29, 30, 44, 48, 63

Soman, Zakia 102

Souvenir 139

Supreme Court of India 21, 22; 1963 case

28, 29; fundamental rights issue 26-32; PIL registration 30, 31

tafsir 111 takhayyur 84 talaq-e-biddat 79, 110-111, 114, 116 talfeeq 84

Tantavi, Sheikh Ali 74

Thanvi, Maulana Ashraf Ali 82-83 triple talaq 7, 77-81, 89-90;

frequently used terms 10; legal discourse

110, 111; MPL-TT background

93—94; Muslim opinion on 9; opinion on 8; opponents of 99—101; question of reform 102-105; supporters of 94-99; theological discourse 111-119

Triple Talaq Act 96, 100, 104, 142

Triple Talaq Judgment 31

TRP (Television Rating Point) 90

Tschalaer, Mengia Hong 136

Tunisia, Sheikh Muhammad Juaitin 75

ulama system 65, 67, 114-115, 137-147

Umar, Caliph 114

uncodified personal law 65-67

Uniform Civil Code (UCC) 143; BJP and 153; Constituent Assembly debate on 152, 153; MPL-UCC dichotomy 1,2; personal law conundrum 21-25; politics of 6-11; women’s movement and 90-93

Uniform Civil Coe (UCC): decoding 63-72

vicharaks 101

Vikor, Knut S. 111, 112

Vishwa Lochan Madan vs. Union of India and

Ors. 54

Wagoner, Philip B 123

Wakf al-ulaulad Act 124

waqf 21 women: challenging hegemonic justice

135-150; divorce laws 112, 113; equality guiding reform 151-156; gender justice and 67-69; polygamy and 76, 77; temple entry 32-34; triple talaq opponents 99-101; women’s movement 90-93

Women’s Research and Action Group

(WRAG) 92

Zaheer, Noor 116, 117

Zehra, Asma 100

I. Introduction

India is a society of 4,635 listed communities according to the People of India Project findings.¹ Besides, there are 57,401 identities, 18,888 exogamous clans,

2,571 lineages, and 3,270gotra, making India a truly plural society.²The People of

India Project has counted 3,539 communities which were Hindus, 584 commu­nities which were Muslims, 339 Christian communities, 130 Sikh communities,

93 Buddhist communities, 100 Jain communities, 9 Parsi communities, 7 Jew communities and 411 communities which were claiming their distinctive tribal religion.

During pre-independent India (especially at the time of the Mughal rule), justice was administered by Qazis,⁵ who used to be judicial officers responsible for implementing Islamic law.⁶ This system continued till 1772, when Warren

and Atraf or A³ (dalits). Even a bird’s eye view at the magnum opus of M. Athar Ali titled The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal

Nobility, 1574—1658 provides a picture of almost all the zamindars and the landed gentry as Ashrafs or elites during the Mughal period.¹⁵ The Mansabdar during the

II. Theological Discourse

A prominent scholar of Islamic law, Wael Hallaq, in his seminal work, points out that ‘in a patriarchal society where men, not women, initiate marriage, the husband’s rights in dissolution (talaq) generally receive... first attention. Talaq, in other words, is one form of repudiation — among others — that is the husband’s exclusive right’.¹¹ According to Knut S. Vikor, a prominent scholar of the history