Index

Introductory Note

References such as ‘178-9’ indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into sub-topics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed.

AA, see appropriate adult

ABA, see American Bar Association

ABS (Alternative Business Structures) 93, 127-33, 230-1, 233-5, 237-9, 251-3, 290 regulation 237, 247

abuses of power 100, 394, 637

academic offences 191, 265

academy 94, 176, 191-2

ACAS (Arbitration and Conciliation Advisory

Service) 725, 732

access to justice 427, 635

Access to Justice Foundation, see AJF accountability 138, 155, 164, 297, 499

managerial 244

accountancy, firms 51, 125, 524, 528 accountants 89, 108, 337-8, 342-3, 451, 514, 519 accounting 443-4, 527-8, 752

accreditation 160, 614, 705, 714-15, 727 provisional 714-15

ACLEC (Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct) 88, 90-1, 198-9, 201, 206-7, 216, 330

active case management 419, 729

active unlawful client conduct 523, 531 activity-based regulation 205, 586 adjudication panels 222, 273

administration 12-13, 177, 231, 326, 493, 500, 588 of justice 148, 326-7, 332-3, 340-1, 477, 538, 675-7

proper 29, 313, 327

administrative sanctions 223, 238, 242, 250, 283, 289

admissible evidence 691, 706

admission of evidence 741

ADR (alternative dispute resolution) 308, 632, 635, 719-40, 742-55

processes 719-21, 725, 732, 738-9, 745, 750, 755 responsibilities 732

services 720, 727, 732, 750-1, 754-5

adversarial ethic 56, 73, 639, 642, 650

adversarial process 11, 29, 32, 377

adversarial system 3, 10-11, 32-3, 104, 642, 646, 655

adversarial trial 10, 696-7

advertising 64, 66, 79, 88-9, 130, 499-501, 503 bans 66, 498

Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) 501 advice agencies 81, 87, 440, 543-4, 548, 554 advice centres 110, 543, 547 advice sector 63, 92, 543-4 advisers 323, 337, 340, 474, 506, 687-8, 745 professional 385, 392, 743

Advisory Committee on Education and Conduct 196, 198

Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct, see ACLEC

advocacy 613-17, 681-4, 692-6, 702-4, 706-10, 712-14, 716-18 fearless 690-1

higher court monopoly 58, 133 rights 85, 107, 214 role 40, 321-2

services 96, 214, 248, 705 skills 577, 704, 708 special 515-17 training 600, 703-4

zealous 180, 322-4, 326, 672, 682-4 advocacy experience 600, 706 advocates, duties 685, 687, 689, 691, 693, 695, 697 affidavits 318, 618, 687 agencies 297-9, 333, 337, 492-3, 563, 638, 641

estate 120, 405 agents 9, 36, 92, 228, 297-9, 446, 668

moral 184, 301 agreement 275-6, 423-4, 433-7, 649-55, 658-60,

723, 741-3

clients 393, 480 damages-based 429, 435-6, 636 deferred prosecution 665, 670 agreements

arbitration 721, 739, 741

non-contentious business 424, 441 regulatory 242, 275

AJF (Access to Justice Foundation) 440, 554-5 Alternative Business Structures, see ABS alternative dispute resolution, see ADR altruism 180, 537, 560, 570 altruistic motives 328 ambiguous status 107, 343 ambivalence 401, 430, 543, 569, 604 American Bar Association (ABA) 23, 102, 214, 322, 517, 564, 574

American Lawyers 557 anarchism 184

anti-market principles 54, 80

APIL (Association of Personal Injury Lawyers) 72-3, 747

appeals 271-2, 343-5, 619-27, 646-8, 666-70, 686-8, 733-6

appellants 290, 342, 380-1, 515-16, 691-2, 694 appropriate adult 406, 488

approved regulators 126-7, 151-5, 157-62, 167, 230-2, 234, 237

arbitration 336-7, 428, 689, 720-1, 725-8, 739, 748-50

agreements 721, 739, 741

Arbitration and Conciliation Advisory Service (ACAS) 725, 732

arbitrators 338-9, 383, 389, 728, 738-43, 755 arguable defences 257, 305

ARP (assigned risk pool) 226

arrears 271, 385-6

Arthurs, S 59, 184, 186-7, 257

articled clerks 117, 576-7

ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) 501 aspirations 3, 5, 36, 75, 652, 660, 724 assessment 177, 182, 185, 418-19, 454, 704, 706-8 of costs 418, 421, 491, 636

assets 158, 240, 299, 350-1, 391-2, 395, 509 assigned risk pool (ARP) 226

Association of Personal Injury Lawyers, see APIL attendance 44, 269, 278, 281, 345, 380-1, 486-7 Attorney General 553, 555, 638, 640, 662,

664, 667-9

Attorney General’s Pro Bono Co-ordinating Committee 549, 553, 555-6

attorneys 25, 39-46, 48-50, 57, 171, 173, 527 trade mark 49, 106, 122, 342, 614

audience, rights of 216, 706, 708 auditors 337, 518-19, 524, 530

Australia 174, 178, 185, 196, 342, 452, 572 authorisation 151, 161-3, 208, 241, 248, 609, 613-14

authorised bodies 85, 107, 227, 241, 282, 317, 571 authorised disclosure 507-8

authorised litigators 107-8, 319, 321, 346 authorised persons 126-7, 152, 160, 231, 310, 409-10, 614 relevant 539

authorised role holders 241

authority 100-1, 139-41, 263-6, 297, 494, 514-15, 525-6

automatic rights 85, 107, 705-6

autonomy 4, 8, 64, 166-7, 299, 301-3, 592-3 client, see client autonomy

award of costs 272, 281, 475, 619-22, 688, 734

bad character 699-700

bail applications 107, 706

balance of probabilities 222, 273, 287, 292 balance of public interest 340, 350 bankruptcy 124, 277, 331, 366-7, 474, 524, 529 banks 53, 344, 349, 386, 520-1, 523, 568

Bar 43-50, 56-8, 66-8, 147-9, 157, 550-2, 601-2 cohort study 599, 604, 606-7 complaints system 221-2, 281

Council 74, 112, 157-8, 164-5, 167-8, 551-2, 598-601

Criminal 97, 465, 605, 717

Employed 109, 606, 608

English 59, 77, 109, 464

Bar Disciplinary Tribunal, see BDT

Bar Mutual Indemnity Fund (BMIF) 110, 228 Bar Pro Bono Unit, see BPBU

Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) 174,

178, 203-4, 310, 601-4, 671, 748-9

Bar Standards Board, see BSB

Bar Tribunals and Adjudication Service

(BTAS) 276

Bar Vocational Course, see BVC bargaining 649-50, 654-6, 659, 662, 671-2, 678-9 co-operative 654, 660 competitive 673, 678 integrative 657-8, 677

positional 652-5, 660, 672-3, 676 power 399-400, 403

barristers 56-8, 105-12, 280-6, 316-21, 605-9,

689-95, 708-17

BME 602, 606-9 clerks 603, 606 female 606-7 heads of chambers 214, 714 independent 124, 465 non-practising 109, 586 obligations to third parties in negotiations 678 opinions 345, 489 practising 107, 276-7, 331 pupil 111, 178, 600 qualified 241, 601, 604-5, 704 senior 110, 551, 606 unregistered 229, 249, 277, 500

BDT (Bar Disciplinary Tribunal) 222-3, 265,

276-81, 283, 288 beliefs 18, 36-7, 70, 257-8, 345, 463-4, 639-40 benchers 43, 45-8, 52, 61, 140, 158, 599 beneficiaries 299, 402, 467-9, 477, 510 Benson Report 85, 88, 124, 197 bespoke courses 195-6 bespoke services 95-6, 131 best interests of clients 325, 376, 390, 423, 444 best possible information 314, 442, 754 Better Regulation Task Force 145, 162 bias 20-1, 179, 260, 267, 406, 740-1

judicial 20-1

bills 413-15, 417-18, 422-4, 442-5, 453-5,

590, 593

of costs 453-4

itemised 418, 454 binding contracts 214, 416, 486, 598 Bingham Inquiry Unit (BIU) 343-4 block contracts 86, 102, 493, 546 bluffing 652, 655-6, 672-3, 678-9 BME (black and minority ethnic) barristers 602,

606-9

BME (black and minority ethnic) candidates 585,

601-2

BME (black and minority ethnic) groups 226, 584, 601-2, 606-7

BMIF (Bar Mutual Indemnity Fund) 110, 228 bodily harm 369, 470, 691

Bolkiah r KPMG 337-8, 359-60, 390 bono organisations, pro 549, 555, 559, 566 bonus schemes 590

borrowers 227, 385-6, 391, 398, 403-4, 414 bottom line 655, 672-3

boutique firms 115, 118

BPBU (Bar Pro Bono Unit) 552-5, 559

BPTC, see Bar Professional Training Course briefs 28, 46, 62, 97, 197, 464, 605-6 brokers 443, 568

BSB (Bar Standards Board) 74, 157-9, 164-8, 203-5, 247-51, 319-21, 464-5

BTAS (Bar Tribunals and Adjudication

Service) 276

budgets 97, 162-3, 266, 421

building societies 84, 350, 404, 450 bullying 581-2, 696

burden of proof 278, 287 bureaucracy 47, 63-4, 71, 141 bureaucratic organisations 64, 69 business 50-1, 69-70, 118-21, 127-30, 239-40, 512-14, 587-8

contentious 377, 454

non-contentious 377, 418, 454

separate 120, 751

Business and Oversight Board 155-6, 162

business clients 116

business competitors 387 business development 562 business organisations 119 business relationships 112, 377 business skills 125, 577 buyers 398-9, 401-3, 412, 481, 740

BVC (Bar Vocational Course) 109, 166, 174, 192, 203-4, 551, 703-4

cab rank rule 62, 73-5, 148, 167, 285-6, 460, 463-5

CAEF (Criminal Advocacy Evaluation Form) 714-15

CAFCASS (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service) 407, 731

Canada 67, 116, 174, 184, 187, 196, 693 candour, duty of 23, 477 canon law 41, 44

canon lawyers 41 capital 119, 127-8 capitalism, industrial 7, 37, 47 care proceedings 354

career progression 589, 593, 595-6

careers 115, 194-5, 203, 247, 591, 595, 606

legal 180, 183, 185, 191, 194, 595, 610 case-based fixed fees 422-3 case management 632, 636, 736

individual 632

causation 303, 469, 622, 625, 736 cause lawyering 70, 116, 308

CCB (Consumer Complaints Board) 220

CCFAs (Collective Conditional Fee

Agreements) 428

CCS (Consumer Complaints Service) 220

ceasing to act 331-3

CEDR (Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution) 727, 746

censure, public 152, 154

Central London County Court 730

Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR) 727, 746

certificates 209, 405, 424, 614, 704, 708

CFAs (conditional fee agreements) 312, 420, 427-35, 437-9, 443 costs 430, 435 success fees 430, 436

chambers 110-11, 221, 248, 250-1, 597-600, 603-8, 740-1

commercial 70, 600

heads of 214,714

membership 111, 603

champerty 41, 425-7, 432-3, 541 character 65, 183, 189, 240-1, 257, 265, 463-4

bad 699-700

charges 270-3, 277-8, 386, 439-41, 500-1,

554, 662-4

disciplinary 144, 289, 434

charities 488, 546, 554, 571

independent 552, 555

Chartered Institute of Legal Executives, see CILEx

Chartered Legal Executive Advocates 708 charters 46, 140, 155, 662

royal 48-9, 140

supplemental 140-1, 155

child clients 370, 406

child custody disputes 544, 726

child witnesses 700

children 353-6, 374, 406-8, 473, 476, 625, 700-2 welfare of 353, 355, 407, 476, 640

Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) 407, 731

choice 89, 92, 128, 302-3, 387-9, 460-5, 489-90 free 460, 462, 657, 667

of lawyer 388, 461-3, 488, 491 limited 336, 516

church courts 38, 41

CILEx (Chartered Institute of Legal Executives) 49, 105-6, 158, 176, 207, 555, 560

Citizens’ Advice Bureaux (CABs) 87, 175, 543, 547, 551, 558, 566

city courts 42

City firms 117, 337, 359, 391, 590,

592, 595-6

City of London Law Society 360, 362, 395

City of London Law Society Working Party

on Conflict of Interest Rules 359, 390

City solicitors 70, 336, 528

civil actions 14, 22, 526-7, 649, 692-3

civil courts 38, 270, 414, 693

civil fraud 349, 525

civil immunity 221

civil justice 32, 383, 636, 688, 725

system 422, 630, 729

civil law 530-1, 606

civil lawyers 39, 41

civil legal aid 86-7, 205, 429, 543 civil liability 524, 526, 739

civil litigation 178, 381, 419, 421, 629, 635, 736-7 costs 419, 428-9, 431, 446, 492

process 73, 629 reform 374, 629

rules of 629, 631, 633, 635

system 630-1

Civil Mediation Council (CMC) 727

civil procedure 199, 412, 420, 629

civil proceedings 73, 214, 233, 339, 349, 406, 614 civil rights 308, 591, 637

civil service 53, 71, 81, 83, 98

civil society 54, 82, 187, 729

civil standard of proof 248, 273, 287-9, 292, 647 claims companies 104, 120, 144, 271, 445-7 claims farmers, see claims companies class actions 116, 382-4, 408, 436, 573 CLC (Council for Licensed Conveyancers) 84, 121, 127, 129, 217, 290

clearing system 599, 604

Clementi Report 92-3, 125, 149, 218, 220, 229, 292 clerks 48-9, 51-2, 110, 267, 597, 606, 666 barrister’s 603, 606

managing 49, 51, 121, 619

client accounts 51, 450-2, 478

client actions 530, 691

client autonomy 296, 298, 321-2, 327, 333-4, 377, 657

model 305-6, 309 promoting 29, 306, 325, 459, 733

client base 47, 51, 71, 115, 238, 245, 596

client care 240, 242, 249, 311-13, 318, 321, 327 client choice 315, 359

client communications 348, 354, 484

client confidentiality 334-5, 363, 365, 372-3, 387-9, 492-3, 534-5

client conflicts 392, 396-8, 426, 455, 475 present 361-2, 388, 390, 410

client consent 264, 367, 494

client corporations 564

client costs 418

client demands 104, 672

client disagree 300, 305

client engagement 660

client files 125, 494

client funds 144, 269, 450-1, 455

client goals 25, 32, 657

client goods 5

client information 364, 390, 517

providing 312, 491

client instructions 45, 462

client interests 314, 376, 394, 399, 452, 674, 678 promoting 302, 320

client litigation against solicitors 372

client loyalty 29, 256, 308, 371, 709

duty of 45, 61

client money 51-2, 269, 299, 303, 313, 450, 453 client preferences 657, 672, 691

client protection 228, 242-3

client relations 442, 615

client relationships, see lawyer and client relationship

client rights 716, 718

client selection 28, 32, 463-6 client service 243 clientele 118, 259, 498, 542 clients 295-345, 361-9, 387-405, 408-19, 437-55, 459-74, 490-9 advising 375, 438, 617, 643, 754 aided 419, 493-5, 626 child 370, 406 commercial 307, 369, 388, 422-3, 530 current 379, 396 dissatisfied 221, 312 dissuade 306, 523 employer 346 funded 443, 494 individual 117, 367, 452, 538 inform 229, 300, 314, 751 informing 248, 615 instructions 24, 305, 325, 329, 345, 357, 449 insured 488

interests 305, 308, 319-21, 325, 392-3, 672, 680 interviewing 115, 178, 310 lawful objectives 324-6, 333

multiple 396, 409 new 336, 362, 366, 396, 409 non-commercial 399, 403 objectives 298, 313, 324, 326, 676 old 336 paying 493, 556, 567 potential 261, 368, 461, 497, 501-2 preferences 462, 651, 657, 755 previous 361-2, 374, 379, 388, 409-10 private 411, 493, 560 professional 61, 316-20, 712 protecting 228, 430, 449 providing 248, 433 representing to press 328-31 simultaneous 380-4 sophisticated 369 unpopular 24, 28, 32 vulnerable 320-1, 403, 462 you and your 314, 320, 711, 754

Clifford Chance 117, 547, 571, 595-6 clinical education 189 clinical negligence claims 432, 436 clinical programmes 190, 193

CMA (Competition and Markets Authority) 152 CMC (Civil Mediation Council) 727

Co, London Central Bus 446 co-defendants 381, 400, 495, 694 co-operation 63, 65, 646, 648, 650, 653, 658 co-operative bargaining 654, 660 co-operative negotiation 651 co-operative negotiators 650-2

Code for Crown Prosecutors 639-40, 662-3 Code of Conduct 163-4, 225, 246, 249, 316,

320,712

Code of Conduct for Council Members 156 codes 28-30, 143-8, 212-16, 311, 324-6, 492, 750-3

CCBE 360

of conduct 28, 30, 143-5, 147, 212-16, 311, 321-2

main 750

new 147, 249, 251, 321, 331-3, 712, 716 panel 752-3, 755 specimen 751-2, 755

COFAs (Compliance Officer Finance and Administration) 241, 450, 588

coflicts, of interest, rules 360, 376, 389, 401, 411-12

cohort study 195, 579, 589-90, 592 COIC (Council of Inns of Court) 276 COIC disciplinary tribunals 280 Collective Conditional Fee Agreements (CCFAs) 428

collective third parties 498, 500, 502, 504, 506, 530-2, 534

collegiality 58-9, 63, 70, 75, 103, 137, 538 colour 21, 465, 607

COLPs (Compliance Officer for Legal Practice) 241, 588

commercial clients 307, 369, 388, 422-3, 530 commercial contracts 721

Commercial Court 725 commercial firms 70, 75, 566, 589-91 commercial interests 328, 353, 375 commercial property 195, 387, 591 commissions 259, 356, 363, 371, 443-4, 447, 501 commitment 3, 28-31, 315, 325-6, 536, 564, 636 commoditisation of legal services 95-6, 129, 131 common law 296, 335, 337-8, 340, 425-6, 439, 518 jurisdictions 8, 26, 109, 571, 719 common professional values 59, 199 communications 219, 313, 315, 339-40, 342-6, 367, 743 privileged 343, 348, 364, 367

communities 6, 8-9, 36-8, 58, 188, 191, 561-2 community groups 547, 553

Community Legal Service 87, 544, 546-7 companies 264, 366-7, 395, 401-2, 445, 525-7, 529 claims management 271, 445-7

OMFS 736

compensation 213, 217, 223, 225, 227-8, 233, 484 compensation fund, Solicitors’ 225-6, 284 competence, professional 171 competition 63-5, 87-8, 93, 98-9, 104, 124-6, 131-2 promoting 89, 126, 150, 160, 499, 717

Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) 152 Competition in Professions 88 competitive bargaining 673, 678 competitive markets 101, 530, 727 competitive negotiation 652, 655 competitive negotiators 652, 656 competitive tendering 87, 493 complainants 217, 219, 221-3, 233-4, 267, 280-1, 699-700

complaints 217-23, 225, 233-6, 248-9, 280-1,

314-16, 424-5

active 316

consumer 223, 281, 489, 728 handling 217-20, 230, 232, 243 procedures 148, 218, 221, 229, 233-4, 248, 292 written 218, 248

Complaints Commissioner 220-2

Complaints Committee 222-3, 282 complex duties 311, 702 complex fraud 664, 666, 669-70 compliance 223-5, 231, 235-6, 244-5, 262-3,

450-1, 588-9

Compliance Officer Finance and Administration, see COFAs

Compliance Officer for Legal Practice, see COLPs Compliance Officers 240-1, 588 composite documents 352

compulsory professional indemnity insurance

226, 314

conciliation 412, 720-2, 725, 739, 745, 749 conditional fees 88, 120, 428, 439 conduct unbefitting a solicitor 270 confidences 334-6, 338-40, 342, 344, 346, 362, 368 confidential information 337-9, 362, 364, 369-70,

387-8, 404-5, 490-1

disclosure of 365, 494 confidentiality 335-7, 358-9, 361-7, 369-74,

376-7, 408-10, 743-5

client 334-5, 363, 365, 372-3, 387-9, 492-3, 534-5

duty of 264, 339, 361-5, 367-71, 379, 522, 527 exceptions to solicitors’ duty of 365 obligation of 71, 339, 688 confidentiality and disclosure 361 Confidentiality of Former Clients 335 conflict rules, see coflicts, of interest, rules conflicts 359-63, 376-84, 386-97, 399-406,

408-13, 490-3, 738-41

common law position 379, 381, 383, 385, 387 direct 400-1

of interest 376, 378-82, 386-90, 392, 396-400, 402-6, 408-12

risk of 121, 359, 381, 390-1, 397, 412, 443

rules 360, 383, 389, 401, 410, 412 consensus 139, 207, 260, 536, 622, 750 consent 303, 361-2, 364-5, 368-9, 396, 508-9,

511-12

appropriate 507-8

informed 302, 362, 364, 373-4, 395, 398, 409-10 orders 6745

consistency 220, 285, 288, 299, 421, 647 conspiracy 78, 380, 522, 665 constitutional role 11-12, 19, 56, 102 construction disputes 725, 728 consultancy role 58, 316, 318 consultants 56, 61, 74-5, 110, 112, 123, 148 consultation 139, 145, 153, 208-9, 238-9, 307, 309 consumer complaints 223, 281, 489, 728 Consumer Complaints Board (CCB) 220

Consumer Complaints Service (CCS) 220

Consumer Panel 126, 152, 167, 233, 499 consumerism 64, 205, 333, 444, 539, 681 consumers 82, 89, 93, 128-9, 305, 497-9, 728-9 of legal services 126, 150, 160, 182

contact 315, 353, 484-5, 502, 567

direct client 40, 321-2

contemplation of legal proceedings 340 contempt of court 328-30, 350, 355, 439, 510, 615, 626

contextual knowledge 198

contingency fees 215, 425, 427, 429, 431, 433-8, 445

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) 113, 166, 175, 191, 209-10, 277, 438

contracts 86-7, 213-14, 297-9, 387, 466-8, 493-4, 742-3

binding 214, 416, 486, 598

block 86, 102, 493, 546

commercial 721

contributions 227-8, 414, 419, 545, 549, 552, 556 control 46-7, 79-81, 94, 139-41, 166-9, 300-1, 717-18

absolute 325, 484

effective 22, 49, 138

regulatory 133, 143, 254 social 37

conversion courses 175-6, 193, 201

conveyancing 50-1, 56, 65-6, 83-5, 99, 141, 401-3

factories 66

fees 65, 84, 415

market 66, 402

monopoly 58, 60, 99, 141

residential 81, 225, 316 transactions 384, 398, 405

convictions 261, 378, 522, 642, 693, 697-8, 711 core duties 146, 249-50, 326, 394, 477, 617, 677-8 Core Quality Standards 642

core subjects 181-2, 191, 203, 208, 211

core values 5

corporate clients 298, 307, 359-60, 528, 530, 564, 574

corporate firms 236-7, 239, 246, 530

corporate lawyers 252, 547-8

corporate responsibility 242, 563-4

corporate social responsibility, see CSR corporations 25-6, 100-1, 103, 524-5, 528, 533-4, 563-5

correspondence 316-17, 484, 634 costs 413-14, 416-26, 430-43, 618-21, 623-7,

632-6, 733-8

assessment of 418, 421, 491, 636

award of 272, 281, 475, 619-22, 688, 734 basic 432, 434

bill of 453-4

budgeting 421, 455 capping orders 420 CFA 430, 435 disproportionate 245, 287, 424, 431 escalating 86, 205 fixed 131, 420

high 203, 455, 593

judges 417-18, 432, 446

lawyers 122, 614

legal 104, 430, 440, 488, 503, 665 of legal services 64, 82, 131, 133 liability 312, 426, 436-7, 636 of litigation 431, 446, 721 operating 549, 551-2 orders 234, 272-3, 422, 429, 435, 440, 734-5 payments on account of 453 proportionate 312, 421, 636, 736 reasonable 80, 233, 631 recoverable 421, 430, 435 recovery 440, 625-6, 648, 738

sanctions 624, 629, 636, 645, 648, 735-6, 738 Council for Licensed Conveyancers, see CLC Council Members’ Conduct Committee 156 Council of Inns of Court (COIC) 276 Council of Legal Education 48, 172, 206, 550 councillors 487 counsel fees 436-7 counselling 306, 533, 642-3

general 95, 643 counter-ideology 98 County Courts 50, 629-30, 632, 634, 705, 726, 730 courses 174, 177, 189, 195-6, 199-202, 706, 708

bespoke 195-6 court-annexed mediation 743-4 court fees 414 15

Court of Appeal 343-4, 619-21, 623-7, 666-70,

686-8, 692-5, 734-6 court service 688, 706 court system 12, 634, 697, 721, 731 CPD, see Continuing Professional Development CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) 378, 638, 640-2,

644, 662, 664, 701-2 credibility 138, 687, 689, 697-700, 711 credit agreements 568 crime 363, 369, 374, 504-6, 525-6, 637, 710-11 criminal activity 368, 508, 510, 744 criminal advocacy 705, 714 Criminal Advocacy Evaluation Form, see CAEF Criminal Bar 97, 465, 605, 717 criminal barristers 97 criminal conduct 503, 508, 532 criminal convictions 222, 261, 267, 277, 284 criminal courts 258, 288, 291, 380, 645, 647, 705 criminal defence 30-1, 115, 326, 349, 638, 642, 646 criminal defence barristers 97, 605 criminal defence lawyers 642, 644, 646, 670 criminal justice 32, 642

system 636-7, 641-2, 662, 717 criminal law 31, 145, 195, 413, 426, 493, 591 criminal lawyers 97, 413 criminal litigation 174, 178, 636-7, 639, 641, 643,

645-7 criminal offences 14, 241, 268, 369, 449,

507-8, 599

general 511

white-collar 271 criminal penalties 510 criminal practice 661-9 criminal proceedings 32, 264, 270, 354, 380-1,

406, 693-4

criminal property 507-9, 744

criminal purpose 339-40, 347, 349, 369, 507, 513, 515

criminal sanctions 261

criminal standard of proof 278, 287-8, 290, 330, 647

criminal trials 26, 637, 639, 645, 663, 666, 695-6 criminal work 74, 107, 604, 661, 707, 717

aided 416, 423

cross-examination 10, 674, 681, 692, 696-704, 710-11, 713

Crown Courts 213, 605, 644, 647, 666, 670

Crown Prosecution Service, see CPS

CSR (corporate social responsibility) 556, 563-5 cultural regulation 243

culture 35-76, 262-3, 411, 564, 566, 569-70, 650 legal 37, 258, 323 occupational 36-7, 64-5

theories of 36-8

Current American Bar Association Model

Code 324

curricula 174, 182, 194-6, 198-9, 202, 204, 209

damages 302-3, 329-30, 431-2, 435-7, 466-7, 518, 687-8

damages-based agreements, see DBAs day one outcomes 201, 206

DBAs (damages-based agreements) 429, 433, 435-7, 636

DBC (Determination by Consent) 280-1, 283 de-professionalisation 81, 93, 96

gradual 573

deception 350, 404, 485, 658, 671-3 defaulting solicitors 226-8 defence 304-5, 506-7, 511-14, 637-41, 644-6,

669, 698-700

defence barristers 647, 699, 701

defence lawyers 642, 644-5, 661, 669-70 defendant solicitors 372, 387, 469, 692 defendants 278-80, 430-3, 475-7, 629-31, 644-5,

662-70, 733-7

costs 304, 429, 432-3, 436-7, 475 innocent 666, 670

deferred prosecution agreements 665, 670 degree courses 173, 176, 179, 186-7, 194 degree of risk 302, 368-9, 429, 436 delegated powers 139, 144, 156-7 delivery of legal services 86, 95-6, 100, 133, 454,

559, 564

designated judges 216 detachment, professional 322, 593 detection 259, 264, 374, 399, 664 Determination by Consent, see DBC deterrence 253, 259-60, 262, 274 diligence 17, 22, 323, 325, 353, 646, 684 direct client contact 40, 321-2

Director of Public Prosecutions, see DPP directors 119, 401, 519, 521, 587, 592, 664-5 disability 21-2, 465, 578, 604, 607, 639-40 disagreement 142, 671, 751

fundamental 324, 326

disbarment 41-2, 188, 261, 276-80, 282, 511, 685 disbursements 414-15, 424, 426, 429-30, 434, 443, 445

disciplinary action 42, 246, 258, 260, 265, 276, 289

disciplinary charges 144, 289, 434

disciplinary infractions 255-6, 263 causes of 255

disciplinary offences 120, 226, 255, 257, 264, 270, 285

disciplinary powers 50, 254, 285, 292

disciplinary procedures 212, 218, 225, 229, 265 disciplinary proceedings 215, 217, 266, 269-70, 273, 290, 506 alternatives to 273-4

disciplinary processes 255, 262, 283, 285, 287, 289, 291-2

pre-qualification 265

disciplinary sanctions 42, 146-7, 215, 238, 261, 287-8, 291

disciplinary tribunals 254-5, 264-7, 269-71, 273, 279-83, 288, 291-2

discipline 42-5, 51, 53, 92, 246-9, 258-66, 290 functions 261-3

disclosure 352-7, 361-5, 370-4, 505-9, 511-13, 522-3, 743-5

authorised 507-8

of confidential information 365, 494 duty of 363, 387, 514, 516 obligation of 364, 522

partial 357

protected 506, 513 voluntary 355-6, 480

discounted sentences 639, 666

discretion 27-9, 94-6, 278, 317, 320-1, 691, 697-8

barristers 317, 691 lawyers 324 professional 253, 717

discretionary powers 14, 227

discrimination, indirect 578-9

dishonest solicitors 227

dishonesty 224, 227-8, 270-3, 277, 284, 288, 290 dispositions 84, 183-4, 323, 507, 641, 666-7, 714 partisan 25, 30, 641

disproportionate costs 245, 287, 424, 431 dispute resolution 719, 722, 727-8, 733, 735, 748-9, 755

disputes 649-50, 719-22, 726, 728, 734-9, 747-9, 753-4

disqualification 21, 232, 248, 250, 274, 663 dissatisfied clients 221, 312 distance, judicial 741-2

distributive problems 651-3

District Judges 708

diversity 163, 165, 240, 594, 603, 607, 609 Divisional Court 272, 289, 345

divorce 55, 307, 309, 542, 544, 725-6, 731 proceedings 619, 725

doctors 40, 43-4, 302-3, 370-1, 379, 469, 592 documents 107-8, 344-5, 351-2, 356-7, 474-6, 618-19, 629-30

composite 352

severable 352 doing justice, overriding objective of 633-4,

687, 733

DPAs, see deferred prosecution agreements

DPP (Director of Public Prosecutions) 638, 663,

665

Dunnett r Railtrack 733-5, 737

Durkheim, E 36-7, 58, 64

duties 323-7, 466-70, 494-9, 514-29, 671-9,

682-97, 707-10

advocates 685, 687, 689, 691, 693, 695, 697 of candour 23, 477

of confidentiality 264, 339, 361-5, 367-71, 379, 522, 527

core 146, 249-50, 326, 394, 477, 617, 677-8

of disclosure 363, 387, 514, 516 fiduciary 299, 379, 527, 530, 739 of frankness 675-7

of loyalty 45, 295-6, 299, 371, 379, 411, 413 positive 470, 518, 522, 533, 688 solicitors 144, 299, 478, 487, 675

statutory 93, 126-7, 152, 494, 620, 675, 728 third party 479, 676

wider 29-30, 314, 519, 534

early history of lawyers 38-45 earnings, invisible 727-8 economic crimes 664-5, 670 economic loss 518-19

pure 466-7

education 90-1, 96-7, 171-6, 178-86, 188-200, 202-10, 309-10

ethical 187, 198

liberal 186, 192, 199

professional 90

and training 44, 163-5, 671, 679, 702, 748 Education and Training Committee 166 educational requirements 47, 109, 172-3, 210 effective control 22, 49, 138 effectiveness 12, 60, 163, 165, 245-7, 656, 672 elite groups 61, 260 elite universities 576, 603 elites 49, 54, 61, 573, 576, 580, 596 employed barristers 71, 109, 148, 597, 600-1,

606, 608

employed lawyers 71, 85, 87, 346, 525, 608-9, 638 employed solicitors 71, 88, 113-14

employees 226-8, 231-2, 264, 268, 289-90, 484-6, 587-90

of licensed bodies 231-2

non-authorised 127, 250 employer clients 346 employers 113-14, 116, 191, 485, 575-6,

608-10, 732

legal 195, 510, 575 employment 283-4, 512-13, 575-6, 578-80,

586-90, 596-8, 608-10

law 129, 589

matters 436-7

Employment Tribunals 436, 475, 490, 732 empowerment 301, 303-5, 723-4 enforcement 139, 147, 161-2, 210, 212, 313, 507-8

engagement 314, 442, 451, 547, 555, 562, 567

Enron 124, 350, 524-9, 531, 534

entity regulation 247, 250

entrants 65, 68, 175, 180, 194, 196, 572

equality 5, 7, 163, 165, 240, 594, 603

equity partners 114

error 233, 357-8, 473-5, 477, 647, 669, 688 escalating costs 86, 205

estate agents 120, 405, 448, 508, 539

estates 84, 177, 258, 367, 468-9, 474

ethical action 183, 189

ethical behaviour 41, 104, 182, 243-4, 375, 679

ethical core 709

ethical decision-making, promotion 183, 189

ethical decisions 4, 7, 27, 34, 183, 244, 300

ethical education 187, 198

ethical guidance 408

ethical idealists 653

ethical infrastructure 244

ethical judgement 26, 188

ethical norms 190, 259-60, 525, 650, 658

ethical obligations 23, 298, 575

ethical orientation 80, 134, 636, 641, 653

ethical outcomes 208, 211

ethical performance 575-6

ethical principles 146, 148, 426, 594, 653-4,

732-3, 739

ethical priorities 57

ethical problems 187, 408, 491

ethical profession 182

ethical relativists 653

ethical requirements 41, 145, 177, 739

ethical responsibilities 179, 188, 576, 739

ethical risks 425, 433, 491

ethical screens 336

ethical standards 5, 105, 197-9, 207, 252, 259, 375 ethicality 59, 375, 409, 656

ethics 24-6, 33-5, 138-9, 177-82, 184-8, 195-8, 200-12

adversarial 56, 73, 639, 642, 650

course design 182-91

curriculum 182, 186, 188, 202

education 180

future in legal education and training 207-10 of negotiation 653

professional 139, 177-8, 181-2, 184-6, 188, 204-7, 462-4

of prosecution 639

training 207

ethnic groups 584, 594

ethnic minorities 111, 117, 578-80, 596, 602,

605-6, 609

partners 596

ethnicity 65, 68, 584, 601-2, 606, 609

ethos 26, 46, 53, 75, 197, 538, 629

etiquette 51-2, 145, 147, 484, 486, 703, 707

European Court of Human Rights 21, 348, 572, 698

European Court of Justice 342, 346, 528 evaluation 207, 286, 298, 321, 715, 724, 730

judicial 714-15

evaluative mediation 723-4, 752, 755

Evershed Committee 57

evidence 178-80, 269, 339-41, 639-44, 686-9,

698-700, 710-11

admissible 691, 706

admission 741

bad character 700

best 700-1

giving of 45, 367, 695-6, 698

perjured 31, 683, 685

sensitive 516

tailoring of 642-3 examinations 52-3, 61, 67, 121-2, 172-3, 696,

703-4

exceptions

to litigation privilege 352

to solicitors’ duty of confidentiality 365 exclusion 43, 74, 171, 261, 271, 314, 686 executive action 16, 19-20 exemptions 53, 88, 122, 251, 353, 391, 414

qualified 353

existing clients 362, 366, 374, 394-5, 409-11, 461, 558

experience 97, 189, 191, 576, 583, 713-14, 741 advocacy 600, 706

practical 4, 121, 185

regulatory 166, 236

work 205, 593 expert-determination 720-1 expert knowledge 79, 94, 97-8, 100 expertise 52, 55-7, 116-17, 166, 168, 236, 752

legal 96, 99, 388, 752

occupational 54, 80

practice 47, 166 experts 347, 354, 356, 493, 500, 687, 692

joint 631-2, 744

extension of litigation privilege 344 external lawyers 346, 517, 564

facilitation 168, 755

facilitative mediation 722-3, 746, 752, 755 failure

regulatory 147, 236

systemic 280, 675

fair hearing 9, 355, 637, 645

fair outcomes 32, 452, 653

fair trial 17, 32, 329, 348, 509, 550 fairness 4, 6, 15, 290-1, 473-4, 476-7, 638

obligation of 473, 475, 482 false information 692, 744 family law 70, 115, 129, 316, 493, 591 family mediation 752 family members 31, 39, 130, 268, 395, 399, 411 family proceedings 112, 355, 407, 614, 705, 708 fast track 53, 632 fathers 193, 407, 510, 622 fearless advocacy 690-1 fee agreements 314, 427, 429, 435, 442-3, 738

conditional 86, 312, 420, 427-8, 439, 443, 461 fee arrangements, see fee agreements fee earners 70, 123, 130, 289, 578, 587, 608 feedback 599, 656

negative 656

fees 413-14, 416-26, 438-46, 448-50, 452-5,

486-7, 500-2

contingency 215, 425, 427, 429, 431,

433-8, 445

fixed, see fixed fees

graduated 74, 86

gross 70, 120, 501, 549

legal aid 73-4

proper 74, 463, 495, 692 referral 121, 443-9, 495, 502 scale 65, 144, 415 transfer of 453

female barristers 606-7 feminisation 596 fidelity 32, 61, 298 fiduciaries 299-300, 443, 472 fiduciary duties 299, 379, 527, 530, 739 fiduciary relationships 80, 299, 450, 467 files 220, 244, 304, 349, 380, 385, 474 finance 128, 224, 231, 241, 383, 386, 588 financial institutions 505, 520-1, 532 financial interests 82, 370, 399, 432, 526, 531, 534

direct 192

financial losses 262, 466-8, 518-22, 568 financial markets 524, 529, 532 financial penalties 152, 232, 274 financial services 116, 245, 489, 526, 529, 564 industry 235, 514

Financial Services Authority, see FSA Financial Services Ombudsman 488, 490 financial transactions 510, 526, 568 fines 154, 271-5, 279, 283, 285, 287, 290-1 firm-based regulation 238, 245 firms 114-19, 129-33, 226, 562-4, 577-80, 587-92, 594-7 accountancy 51, 125, 524, 528 boutique 115, 118

corporate 236-7, 239, 246, 530 largest 114, 116-17, 245 legal aid 72, 123, 132, 180, 549, 580, 590 medium-sized 114, 562 private practice 584, 609 top 119, 359, 595 fitness to practise 281-2 five person panels 279 fixed costs 131, 420 fixed fees 97, 415-16, 420, 422-3, 455, 493

case-based 422-3

task-based 420, 422-3 fixed period 270-1, 273, 304, 416 focus of regulation 212, 246-7, 253 foreign lawyers 122-3

registered 123, 162, 268, 587 formal legality 8-9, 11, 19, 32-3, 296,

326, 540

formal processes 283, 629, 743, 754 former clients 295, 335-9, 359-62, 378, 380-1,

388, 411 forum shopping 290, 292, 727 franchising, legal aid 86-7, 427, 544 frankness 482, 650, 674-7 fraud 227-8, 363-4, 522, 524-6, 616, 664, 713

civil 349, 525

complex 664, 666, 669-70

mortgage 227, 404

free choice of lawyer/solicitor 460-5, 489-90, 492-3

free legal services 540-3, 545, 555, 557, 559, 567-8, 572; see also pro bono

history 540-5

origin of 540

free market 55, 256, 747

free representation 440, 541, 556

Free Representation Unit, see FRU

free work 515, 540-1, 543-7, 552, 558, 568 Freedman, M.

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer 69, 338, 343-4, 360, 565

FRU (Free Representation Unit) 550-2, 559, 567

FSA (Financial Services Authority) 216, 235, 245 functions 151-2, 156-7, 159, 162-3, 165,

507-8, 565

gatekeeping 528, 532

judicial 12

main 261, 327, 635 regulatory 92, 152, 154, 157, 159-60, 162, 165 social 77, 79

fundamental principles 25, 146, 148, 317, 351, 477, 734

funded clients 443, 494

funders 312, 422, 487-9, 491-3

private 487-8

third party 419, 487-8, 491-2

fusion 54, 57, 82, 112, 143

gambling debts 622-3

gatekeeping functions 528, 532

gatekeeping role 534

gender 65, 179, 601, 604, 606, 639-40, 746 identity 639-40

general counselling 95, 643

general transferable skills 176, 199

Gentleman Practisers 48, 50, 62 globalisation 205, 561, 563

good faith 272, 329, 475, 482, 674-7, 738

good governance 9, 138

good practice 182, 452, 486-7, 555, 578, 599

good repute 144, 478, 502, 675 governance 137-70

good 9, 138

professional 149

government 13-14, 53-4, 84-7, 90-3, 141-5, 191-3, 539

government agencies 94, 109, 229, 337, 407, 423, 521

government agendas 99-100

government lawyers 26, 523, 717

government policy 18, 101, 133, 142, 755 government service 83, 114

government work 180, 337 graduated fees 74, 86

graduates 52, 67, 115, 173, 584, 591, 598

law 53, 68, 173, 194, 584

Green Papers 85, 88, 90-1, 99, 312, 551 gross fees 70, 120, 501, 549 group actions 382-3, 408 group litigation orders 383-4 groups 36, 43-4, 64-5, 72, 200, 383, 497-8 guidance 249-52, 356, 367-70, 392-5, 477-81, 484-6, 709-10 ethical 408 professional 113, 356 guidelines 431, 640, 646, 664, 668, 701, 737 guilt 262-3, 463-4, 644, 663, 666, 683, 690 guilty pleas 639, 644, 646, 662-3, 666-9, 706;

see also plea bargains/agreements

Habermas, J 654 harm 274, 334-5, 353, 369-71, 459, 502-3, 533 bodily 369, 470, 691 third party 371, 533

heads of finance and administration, see HOFAs heads of legal practice, see HOLPs hierarchy 45, 60-1, 70, 111, 528

High Court 232-3, 272, 626, 629, 632, 634-5, 705 high street firms 115, 118, 567, 569, 573, 589, 592 higher court advocacy 50, 58, 133, 707 higher courts 50, 72, 85, 107, 112, 706-7, 717 higher education 175, 192, 197, 199 higher rights qualification 704-5, 707 HOFAs (heads of finance and administration)

128, 231-2, 235, 240, 274, 588 HOLPs (heads of legal practice) 127, 231-2, 235,

240, 274, 588 homogeneity 65 honesty 5-6, 654, 656, 658, 674, 678, 680 honourable profession 75, 649 hopeless cases 440, 480, 622-4 hospitals 58, 370-1, 501-2, 698 hours 177, 202, 547, 558-60, 592-3, 703-4, 706 House of Lords 14-16, 20-1, 343-4, 348-9, 387,

619-20, 691-4 housing 543-4, 608 human rights 9, 15-16, 20-1, 24, 348, 591, 698 Hunt Review 236 husbands 366-7, 386, 467, 472-3, 619, 623, 625 hyper zeal 31, 684

ICAEW (Institute of Chartered Accountants of

England and Wales) 131 ICSL (Inns of Court School of Law) 172 idealism 179, 567 ideals 3-16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 identifiable third parties 481, 518, 531 identified third parties 466 ideology 36-7, 47, 55-6, 75, 98-9, 296 ILEX (Institute of Legal Executives) 49, 53, 85,

107-8, 143, 175, 217

members 107-8, 555 illegal activities 26, 125, 527, 533 ILP (International Lawyers Project) 555 image 32, 63, 66, 141, 329, 547, 602 immigration advice 128, 159, 539 immunity 20, 22, 214, 221, 416, 497, 691-5 public interest 639

removal 692-3

impartial advice 393, 397

impartial disposition 18-19

impartiality 17-18, 21, 738-9, 741-3, 753 judges 18-21

impoverished litigants 541, 626

imprisonment 41-2, 131, 369, 487, 510 improper conduct 628, 686

in-house lawyers/solicitors 96, 114, 123-4, 341-2, 524-5, 571, 609

inadequate professional services 221-3, 281 incentives 427, 435, 437, 491, 588, 590, 660-1 incomes 54, 67, 83-4, 97, 443, 447, 605 declining 132, 549

incompetence 222, 277, 692, 694, 742 inconvenience 217, 233, 425 indemnity 224, 432-3

basis 417-18

insurance 224-6, 229, 571, 609

indemnity insurance, compulsory professional 226, 314

independence 12-13, 17-18, 46-7, 53, 90-1, 620, 694-6

institutional 63, 716 judges 17-18 judicial 8, 15, 17-18 professional 124, 332 prosecutorial 641

independent charities 552, 555

independent legal professions 23, 104 independent regulatory bodies 159, 167 indeterminacy of law 19, 31

indicative behaviours 240, 396-8, 400-5, 442, 448-9, 484-5, 615-17 negative 465, 481

indictable offences 281, 706

individual rights 10, 24, 33, 305, 642

individual third parties 464, 466, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476

individualism 82, 179, 184, 561 industrial capitalism 7, 37, 47 industrialisation 77, 263 information 310-14, 336-9, 350-3, 361-6, 491-4,

506-7, 512-14

barriers 336-9, 359, 361-2, 364, 368, 388, 391 best possible 314, 442, 754

confidential, see confidential information false 692, 744

former client’s 338-9

leakage 337-8 relevant 299, 310, 357, 368, 379, 447, 480 screen 336-8, 401

informed consent 302, 362, 364, 373-4, 395, 398, 409-10

informed decisions 305, 315, 319, 321, 449, 683, 754

infrastructure

ethical 244

regulatory 229, 231, 233

initial stage of legal education 175, 176-7, 181, 191, 196, 198, 200-2

injunctions 336-9, 351, 358, 371, 379, 389, 474 injustice 73, 116, 646, 688, 692

innocence 38, 62, 328, 463-4, 666, 683 innocent defendants 666, 670

innovations 73, 80, 102, 143, 181, 229, 417

Inns of Court 42-9, 52-3, 58-61, 109-11, 140, 157-8, 284

Inns of Court School of Law (ICSL) 172 inquisitorial system 10, 634

insolvency 128, 343, 366, 392, 445

inspections 235, 243, 267, 449, 451, 629

Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (ICAEW) 131

Institute of Legal Executives, see ILEX institutional independence 63, 716 institutions 7-8, 36, 137-8, 180-1, 188-9,

569, 573-4

financial 505, 520-1, 532 legal 37, 201, 556 professional 64, 102 social 54, 186

instructions 297-8, 332-3, 404, 406-10, 461-5, 469, 516

clear 318, 618, 657 client’s 24, 305, 325, 329, 345, 357, 449 detailed 307-8

previous 409-10

professional 449, 750

public access 279, 282-3, 319

insurance 113, 225-7, 429-30, 432-3, 435, 437, 488-9 companies 71, 108, 312, 427, 488-91, 660 contracts 432-3, 490 indemnity 224-6, 229, 571, 609 legal expenses 461-2, 489-91 premiums 430-2, 436, 445

insurers 224-6, 423, 445-7, 463, 488-91 integration 69, 122, 186, 195, 197 integrative bargaining 657-8, 677 integrity, professional 210, 485, 499 intellectual property 96, 118, 121, 252 intentions 12, 15, 283, 286, 327, 349, 686 interest on client accounts 451

interests

best 29, 319-20, 396-8, 409-11, 460-2, 671-2, 710-12

commercial 328, 353, 375 common 381-2, 390-1, 395, 397-8, 405, 741, 747

conflicts of, see conflicts, of interests financial, see financial interests of justice 620

material and personal 377 mixed 570

moral 378

nature of 377

personal 328, 377, 392, 427, 444, 491, 712 private 21, 164, 420

property 56, 363, 377

shared 650-1

third party 459, 472, 480, 518, 523

interim guidelines 702

interim suspension 281-3 intermediaries 77, 112, 316-17, 443, 700 International Lawyers Project (ILP) 555 International Senior Lawyers Project (ISLP) 555 interpersonal friction 653, 722 intervention 162, 223-5, 242, 245, 423, 544, 629 interviewing 115, 174, 177-8, 264-5, 310, 749 intimidation 334, 426, 473, 479 investigation 163-4, 264-5, 275, 445-6, 507, 520-1, 525

invisible earnings 727-8

ISLP (International Senior Lawyers Project) 555 issue agreements 275 itemised bills 418, 454

Jackson reforms 432, 635-6

JAG (Joint Advocacy Group) 705 Joint Advocacy Group (JAG) 705 joint experts 631-2, 744 joint representation 401-2, 406, 412 joint retainers 366-7 judges

competence and diligence 22 impartial disposition 18-19 independence 17-18 integrity and propriety 21-2 judicial activism 19-20 political affiliation 20-1 role, see judicial roles scope for judicial law-making 19 transparency 21

Judge’s room hearings 614 judgment, personal 318 judicial activism 19-20 judicial distance 741-2 judicial ethics 17-21 judicial evaluation 714-15 judicial functions 12 judicial independence 8, 15, 17-18 judicial law-making, scope for 19 judicial mediation 732, 738 judicial oath 18-19 judicial power 15-16 judicial processes 296, 721, 723, 727, 749 judicial regulation 714 judicial review 9, 14, 16, 19-20, 420, 423, 715-16 judicial role 12-17

control of legislature 15-16 controlling abuse of state power 13-14 failure to exercise adequate control 14-15 formulation and defence of the rule of law 13-16

maintaining public trust in system of justice 17 maintenance of separation of powers 12-13 subverting the rule of law 15

juries 42, 45, 690, 696, 699-701, 710, 717 justice 6-9, 326-7, 427, 539-40, 544-6, 619-20, 693-6

administration of 148, 326-7, 332-3, 340-1, 477, 538, 675-7

interests of 620 ministers of 641-2 natural 9, 25, 278, 740

procedural 6, 516, 635-6

proper administration of 29, 327-8, 531, 615, 618, 709, 713

social 6, 560

Kant, I 77, 263

Kentridge, Sir Sydney 75, 89, 286

King’s Counsel 47 knowledge 94, 102-3, 198-200, 208-9, 335-6, 512, 741-2 base 96, 103 contextual 198

expert 79, 94, 97-8, 100 legal 94, 101, 176, 206-7, 480-1, 615

Kronman, AT 184-5, 536

LAA (Legal Aid Agency) 86, 449, 492, 494-5 labour 54, 84, 99, 123, 546

Labour Governments 82-3, 102, 427, 487, 544-6, 561

large firms 69-70, 114-17, 547, 562-9, 579-81, 590, 592-6

Larson, MS 37, 54, 58-9, 61, 79-80, 171

Law Centres 71, 543, 548, 557, 568 law costs draftsmen 106, 122 law degrees 175-6, 188, 191, 193, 196-7,

199-200, 202

liberal 182, 192, 208

law firms, see firms

law graduates 53, 68, 173, 194, 584 law schools 180, 193, 195, 548, 576

Law Society 49-55, 140-7, 154-7, 198-203, 224-9, 542-7, 549-50

Council 90, 145, 155-6, 360, 415, 549

Special Committees 156

Law Society Finals (LSF) 173

law students 173, 179, 190, 193-4, 548, 585, 591 lawful objectives 29, 325

client’s 324-6, 333

LawWorks 547-9, 554-5, 562, 568 lawyer and client relationship 295-301, 306-7, 309-11, 313-14, 318, 320-2, 324-5 control 300-6

implications of complexity 309 legal basis 297-300

model relationships in practice 306-8 models reflected in courts, legal education and Legal Services Act 309-11

models reflected in professional regulation 311-22

lawyer mediators 751, 755 lawyers, and rule of law 23

lawyer’s role 3, 23-33, 322, 524, 656, 679-80, 690 justifiability of professional role 32-3 limiting partisanship 31-2 standard conception 23-5 alternatives 27-8 critique 26-7 defence 30-1 in lawyers’ behaviour 30 relevance to England and Wales 28-30

lay third parties 466, 477 laypersons 109, 111, 150, 216, 223

LBIE (Lehman Brothers International

Europe) 529

LCIA (London Court of International

Arbitration) 726

LCS (Legal Complaints Service) 220

LDPs (Legal Disciplinary Practices) 125,

127-32, 251

leadership 78, 138-9, 155, 164 learning 176-8, 182, 187, 189, 323, 567

methods 182, 188

outcomes 203, 206

situated 188

work-based 175, 200-1, 583

legal activities

non-reserved 131-2, 230-1

reserved 126-7, 131-3, 151-2, 154, 205, 230-1, 233

legal advice 122, 125, 339-40, 343-6, 349,

358, 506

giving of 339-40, 344, 513, 755

independent 397, 470

privilege 340-1, 343-5, 347, 349-51, 355, 367 scope 344-5

legal advisers 329, 346, 362, 474, 506, 624 professional 339-40, 506

legal aid 85-7, 96-7, 494-5, 543-4, 546-51,

571-4, 731

authorities 492-5, 515, 628

bill 86-7, 546, 557

budgets 205, 544-5

certificates 419, 626

civil 86-7, 205, 429, 543

contracts 312, 494

fees 73-4

firms 72, 123, 132, 180, 549, 580, 590 franchising 86-7, 427, 544 fund 427, 452, 557, 605

lawyers 100, 538, 580, 645

scheme 86, 144, 427, 492, 542-3

scope of 430, 544, 558, 573

work 81, 86, 97, 131-2, 180, 271, 312 Legal Aid Agency, see LAA legal assistance 80, 298, 463, 499, 504, 637 legal careers 180, 183, 185, 191, 194, 595, 610 Legal Complaints Service (LCS) 220 legal costs, see costs legal culture 37, 258, 323

Legal Disciplinary Practices, see LDPs legal education, see education

Legal Education and Training Review, see LETR legal employers 195, 510, 575

legal ethics, see ethics

legal executives 49, 51, 53, 105-6, 121, 555, 608 legal expenses insurance 461-2, 489-91 legal expertise 96, 99, 388, 752 legal institutions 37, 201, 556

legal knowledge 94, 101, 176, 206-7, 480-1, 615 legal liability 416, 520-1, 525, 530 legal markets 74, 82, 98, 131

legal negotiation 658-60, 671, 673, 675, 677

regulation of 671, 673, 675, 677

Legal Ombudsman (LeO) 223, 232-4, 248, 251, 281, 314-16, 424

legal practice 182, 231, 268, 298, 304-5, 309, 588-9 traditional organisation 107-8

Legal Practice Course, see LPC legal privilege, see legal professional privilege Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO) 609 legal professional culture 56-7, 59, 61, 63, 65,

67, 71

pressures on 63-74

legal professional privilege 339-46, 349-54, 367, 371, 373-5, 505-6, 514-15

legal professionalism 61, 68, 71, 81, 102,

104, 570-1

legal regulators 720

legal representation 38, 97, 305, 339, 479, 554, 649 legal responsibilities

to lay third parties 466

to professional third parties 481

legal roles 7, 31-4, 56, 95, 179, 183, 191 legal secretaries 608 legal service providers 238

legal services 80-2, 91-3, 102-6, 109-10, 125-9, 131-2, 498-500

commoditisation 95-6, 129, 131 community 87, 544, 546-7 consumers of 126, 150, 160, 182 cost of 64, 82, 131, 133 delivery of 86, 95-6, 100, 133, 454, 559, 564 free 540-3, 545, 555, 557, 559, 567-8, 572;

see also pro bono market 93-4, 103-4, 106, 124-6, 128-30,

133-4, 252

providers of 88, 228, 243

provision of 126, 150, 160, 207, 239-40, 501, 573

regulation 109, 162, 252, 499 reserved 113, 539, 571 users of 237, 395, 398 voluntary 537, 546, 549, 558

Legal Services Act 2007 91-3, 124-5, 127-8, 212-13, 309-10, 586-7, 613

wider impact on regulation 234-42

Legal Services Board, see LSB

Legal Services Commission, see LSC

Legal Services Complaints Commissioner, see LSCC

Legal Services Consultative Panel 91, 216 Legal Services Consumer Panel (LSCP) 290

Legal Services Ombudsman, see LSO legal skills 95, 121, 174, 177, 199, 567, 570 legal system 7, 9, 20, 23, 82, 323, 694 legal tasks 40, 55-6, 96, 106, 115, 205, 681 legal values 11, 198, 202, 206-7 legal work 95-6, 103, 107-9, 128, 131, 581, 587 legality 8, 23, 29, 351, 523, 526, 564

formal 8-9, 11, 19, 32-3, 296, 326, 540 legally aided clients 493-5, 626 legislation 15-16, 52-3, 502, 504-6, 513-14,

620, 622

legislative infrastructure 229-34 legislature 10, 12, 15-16, 351, 466, 534 legitimacy 16-17, 100-1, 103, 139, 146, 171, 182 lenders 227, 384-5, 391, 403-5, 471-2 LeO, see Legal Ombudsman

LETR (Legal Education and Training Review)

171, 177, 196, 204-11, 585 letters 108, 112, 475, 479, 529, 619, 623

of claim 478-9

liability 314-15, 317, 344, 391-2, 466-8,

518-19, 522-3

limited, see limited liability liberal education 186, 192, 199 liberal law degrees 182, 192, 208 libertarian ideology, uncontrolled expansion

497, 533

liberty, personal 9-10

licence 14, 33, 45, 128-9, 230-1, 262, 588 licensable bodies 127, 230, 241, 589 licensed bodies 127, 154, 162, 226-7, 230-2,

274, 588

employees of 231-2 licensed conveyancers 84, 104, 106, 108, 121,

129, 484 licensing authorities 152, 154, 230-2, 237, 247,

274, 290 licensing rules 153, 159, 230-2, 239 lien, solicitor’s 454 limitations 32, 34, 326-7, 339, 348, 495, 701 limited liability 119, 519

partnerships 119, 226, 238 limited resources 307, 567, 653, 657 linked businesses 120, 405 Linklaters 69, 529-30, 532 liquidators 343, 366-7 litigants 39-40, 108, 473, 541, 634, 675, 687-9

impoverished 541, 626 litigation 107-8, 416-19, 425-8, 471-4, 613-20,

626-36, 719-22

civil 73, 629

exceptions 352

extension of 344

patent 389

previous 389, 474

privilege 344, 346-7, 349, 352-7, 514, 533, 687-8 process 357, 384, 630, 643, 649

roles 617, 648

satellite 421, 627

tasks 40, 616-17

waiver of 356

litigation first strategy 630-1

litigation friends 406-7 litigators 346, 421, 614, 617-18, 620-1, 636, 747

authorised 107-8, 319, 321, 346 little republics 46-7, 83 loans 148, 228, 380, 384-5, 404, 470-1, 520 local authorities 85, 353, 550, 622, 627, 728 local government 10, 71-2, 352, 577 local law societies 60, 140, 415, 558 local laws 532, 564, 741 local solicitors 63, 124, 543-4 Locke, J 11 lockstep system 70, 590

London Court of International Arbitration,

see LCIA

Lord Chancellors 12, 18, 84-5, 90-1, 149-52, 198-9, 216-17

Lord Chancellor’s Department 219, 547, 730-1 Lord Chief Justice 12, 22, 280, 341, 700 losing parties 417, 426, 436, 438, 440, 735 loss 124, 227-8, 385, 467-70, 519-21, 524, 529-30 loyalty 295-6, 298, 316-18, 322-8, 332-3, 335, 379 to clients 296, 308, 317, 326, 376, 459, 661 duty/obligation of 45, 295-6, 299, 371, 379, 411, 413

limits 322-8

LPC (Legal Practice Course) 174, 176-7, 195-6, 200-2, 265, 576-7, 703-4

LPO (Legal Process Outsourcing) 609

LSB (Legal Services Board) 126-8, 150-4, 159-62, 167, 230-4, 250-3, 499 consultants 74-5, 285-6

LSC (Legal Services Commission) 86-7, 110, 118, 148, 492-6, 638, 645

LSCC (Legal Services Complaints Commissioner) 217, 220-1

LSCP (Legal Services Consumer Panel) 290

LSF (Law Society Finals) 173

LSO (Legal Services Ombudsman) 90, 145, 217, 219-20, 222, 424, 535

magistrates 107, 604, 640, 647, 705-6, 708, 725 management systems 242-4

managerial accountability 244 managers 125, 127, 129-30, 227-8, 230-2,

235, 587-8

managing clerks 49, 51, 121, 619

mandatory obligations 504-5, 507, 509, 511, 513 mandatory pro bono 572-3

mandatory sentences 710-11

market for legal services 69 market forces 95, 441, 716 marketing 70, 110, 130, 542, 565, 569 Marre Report 82, 86, 198, 543, 685 material and personal interests 377 Material Conflicts 379

material facts 10, 380, 524, 655, 680

material information 379, 396 materialism 99, 561

matrimonial proceedings 405-6, 625, 687 MDPs (multi-disciplinary practices) 88, 124-5,

130, 237, 246, 528, 587

media 18, 81, 329, 331, 367, 372, 591 mediation 635, 719-22, 724, 726-39, 742-4, 746-50, 752-5 agreements 733, 744 court-annexed 743-4 evaluative 723-4, 752, 755 facilitative 722-3, 746, 752, 755 judicial 732, 738 pilot schemes 730, 746 problem-solving 724 process 722, 724, 743, 753 regulation of 751, 755

schemes 730, 732, 748

state 80, 100 transformative 723-4

mediators 721-2, 724, 727, 730, 738-9, 742-8, 750-5

medical negligence 72, 428, 734 medium-sized firms 114, 562 mega-firms 69, 72

membership of chambers 111, 603 membership organisations 139, 727 Menkel-Meadow, C 68, 589, 592

Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) 72, 370 mere zeal 31, 684

mergers 106, 117, 237, 388, 571

merit-based systems 111, 590 metropolitan centres 30, 110, 638

MHRT (Mental Health Review Tribunal) 72, 370 mini-trial 720-1

minimalism 184

ministers of justice 641-2

Ministry of Justice 91, 97, 111, 267, 453, 492, 545 misconduct 264, 274-5, 282, 287, 289, 291, 485-6 allegations of 264, 275 professional 222-3, 273, 275, 278, 280-2, 289, 619-20

misstatements, negligent 467, 518-19 mitigation 154, 268, 270-1, 274, 280, 400, 599 mixed interests 570

mixed motivations 570

modern era history of lawyers 47-55 monarchs 12, 22, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 money 227-8, 413, 450-3, 471, 505, 510-11, 675-6 client 251, 269, 313, 450, 510 laundering 335, 339, 349, 351, 505-12, 532, 534 public 425, 580, 605, 664

monopolies 43, 78, 80-1, 83, 103-4, 106-8, 131 professional, see professional monopolies statutory 50, 56, 91, 108

moral agents 184, 301

moral choices 5, 301, 304-6, 309

moral counselling 305

moral interests 378

moral judgements 27, 263, 469

moral responsibility 24, 258, 306, 466

moral values 4, 32, 34, 185

morality 6, 28, 197, 202, 206, 263, 305-6

ordinary 3, 30, 32-3, 688

personal 27, 33, 210

mortgage fraud 227, 404

mortgage lenders 227, 384-5, 398, 404-5 mortgages 385, 403-5, 415

motivations 183, 193-4, 256, 263, 560-3, 567, 569-70

mixed 570

motives 502, 530, 560, 562, 570, 697, 721 altruistic 328

motoring organisations 128, 427 multi-disciplinary practices, see MDPs multi-party actions 408

multi-track 71, 632, 730

murder 340-1, 643, 705

National Consumer Council, see NCC

National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) 506, 508

national origin 21, 607, 639-40 National Pro Bono Centre 554-5 national security 347-8, 515 natural justice 9, 25, 278, 740 nature of interests 377

NCC (National Consumer Council) 92, 219, 726 NCIS (National Criminal Intelligence Service) 506, 508

negative consequences 9, 142, 581, 635 negative feedback 656

negative indicative behaviour 465, 481 neglect 255-7, 274

negligence 466-70, 472-4, 628, 691-3, 695, 738, 742

claims 221, 402, 470, 692 clinical 432, 436 medical 72, 428, 734 professional 109-10, 214, 228, 490, 692, 739 negligent misstatements 467, 518-19 negotiation 627, 630, 649-65, 668-74, 676-80,

749, 752-3 co-operative 651 in codes of ethics 671 competitive 652, 655 ethics of 653 legal 658-60, 671, 673, 675, 677 negotiators 57, 142, 650, 653, 655-8, 673, 678 co-operative 650-2 competitive 652, 656 neo-professionalism 102 neutral partisanship 642 neutral third parties 721, 738, 749, 755 neutrality 5, 24-6, 28, 30, 32-3, 463, 738-40 obligation of 24, 148

new regulatory system 212, 238-9, 253 New South Wales, see NSW niche markets 118, 565 nominated persons 279, 281 non-accountability 24-6, 463 non-authorised employees 127, 250 non-authorised persons 127, 230-1, 588, 598 non-barristers 248, 251, 614 non-clients 466, 499 non-commercial clients 399, 403 non-contentious business agreements 424, 441 non-defendants 699 non-graduates 173 non-lawyer ownership 126, 130, 133, 235, 587 non-lawyers 89, 93, 106, 127-30, 230, 234, 671 non-legal professionals 342-3 non-practising barristers 109, 586 non-recovery of success fees 430-1 non-reserved activities 131-2, 230-1 non-solicitors 119, 123 notaries 49, 106, 122, 576 Notaries Society 122 notional learning hours 177, 202 NSW (New South Wales) 243-4, 246

OAC (Opren Action Committee) 383

OAG (Opren Action Group) 383

objectives 93, 126, 151, 111, 185, 202-3, 323-4 client 298, 313, 324, 326, 616 lawful 29, 325

occupational culture 36-1, 64 5

occupational expertise 54, 80 occupational groups 36, 85, 104 occupational professionalism 253

offences 255-1, 328-9, 504-9, 511-14, 631-8, 640-3, 662

academic 191, 265

criminal, see criminal offences

disciplinary 120, 226, 255, 251, 264, 210, 285 indictable 281, 106

sexual 699-100, 105

offenders 255, 260, 283, 641-2, 662-3, 666, 685

Office for Legal Complaints, see OLC

Office for the Supervision of Solicitors, see OSS Office of Fair Trading, see OFT

Office of the Legal Services Commissioner

(OLSC) 244

Office of Thrift Supervision, see OTS official reports on legal education and training 196 OFR, see outcomes focused regulation

OFT (Office of Fair Trading) 83, 88-9, 91, 112, 152, 346-1, 444

OLC (Office for Legal Complaints) 151, 230, 232-3

OLPAS (Online Pupillage Application System) 604 OLSC (Office of the Legal Services

Commissioner) 244

Ombudsman 211, 233, 490 omissions 228, 233, 281, 461-8, 413, 621, 641 one-shotters 301-8, 593, 661

Online Pupillage Application System (OLPAS) 604 open market 83, 561

opponents 411, 416-11, 431, 412-5, 419-80,

652, 613

political 19, 26

oppressive power 32-3

Opren Action Committee (OAC) 383

Opren Action Group (OaG) 383

ordinary morality 3, 30, 32-3, 688 organisations 108-10, 112-16, 126-8, 132-4, 138-9, 240-4, 258-9 bureaucratic 64, 69

motoring 128, 421

professional 138, 149, 161, 592, 141

regulated 242, 250, 581

role of 258, 610

orientation 252, 316, 322, 650, 652-3, 618, 681 ethical 80, 134, 636, 641, 653 sexual 21, 518, 601, 639-40

Ormrod Report 115, 181, 192-3, 196-1, 201, 516 OSS (Office for the Supervision of Solicitors) 218-20

OTS (Office of Thrift Supervision) 521-2 outcomes 200-2, 231-42, 249-50, 313-15,

396-400, 615-16, 120-4

current 362, 396

day one 201,206

ethical 208, 211

fair 32, 452, 653 final 24, 449, 109 first 442, 611, 109 five 208, 363, 501, 109 likely 511, 662 main 448, 532 relevant 240, 368, 531 third 363, 442, 109 vocational stage 201

outcomes focused regulation (OFR) 111, 184, 234-5, 231-9, 241-3, 245-1, 252-3 advantages and disadvantages 242-1 over-zealousness 255 overarching duties 330, 481 overcharging 99, 441

overriding duty to the administration of justice 29-30

overseas BME students 601-2

overseas lawyers 123, 226, 585 overseas students 109, 600 owners 130, 228, 264, 311, 382, 469, 486 non-lawyer 130, 235, 581

ownership 81, 168, 230, 246, 501-8, 510, 534 non-lawyer 126, 130, 133, 235, 581

panel codes 152-3, 155

panel members 12, 141

panel solicitors 490-1

panels 152, 156, 165-6, 223, 282-3, 499, 552 adjudication 222, 213 five-person 223, 216 three-person 216, 219

paperwork 114, 280, 599 para-legals 83, 106, 123, 132, 205, 582, 585 parents 353-6, 406-1, 608, 625 partiality 139-40

participants 629, 631, 613, 680, 106, 124, 132 participation 160, 168-9, 112, 301-2, 541-8, 559, 562

participative models 310, 321 participatory model 302, 305-6, 321, 321, 651 partisan obligations 32, 682 partisanship 24-1, 29-33, 13, 322-6, 333, 519, 683 demands 24-5

limiting 31-2 neutral 642 obligation of 31, 322-3

partners 69, 114-19, 401, 485, 586-1, 590, 593-4 senior 115, 228, 236, 590, 595

partnership model 119, 115-6, 191, 200, 208 partnerships 89, 114-16, 119-21, 123, 132-3,

590, 593-1

limited liability 119, 226, 238 two-tier 594

past and present clients 368, 381-8, 408

past clients 360-2, 364, 366, 368-9, 314, 381, 396 confidentiality 359, 368 conflicts 359, 364

patent agents 85, 101, 121, 342, 346

patent attorneys 106, 121, 129, 342, 614 patent litigation 389

paternalism 301-2, 304-5, 309, 322, 327-8 paying clients 493, 556, 567 paying parties 274, 418, 453

PBR (principles-based regulation) 235-7, 239, 242, 244-6

PCC (Professional Conduct Committee) 221, 223, 279-81

PCCC (Professional Conduct and Compliance Committee) 221-3

penalties 41, 154, 232, 271, 273-4, 285, 291 criminal 510

financial 152, 232, 274

pensioners 498, 519, 524-5, 552

perceptions 20, 25, 79, 81, 260, 263, 301

personal 656

positive 538-9

performance 164-5, 176, 472, 598-9, 602-3, 656, 703 ethical 575-6

Performance Review Committee 156

perjured evidence 31, 683, 685 perjury 241, 341, 372, 642

Perkin, H 97, 102

permission 45, 123, 232, 284, 526, 534, 539;

see also consent

personal autonomy 78, 295, 302-3, 407, 589, 607 personal capacity 481, 518, 677

personal injury 71-3, 428, 432, 436, 543-4, 726, 730

claims/litigation 86, 120, 302, 430-2, 636 schemes 463

victims 432, 488

personal interests 328, 377, 392, 427, 444, 491, 712 personal judgment 318

personal liberty 9-10

personal morality 27, 33, 210

personal opinions 330-1, 711

personal perceptions 656

personal relationships 65, 393, 399, 652

personal responsibility 22, 63, 119, 185, 483, 486, 575

personal services 197, 307

personal statements 641-2

personal values 27, 30, 185, 303 personality 27, 74, 83, 256-7, 306 personnel 70, 240, 245, 587, 659 pervasive subjects 174, 207, 211 players 6, 307, 315

repeat 307, 661

plea bargains/agreements 639, 662-8, 670

plea of not guilty 667

pleaders 40, 44, 96

pleading 40, 56, 101, 318, 666, 668 pleadings 41, 72, 521, 629, 706

police 14, 352, 354, 368, 370, 638, 666 stations 339, 406

police officers 666, 686, 699

political affiliation 20-1

political influence 10, 77-8

political opponents 19, 26 politics 37, 54, 101, 641

Poor Persons’ Procedure 541-2 positional bargaining 652-5, 660, 672-3, 676 positive duties 470, 518, 522, 533, 688 positive perceptions 538-9 post-qualification practice 604 post-qualification practice of solicitors 586 potential conflict of interest situations 393, 400, 490

potential conflicts 337-8, 383, 387-8, 393, 396, 398-9, 405

Pound, R 59, 105, 214, 537-8, 540 power imbalances 746, 753, 755 powers 9-14, 77-80, 90, 98-104, 155-9, 169-70, 223-4 delegated 139, 144, 156-7 disciplinary 50, 254, 285, 292 of intervention 224 judicial 15-16 oppressive 32-3 professional 78-9, 94, 98, 100, 104 regulatory, see regulatory powers rule-making 216, 229 separation of 12-13, 185, 574 practical experience 4, 121, 185 practice directions 269, 621, 636-7, 669, 745 practice expertise 47, 166 practice skill standards 583 practising barristers 107, 276-7, 331 practising certificates 50-1, 109-10, 113-14, 160, 224, 271, 597-8 fees 113, 160, 166, 539

practising solicitors 107, 119, 176, 227 practitioners 108-19, 121, 166, 174-6, 184-5, 228-9, 259

pre-action protocols 73, 631, 634-5, 729, 731, 733 pre-qualification disciplinary processes 265 predicting changes in key elements of professionalism 94

premiums 225, 245, 333, 429-32, 577, 598 insurance 430-2, 436, 445

preparation 107, 172-3, 176, 194, 264-5, 635, 703 present clients 335, 337-8, 359-61, 368, 377-9, 387-90, 410

conflicts 361-2, 388, 390, 410

press statements 328-9 pressure(s) 63-5, 67, 73, 400-1, 529-30, 570, 630 on legal professional culture 63-74 psychological 263, 630 undue 475, 639, 667

prestige 6, 21, 66, 80, 180, 194, 717 previous convictions 647, 710-11 principled negotiation 653-9, 672, 677-9 principles-based regulation, see PBR private clients 411, 493, 560 private funders 487-8 private interests 21, 164, 420 private legal professions 83, 545 private parties 497, 533 private practice 71, 83, 110, 113-14, 128, 130, 608-9 firms 584, 609

private practitioners 83, 113-14, 340-1, 559, 609, 638

privilege 339-47, 350-2, 354-5, 357-8, 364-6, 374-5, 743-5

legal professional 339-46, 350, 352-4, 371,

374-5, 506, 509

litigation, see litigation privilege professional 89, 340-1, 350, 375, 406, 627 privileged circumstances 506, 509, 512 privileged communications 343, 348, 364, 367 privileged information 334, 365-6, 474, 512, 707 pro bono 536-7, 540-1, 547-8, 556-7, 562, 566, 570-4; see also voluntary legal services costs orders 440, 553-5 lawyers 440, 568 mandatory 572-3 organisations 549, 555, 559, 566 protocol 553, 556, 567 representation 180, 554 services 540, 550, 569, 571, 573 value 557, 559 proactive role 632, 723, 753 probabilities, balance of 222, 273, 287, 292 probate 107-8, 123, 129, 174, 252, 316, 346 probation officers 725, 745 problem-solving approaches 652, 659-60 problem-solving mediation 724 procedural justice 6, 516, 635-6 proctors 38, 40, 48, 140 producers 55, 79-81, 93, 98 professional access, direct 85, 112 professional advisers 385, 392, 743 professional assumptions 69, 129 professional authority 80, 94, 101, 593 professional autonomy 593 professional bodies 92, 100-1, 103-5, 139, 166-70, 217, 568-9

professional capacity 261, 478, 673 professional clients 61, 316-20, 712 professional code of conduct 214 professional codes 7, 184, 199, 212, 215,

298, 308-9 professional conduct 164-5, 174, 199, 201, 212, 214-15, 582-3 rules 380, 446, 516

Professional Conduct and Complaints Committee of the Bar Standards Board 222

Professional Conduct and Compliance Committee, see PCCC

Professional Conduct and Regulation 177-8 Professional Conduct Committee, see PCC professional control 79, 94 professional courses 95, 182, 748 professional culture 37, 56, 59, 75, 658 professional detachment 322, 593 professional development 185, 279 professional discipline 255, 257, 259, 261, 291-2, 522, 629 machinery of 262, 292 professional discretion 253, 717 professional duties 319, 331, 472, 485, 513 professional education 90 professional elites 103, 168, 259, 542 professional embarrassment 331-2, 404, 460, 707 professional governance 149

professional groups 23, 55, 745

professional guidance 113, 356

professional identities 98, 151, 263

professional ideology 55, 96-7

professional independence 124, 332 professional institutions 64, 102 professional instructions 449, 750 professional integrity 210, 485, 499

professional judgement 33, 80, 119, 302, 329, 386, 448

professional legal advisers 339-40, 506 professional membership 96, 137, 139, 210 professional misconduct 222-3, 273, 275, 278, 280-2, 289,619-20

professional monopolies 55, 78, 83, 106, 134, 213, 572

and competition 131

professional negligence 109-10, 214, 228, 490, 692, 739

professional norms 42, 184 5, 247, 258, 537 professional obligations 218, 342, 378, 474, 493, 550, 570

professional opinion 323, 622

professional organisations 138, 149, 161, 592, 747

professional persons 288, 295, 343

professional power 78-9, 94, 98, 100, 104 theories 78-81

professional practice 80, 122, 164, 168, 186, 190, 537

professional principles 29-30, 93, 150, 160, 310, 325, 531

professional privilege 89, 340-1, 350, 375, 406, 627 professional regulation 311, 313, 315, 317, 319, 321, 323

of ADR 745, 747, 749, 751, 753

professional relationships 58, 65, 302-3, 322, 413, 593, 607

professional responsibilities 311, 534

professional responsibility 199, 202, 517, 520, 522, 526, 530-1

professional role for lawyers justified 32 professional role of lawyers 93, 540

professional roles 5, 7, 26-7, 32, 34, 81, 202 professional rules 62, 201, 216, 261, 286, 309, 503 professional self-regulation 90, 125

professional services 69, 82, 87, 105, 120, 124, 206 inadequate 221-3, 281

professional skills 198, 207, 265, 576, 703 Professional Skills Course, see PSC professional socialisation 37, 59

professional standards 160, 168, 247, 286, 748

professional standing 110, 148

professional status 108

professional structures 35, 135

professional third parties 481-2

professional titles 123

professional traditions 75, 286

professional training, see training

professional tribunals 244, 258

professional values 4 6, 26, 98, 181, 200, 610 common 59, 199

professional virtues 6-7

professional work 7, 79-80, 148, 253, 538, 589, 591-2

Professionalisation 49, 78-9, 97 professionalism 64, 78-80, 94-5, 97-101, 187, 206, 329

future for 94-104

legal 61, 68, 71, 81, 102, 104, 570-1 occupational 253

professions 4

profits 117, 120, 127, 299, 537, 543, 590 promotion of ethical decision-making 183, 189 proof 38, 270, 272, 278, 285, 287-91, 647 burden of 278, 287 civil standard of 248, 273, 287-9, 292, 647 criminal standard of 278, 287-8, 290, 330, 647 proper administration of justice 29, 327-8, 531, 615, 618, 709, 713

proper and lawful means 317, 678

proper fees 74, 463, 495, 692

proper persons 241, 283-4, 451

property 299, 384-5, 387, 402-4, 453-5, 471-2, 508-11

commercial 195, 387, 591

criminal 507, 744

interests 56, 363, 377

proportionality 160, 163, 287-8, 418-19, 631-2, 640, 670

proportionate costs 312, 421, 636, 736 proportionate sentences 644, 683 prosecuting counsel 667-9

prosecution 15, 260, 637-42, 644-6, 662-4, 666-7, 669-70

ethics of 639

lawyers 378, 644, 646

witnesses 710

prosecutorial independence 641

prosecutors 30, 378, 638-42, 644, 661-5, 668-71, 697

prospective clients 364, 387-8, 409-10, 460-1, 463, 465, 499

obligations to 460, 465

prospective lawyers 460, 571

prospective solicitors 591, 748

protection 9, 102, 261, 335, 337, 513, 743 public 261, 287

protocols, pre-action 73, 631, 634-5, 729, 731, 733 provincial solicitors 49, 63, 141

provision of legal services 126, 150, 160, 207, 239-40, 501, 573

PSC (Professional Skills Course) 207, 265, 576, 582, 703

psychological pressure 263, 630

public access instructions 279, 282-3, 319

public censure 152, 154

public defender service 99, 638

public interest 340-1, 353-4, 370-2, 374-5, 531-2, 662-3, 692-3 balance of 340, 350

disclosure 371-2

exception 370-1 immunity 639

public money 425, 580, 605, 664

public obligation of lawyers 497, 533

public office 22, 164, 343, 377, 399, 481

public policy 98, 101, 214-15, 425, 439, 692-3, 695-6

public protection 261, 287

public service 54-5, 75, 180, 182, 194, 536-40, 542

public trust 449, 477, 503, 531

maintenance 17, 462

publicity 18, 240, 328, 331, 500-2, 570, 580

pupil barristers 111, 178, 600

pupillage 52, 67, 83, 192, 203-4, 598-604, 607 files 600

funding 599-600

handbook 600

quality of 599-600

regulations 277

salaries 70

pupils 174, 193, 567, 598-603, 605, 607, 703-4 purchasers 82, 384-5, 404 pure economic loss 466-7

QASA (Quality Assurance Scheme for Advocates) 704-5, 714, 716-17

QCs (Queen's Counsel) 89, 111, 223, 276-7, 552, 557, 605-6

qualification 107, 201, 205, 208-10, 323, 325, 704-7

process 67, 178, 577, 610

regimes 109, 178, 706

regulations 159

qualified barristers 241, 601, 604-5, 704

qualified exemptions 353

qualified lawyers 106, 122, 557, 567, 581, 586, 594

qualified persons 614, 705

qualified solicitors 120, 200, 559, 584, 589

Quality Assurance Scheme for Advocates,

see QASA

Quality Solicitors 130, 132

Queen's Counsel, see QCs

race 21, 68, 465, 528, 578, 604, 607

rape 28, 663, 697-8, 700

victims 329, 697-8, 716

re-accreditation 206, 705, 715

realism 184

reasonable belief 369, 398

reasonable cost 80, 233, 631

reasonable excuse 506-8, 512

reasonable prospect of success 488, 734-5

reasonable solicitor 270, 358

reasonableness 19, 418, 436, 438, 662, 733 reconciliation 168, 723

recorders 394, 648

recovery

of costs 428, 626

of success fees 430-1

recruitment 96, 132, 570, 576, 578-9, 599, 602 referral fees 121, 443-9, 495, 502

referrals 222, 225, 444, 447-9, 501-2, 669-71, 714-15

reform of civil litigation 374, 629 reforms, Jackson 432, 635-6

refusal 97, 215, 282, 284, 295, 358, 734-7 Registered European Lawyers (RELs) 123,

229, 268, 587, 707

Registered Foreign Lawyer (RFLs) 123, 162,

268, 587 registrations 108, 445, 584-5 regulated organisations 242, 250, 587 regulated parties 237, 239, 248, 260, 291, 313, 501 regulated persons 159, 231, 237, 250-1, 274,

285, 290

regulated sector 506-7, 511-13 regulating solicitors 235, 237 regulation 166-70, 177-8, 212-14, 234-48, 250-3,

433-7, 489-92

of ABS 237, 247

activity-based 205, 586

of ADR 745

of consumer contact 499

cost 237-8

of criminal litigation 646

cultural 243

effective 236, 671

entity 247, 250

firm-based 238, 245

focus of 212, 246-7, 253

independent 149, 504

judicial 714

of legal negotiation 671-7

of litigation lawyers 618

of mediation 751, 755

outcomes-focused, see outcomes-focused regulation

of relationships 477, 479, 483, 485

risk-based 235, 243

rule-based 234-5, 237, 242

of solicitors 147, 161

of solicitors’ workplaces 587-97

tighter 412, 530, 532

regulative bargain 99 regulators 127-8, 207-10, 242-4, 260, 291-2,

520-2, 714-16

approved 126-7, 151-5, 157-62, 167, 230-2, 234, 237

single 92, 170, 252

regulatory activities 104, 160, 166, 168, 212, 230 regulatory agreements 242, 275

regulatory arms 94, 127-8, 137, 159, 164, 168, 286 regulatory arrangements 126, 149, 152, 154, 159,

162, 230

regulatory control 133, 143, 254 regulatory environment 243, 255, 259 regulatory experience 166, 236 regulatory failures 147, 236 regulatory frameworks 91-2, 163, 166, 240,

748, 751

regulatory functions 92, 152, 154, 157, 159-60,

162, 165

regulatory infrastructure 229, 231, 233 regulatory objectives 92-3, 133, 137, 150-4,

159-60, 230, 499

regulatory obligations 240, 249, 272-3

regulatory powers 143-4, 160, 169-70, 223, 229, 287, 291 new 287-8

regulatory processes 91, 243, 530 regulatory regimes 128, 212, 252, 285, 290,

428, 502

new 169, 237, 242, 283, 289 regulatory requirements 238-9, 248, 434 regulatory responsibilities 31, 163, 212 Regulatory Risk Committee 163 regulatory risks 163, 253 regulatory roles 143, 149, 162 regulatory sanctions 212, 273, 285, 288, 291-2 regulatory settlement agreements 275, 291 regulatory standards 166, 285-6 regulatory strategy 248, 252, 570 regulatory structures 92, 109, 161, 163, 165, 229 regulatory system, new 212, 238-9, 253 rehabilitation 283-4

relations with third parties 480, 485, 518 relativists, ethical 653 relevant authorised persons 539 relevant persons 510, 512 reliance 58, 87, 467-8, 471, 483-4, 518-19 religion 7, 21, 263, 465, 607, 639-40 RELs, see Registered European Lawyers remote parties 103, 518 remuneration certificates 424, 454 repayments 385 repeat players 307, 661 representation 152, 154-5, 169-70, 323-4, 395-6, 499-500, 553-4 free 440, 541, 556 joint 401-2, 406, 412 legal 38, 97, 305, 339, 479, 554, 649 pro bono 180, 554 separate 395, 399, 405, 407

representative bodies 156-9, 167, 170 representative functions 92, 101, 154-5, 159-60, 166-9, 220, 568-9

representative role 141, 170 representative side 137, 157, 166, 168 representatives 381-3, 476, 551, 553, 632,

737-8, 755

reprimands 265, 271, 273, 275, 279, 281, 291 reputation 48, 271, 288, 328-30, 393-4, 463-4, 503-4

reserved legal activities 126-7, 131-3, 151-2, 154, 205, 230-1, 233

reserved legal services 113, 539, 571 resolution 85, 157, 224, 721-2, 748-9, 751, 753 resources 97-8, 165, 243, 245, 248, 651-3, 723-4 fixed 651-2

limited 307, 567, 653, 657 scarce 652, 655

respondents 206-7, 268-70, 272-3, 342-3, 538-9, 608, 692

responsibilities 13-14, 304, 460, 466-9, 471-3, 498-9, 586-9

ADR 732

collective 262, 460, 597 corporate 242, 563-4

legal 466, 732

to legal aid authorities 492 moral 24, 258, 306, 466 personal 22, 63, 119, 185, 483, 486, 575 regulatory 31, 163, 212 social 69, 564 6 system-facing 481 trainee 582

restrictions on attracting potential clients 498 retainers 46, 296-7, 324, 363, 381, 418, 452-3 joint 366-7

retention 507, 509, 511, 570, 589, 744

retired judges 111, 720

retrials 686, 692

review 203-5, 228, 265-6, 419-21, 424, 603-5, 668-70

judicial 9, 14, 16, 19-20, 420, 423, 715-16

RFLs, see Registered Foreign Lawyer

rights of audience 216, 706, 708

risk 245-8, 260-1, 394-5, 398, 431-4, 530-3, 630-1 of conflicts of interest 121, 381, 390-1, 412, 443, 491

degree of 302, 368-9, 429, 436 ethical 425, 433, 491

significant 373, 391-2, 394, 396-7, 402-3, 627, 669 risk-based regulation 235, 243 risk management 163, 240, 598

systems 238, 245

Road Rejuvenating and Repair Services 742

role conflict 27, 30

role of judges, see judicial role

role of lawyers 24, 186, 206, 524, 643

roll of solicitors 113, 271, 283

Royal Commission on Legal Services 147, 193, 557 rule-based regulation 234-5, 237, 242 rule-making powers 216, 229

rule of law 3, 8-10, 13, 15, 20, 326

and lawyers 23

salaries 67, 87, 97, 130, 581, 589-90 pupillage 70 trainee 118

sales 80, 227, 402, 529, 532, 655, 658

sanctions 261-2, 270, 273, 275, 277-8, 285, 287-92 administrative 223, 238, 242, 250, 283, 289 costs 624, 629, 636, 645, 648, 735-6, 738 criminal 261

regulatory 212, 273, 285, 288, 291-2

SAQ (short answer questions) 178, 204 satellite litigation 421, 627 scale fees 65, 144, 415 scarce resources 652, 655

SCB (Solicitors’ Complaints Bureau) 219

SCF (Solicitors’ Compensation Fund) 225-7, 284 Scrutiny and Performance Review Committee 156 SDT (Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal) 53, 151, 236, 242, 265-76, 283-5, 287-92

Second World War 55, 75, 81, 538, 542, 725 secret profits 444, 450

security 47, 56, 385, 515, 524-5, 530, 743-4 lender’s 385-6

national 347-8, 515

self-employed barristers 130, 148, 228, 248, 250-1, 463-4, 597

self-governance 52, 149

self-identity 59, 183, 263

self-image 75, 566-7

self-interest 5, 101, 180, 183, 256, 538, 550 self-regulation 51-2, 90, 143, 146, 213, 219, 286-7 self-regulators 526

sellers 98, 398-9, 401-3, 412, 481

senior appeal courts 12, 85

senior barristers 110, 551, 606

senior judges 10, 15, 85, 91, 111, 606, 634

senior lawyers 485, 525, 568

senior managers 238, 494, 524

senior partners 115, 228, 236, 590, 595

senior solicitors 547, 583

sentencing 178, 635, 639, 642, 662, 666, 669 separate representation 395, 399, 405, 407 separation 11-12, 17, 57, 101, 137, 166, 168

maintenance of 12-13

of powers 185, 574

serjeants 39-45, 47-8, 540

servants 39-40, 228, 695

settlement 630-5, 652, 657-60, 673-6, 680,

724-5, 743-4

agreements 275-6, 291, 461

regulatory 275, 291

rates 635, 730

severable documents 352

sex 21, 68, 465, 578, 607

sexual offences 699-700, 705

sexual orientation 21, 578, 607, 639-40

shared interests 650-1

shareholders 119, 401, 519, 521, 524-5, 535, 563-4

short answer questions (SAQ) 178, 204 shortfalls 236, 416, 418, 430, 436

SIAC (Special Immigration Appeals

Commission) 515

SIF (Solicitors’ Insurance Fund) 484 simultaneous clients 380 single regulator 92, 170, 252 situated learning 188

skills 94-5, 174, 197-8, 200, 582-3, 651-2, 755 advocacy 577, 704, 708 general transferable 176, 199

legal 95, 121, 174, 177, 199, 567, 570

small claims 382, 384, 445, 475, 630, 726, 730 track 632

small firms 114, 130, 133, 245, 562, 578-9, 581

Smedley Report 236-9, 245-6

social control 37

social groups 573, 595

social harm 104, 334, 518

social institutions 54, 186

social justice 6, 560

social networks 53-4, 596

social responsibility 69, 564 6

social roles 7, 32, 183, 568

social security 543, 551

social values 33, 184

social workers 379, 406-7, 725

socialisation 36, 182, 260

professional 37, 59

sole practitioners 118, 133, 227-8, 238, 245, 248, 258-60

solicitor advocacy 85, 487

solicitor and client conflicts 396

Solicitor General 553, 572-3

solicitors 105-24, 264-77, 354-74, 391-412, 432-55, 467-76, 478-95 appellant’s 380 conduct unbefitting a 270 defaulting 226-8 defendant 372, 387, 469, 692

dishonest 227

employed 71, 88, 113-14 employment pre-qualification 576 former 364, 692

identifiable 500-1

in-house 114, 559, 571

individual 142, 238, 242, 389, 395, 400 large commercial 58, 195, 590 obligations to third parties in negotiations 673 panel 490-1

practising 107, 119, 176, 227

prospective 591, 748

provincial 49, 63, 141

qualified 120, 200, 559, 584, 589

reasonable 270, 358

senior 547, 583

traditional 70, 120

workplaces 587-97

Solicitors’ Compensation Fund, see SCF

Solicitors’ Complaints Bureau, see SCB

Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal, see SDT

Solicitors’ Insurance Fund (SIF) 484

Solicitors Introduction and Referral Code 447

Solicitors Managing Clerks’ Association 49 Solicitors’ Pro Bono Group, see SPBG Solicitors Regulation Authority, see SRA Sommerlad, H 592, 594 sophisticated clients 369

SPBG (Solicitors’ Pro Bono Group) 546-9, 554, 557, 563-4

Special Immigration Appeals Commission

(SIAC) 515

specialisation 50, 57, 65, 70, 72-3, 115, 118 specimen code 751-2, 755 speculative fees 425-6, 438-9 split profession 89, 297 spouses 386, 394, 405, 411, 467

SRA Board (sRB) 155-6, 161-3, 287-8

SRA (Solicitors Regulation Authority) 127-9, 161-2, 224-8, 236-42, 267-9, 272-6, 287-90

SRB, see SRA Board

staff 115, 164, 336-8, 578, 586-7, 589-90, 603 stakeholders 23, 137, 168, 185, 191-6, 207, 563 stamp duties 52, 415

standards 143-4, 148, 151-2, 161-3, 208-9, 261-2, 310-12

high 4, 41, 78, 125, 229, 235, 242 practice skill 583 of proof, see proof

regulatory 166, 285-6

written 147, 312, 750 state control 18, 82, 93 state funding 55, 427 state mediation 80, 100 state power 10-11, 13, 91, 102, 104, 563, 729 status 50, 58-62, 94, 96, 99, 259-60, 686-7

ambiguous 107, 343 legal 145, 215-16 professional 108 of professions 6, 58

statute 128, 157, 159, 339-40, 349, 433-4, 436 statutory duties 93, 126-7, 152, 494, 620, 675, 728 statutory monopolies 50, 56, 91, 108

students 172-80, 182-3, 185-96, 198-204, 583-4, 598-9, 749

subject matter 194, 359, 415, 699-700 subject of litigation 227, 426, 533 submissions 90, 270, 641, 645-6, 668, 703 subscribers 157-8 subscriptions 48-9, 551

success fees 423, 427, 429-32, 434, 437-8 recovery/non-recovery 430-1

successful parties 417, 626, 686, 735 suitability 196, 241-2, 265, 552, 629 supervision 161, 163, 245, 248, 283, 289, 581-2 support litigation 425-7, 433

Supreme Court 12-13, 15-16, 20, 49, 342-3, 559, 568

Justices 12, 18

suspension 42, 268, 270, 273, 276-80, 282-3, 285 interim 281-3

period of 268, 282-3

suspicion 221, 224, 506-9, 511-12, 514, 528, 532 Susskind, R 95, 303

systemic failures 280, 675

TAG (The Accident Group) 446, 701 tailoring of evidence 642-3

Tamanaha, BZ 8, 19 task-based fixed fees 420, 422-3 tax avoidance schemes 342, 514 teaching 181-2, 186, 189, 205-6, 704

ethics 186-7, 189

technology 81, 95, 118, 131, 205

Technology and Construction Court 728 tenancy 67, 203, 469, 601-2, 605-6 tenants 111, 382, 461, 601-2, 604, 606-7, 633 tensions 15, 49, 141-2, 168, 292, 569, 572 terrorism 116, 504-5, 510-11 terrorist property 511, 513

Test of Evidence and Procedure 706

TFRG (Training Framework Review Group) 200-2, 206

Thatcher Government 82-4, 544 third parties 369, 425-7, 443-5, 459-61, 466-82,

496, 677-8

collective 498, 500, 502, 504, 506, 530-2, 534 harm 371, 533

identifiable 481, 518, 531

identified 466

individual 464, 466, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476

interests 459, 472, 480, 518, 523

lay 466, 477

neutral 721, 732, 738-9, 749, 751, 755 obligations 459, 466, 479, 497 professional 481-2

relations with 480, 485, 518

taking unfair advantage of 481, 518, 677 unidentified 521, 523

third party duties 479, 676

third party funders 419, 487-8, 491-2 third party funders of litigation 466, 492 third party funding 442-3, 491 three-person panels 276, 279 tighter regulation 412, 530, 532 timetables 629-30, 632, 645 tip-offs 241, 243, 264, 267, 507, 509-10, 512-14 top firms 119, 359, 595 tort 22, 145, 176, 213, 330, 466, 472 tournament model 593

trade mark attorneys 49, 106, 122, 342, 614 trade unions 105, 141-2, 170, 307, 428, 443, 463 traditional law firms 96

traditional solicitors 70, 120 traditions 10, 23, 38, 43, 562, 568, 574

professional 75, 286 trainee responsibilities 582 trainee salaries 118

Trainee Solicitors’ Group (TSG) 581-2 trainees 173-4, 178, 195-6, 566-8, 576-7,

579-83, 589

prospective 195, 584 traineeships 192, 584, 595 training 162-5, 171-5, 194-200, 204-10, 581-3,

702-4, 747-8

advocacy 600, 703-4

appropriate 319, 603, 751

contracts 173, 177, 265, 576-7, 579, 582-5, 589 curricula 309-10

establishments 583

experience 581

formal 52, 172

period 113, 175, 576, 583, 589

professional 5, 194

regimes 206, 234, 583

requirements 48, 175, 178, 204, 586

system 582, 610

Training Framework Review 200, 582-3 Training Framework Review Group, see TFRG Training Regulation 113, 209 transaction costs 655, 657, 679 transaction lawyers 530, 532, 556, 568 transactions 65, 349, 402-3, 443, 460,

510-12, 528-9

complex commercial 117, 395

financial 510, 526, 568

suspicious 505, 510

transfers 57, 108, 367, 403, 585, 634

of fees 453

transformative mediation 723-4 transition 170, 263, 540, 574, 589, 604, 648 transparency 21, 138, 151, 413, 445, 648, 652 trial judges 338, 381, 421, 475, 620, 736 tribunals 266-71, 278-80, 283-4, 475-6, 551,

703-5, 708

professional 244, 258

trust 297, 299-300, 471-2, 501-4, 510, 530-1, 658 environment of 658, 679 public 449, 477, 503, 531

trust property 299

trustees 299, 367, 391, 402, 408, 474, 740 truth 645, 649, 651, 656, 682-3, 691, 696

TSG (Trainee Solicitors’ Group) 581-2 turnover 115-16, 129-30, 245, 274, 591

Twining, W 191, 198, 210

unauthorised persons 123 unbefitting conduct 270, 289, 494 unconscionable conduct 674, 676 underhand tactics 672-3

undertakings 88, 338-9, 471-5, 483-4, 513,

515, 690-1

unethical behaviour 26, 187, 262, 307; see also ethics

unfair advantage 477-9, 481-2, 496, 518, 673, 676-7, 680

Unger, R 19

unidentified third parties 521, 523

unified contract 86

unintended consequences 630

unique legal basis of lawyer and client relationship 299

United States 27-30, 66-7, 184-5, 425-7, 520-1, 661-2, 674

universities 52-3, 61, 172-4, 176, 181,

191-2, 198-9

elite 576, 603

university degrees 52, 67, 175, 200, 576 university graduates, see graduates university law clinics 175, 583 university legal education 174 unlawful client conduct, active 523, 531 unmeritorious claims 61, 694 unprofessional conduct 66, 402, 486 unqualified persons 108, 476, 478 unregistered barristers 229, 249, 277, 500 unregulated mediation market 747 unrepresented parties 470, 475, 478-9 uplift 415, 431-3

US, see United States

users of legal services 237, 395, 398

values 4-7, 36-8, 61-3, 179-80, 182-5,

189-91, 201-2 abstract 463 core 5 high 33, 375, 659, 746 legal 11, 198, 202, 206-7 moral 4, 32, 34, 185 personal 27, 30, 185, 303 pragmatic 4 social 33, 184

victims 226-7, 382, 639-42, 662-5, 668, 698-9, 701-2

alleged 697-8 virtues, professional 6

vocational courses 68, 173-4, 181-2, 186, 195, 201,679

vocational stage 171-2, 175-7, 197-9, 201, 203, 207, 209-11

outcomes 201

voluntary legal services 537, 546, 549, 558;

see also pro bono

votes 142, 149, 155, 157, 544

voting rights 127, 230, 572

vulnerable clients 320-1, 403, 462

vulnerable witnesses 559, 681, 697, 700, 702, 707

waiver 228, 356-8, 577, 744

of litigation privilege 356

wasted costs 473, 619, 621-2, 624-8, 647 applications 622-3, 625, 627-8 jurisdiction 422, 440, 619, 621, 625-6, 628, 647-8

orders 213, 473, 619-21, 623-4, 626-9, 633, 646-8

Watergate scandal 517, 524

WBL, see Work-Based Learning

wealth 76, 78, 100, 256

Weber, Max 7, 23, 77

welfare 8, 55, 70, 353-5, 374, 537, 560

advice 567-8

law 493, 544, 567

state 55, 75, 536, 538, 540, 542 white-collar crime 255, 257-8, 260 witness statements 275, 318, 357, 618, 632,

710, 740

witnesses 278, 616-18, 686-7, 689-91, 695-700,

702, 710-11

truthful 696-7

vulnerable 559, 681, 697, 700, 702, 707 wives 309, 366-7, 386-7, 619-20, 623, 625, 695 women 68, 173, 584-5, 591-2, 594-7, 601,

604-9

women partners 595

women solicitors 594

women trainees 594 5

Wood Report 203-4, 749 Woolf Reforms 546, 629-31, 633-5, 648, 747 work-based learning (WBL) 175, 200-1, 583 work experience 205, 593 workplaces 64, 69, 79, 188-9, 479, 575, 609 regulation of solicitors’ 587-97

Written Standards of Work 318, 709

zeal 25, 31, 317, 323, 325-6, 333, 682-3

mere 31, 684

obligation of 672 zealous advocacy 180, 322-4, 326, 672, 682-4