Index

A

Afghanistan, 325, 329, 330,467,470,502, 540,

542, 545, 560, 562, 569, 603, 604 Albania, 324, 325, 328, 329, 334, 336, 349,

353, 357, 358, 361, 363, 371, 377, 378,

386, 389, 404, 407, 411, 430, 463, 471,

478, 491, 497, 528, 533, 534, 540, 541,

545, 563, 568, 569, 571, 572, 574, 576,

577, 579, 590, 592, 597

Algeria, 310, 317, 318, 327, 328, 331, 349, 355,

357, 367, 387, 413, 431, 495, 545 Andorra, 562, 563, 577, 598

Angola, 516, 517, 540, 545, 599, 603, 607 Antigua, 91 Argentina, 289, 293, 374, 412, 435, 441,

447, 459, 493, 499, 528, 560, 563,

577, 603

Armenia, 338, 346, 347, 383, 387, 389, 404,

420, 421, 430, 451, 470, 472, 491, 497,

538, 541, 542, 545, 562, 563, 568, 571,

574, 576, 577, 579, 590, 597, 598 Australia, 288, 294, 295, 301, 310, 313, 347,

354, 355, 357, 358, 374, 402, 403, 405,

412, 417, 420, 435, 441, 447-449, 461,

463, 493, 500, 503, 504, 508, 516, 519,

555, 556, 560, 562, 567, 576, 592, 594, 598

Austria, 292, 295, 325, 328, 334, 349, 355, 357,

358, 360, 365, 370, 377, 382, 384, 386,

388, 396, 411, 413, 418, 435, 441, 447,

449, 463, 490, 491, 497, 504, 505, 509,

510, 516, 517, 522-524, 533, 534, 562,

563, 567-569, 571, 577, 579, 597-600, 603

Azerbaijan, 329, 330, 336, 351, 433, 446, 451, 491, 541, 544, 545, 571, 576, 577, 579, 590, 596, 607

B

Bahamas, 261

Bahrain, 335, 528

Bangladesh, 293, 374, 398, 592, 593, 602, 607 Barbados, 91

Belarus, 296,299, 310, 312, 314, 317, 318, 324,

329, 334, 335, 337, 338, 347, 545, 553, 595

Belgium, 290, 295, 302, 310, 315, 333, 336,

349, 351, 353, 357, 360, 370, 380, 382,

396, 404, 411, 413, 415, 416, 418, 419,

428, 443, 447, 449, 491, 500, 530, 533, 534, 545, 560, 571, 577, 592, 602

Belize, 91, 145

Benin, 294, 320, 349, 353, 431, 537, 592, 603 Bhutan, 325, 545

Bolivia, 293, 346, 347, 352,459,490,493,499,

505,510,538, 540-543, 546

Bosnia, 334, 350, 383, 397, 435, 448, 540-543,

546

Botswana, 473

Brazil, 289, 293, 320, 357, 358, 361, 366, 369,

372-374, 377, 378, 381, 384, 399, 404,

411, 419, 420, 436, 441, 442, 447-449,

459, 463, 464, 471, 494, 499, 504, 505, 510, 516, 519, 528, 587, 602, 606

Bulgaria, 294, 310, 312-314, 324, 328, 329,

334, 349, 353, 354, 357, 358, 361, 363,

365, 371, 386, 389, 405, 407, 491, 497,

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 W.

568, 576, 577, 579, 588, 590, 592, 593, 596

Burkina Faso, 294, 298, 300, 349, 354, 537 Burundi, 328, 523, 602

C

Cambodia, 293, 328, 345, 374, 387, 602, 606,

607

Cameroon, 315, 333, 335, 431, 463, 476, 516,

517

Canada, 288,289, 310, 347, 354, 357, 358, 374,

380, 383, 399, 402, 403, 405, 411, 417,

420, 442, 443, 447-449, 466, 468, 478, 493, 501,503, 504, 508,519

Central African, 327, 537, 590

Chad, 592, 598

Chile, 293, 320, 350, 353, 357, 358, 367, 371,

384, 387, 389, 399, 419, 420, 430, 445,

451, 459, 460, 494, 499, 502, 505, 538, 547, 593

China, 320, 398, 536, 564, 569, 579, 586, 592,

597

Colombia, 325, 332, 348, 353, 367, 419, 420, 430, 451, 494, 499, 535, 538, 540, 541, 543, 546

Comoros, 324, 442

Congo, 291, 431, 590, 603, 606

Costa Rica, 346, 347, 351, 505, 560

Cote d'Ivoire, 537

Croatia, 294, 310, 314-316, 318, 325, 335, 349,

351, 363, 405, 407, 430, 445, 451, 468,

491, 497, 505, 510, 540, 547, 562, 563, 568, 569, 572, 576, 577, 590

Cuba, 298, 299, 320, 563, 568

Cyprus, 321, 463, 466, 473, 478, 560, 590

Czech Republic, 290, 318, 323, 324, 328, 334,

346, 347, 353, 354, 357, 358, 361, 363,

365, 371, 377, 378, 386, 389, 404, 412,

418, 430, 451, 467, 472, 473, 491, 497,

510, 538, 540, 543, 547, 600, 602

D

Denmark, 290, 295, 310, 334, 335, 347, 355,

418, 431, 451, 463, 491, 497, 509, 510,

517, 538, 545, 562, 563, 568, 569, 571, 575, 576, 591-593, 596-598

Djibouti, 61, 62

Dominican Republic, 320

E

Ecuador, 320, 459, 501, 509

Egypt, 294, 298-300, 400, 413, 495, 499, 510, 517, 519, 540, 554, 560, 562, 568, 571, 572, 579

El Salvador, 320, 346, 347, 476

Emirates, 320

Eritrea, 320, 533, 534, 540

Estonia, 290,294, 324, 325, 327-329, 335, 337, 338, 347, 351, 357, 358, 375, 451, 491, 497, 531, 540, 543, 545, 546, 562-564, 568, 577, 579, 592, 596-598, 606

Ethiopia, 294, 436, 441, 447, 460, 495, 516, 530, 533, 534

F

Fiji, 546

Finland, 310, 313, 314, 325, 327, 331, 333, 358, 375, 431, 451, 465, 478, 491, 497, 500, 528, 530, 533, 541, 546, 547, 563, 571, 577, 587, 596, 597

France

French, 289, 293, 295, 297-300, 310, 312-315, 317, 323, 324, 329, 331, 334, 344, 349, 353, 356-358, 360, 364, 367, 369-372, 375, 384-386, 388, 394, 395, 401, 404, 407, 412, 416, 418, 419, 422, 429, 430, 434, 444, 445, 451, 459, 460, 473, 491, 497, 500, 503, 505, 516, 519, 522, 536, 538, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 569, 571, 577, 579, 588, 592, 595, 601, 602

G

Gabon, 289, 291, 294, 334, 431, 590, 607 Gambia, 325, 528, 533

Georgia, 296, 305, 323, 324, 331, 334, 335,

346, 347, 361, 397, 401-404, 411, 412,

418, 419, 421, 432, 472, 473, 492, 497,

500, 504, 505, 509, 523, 531, 538, 540,

562, 563, 568, 569, 574, 577, 579, 590, 596, 606

Germany, 290, 303, 305, 306, 309, 310,

314-321, 329, 331, 336, 337, 346, 347,

350, 351, 356-358, 361, 363, 365, 369,

370, 373, 376-378, 380-382, 385, 386,

389, 396, 411, 413, 418, 436, 441, 444, 447-451, 460, 461, 463, 465, 468, 472,

474, 478, 491, 497, 505, 509, 516-519,

521-523, 528, 530-535, 538, 544, 556, 560, 587, 592, 599, 601, 602, 607 Ghana, 320, 431, 495, 500, 504, 540, 546 Greece, 292, 297, 303, 307, 308, 314, 316, 320,

324, 325, 328-331, 349, 354, 356, 361,

363, 384, 404, 411, 413, 416, 430, 432,

451, 463, 465-468, 472, 492, 497, 500,

504, 519, 563, 567-569, 571, 577, 579, 590, 601, 602, 606

Grenada, 91

Guatemala, 320

Guinea, 320, 329, 508, 517, 537 Guinea-Bissau, 320, 537

Guyana, 310, 318, 320

H

Haiti, 315, 316, 324, 325, 334, 502

Honduras, 320, 350, 431, 476

Hungary, 290, 310, 312, 314-316, 318, 324,

327, 331, 335, 349, 351, 356-358, 361,

363, 366, 367, 371, 377, 387, 395, 396,

404, 407, 412, 418, 419, 462, 463, 468,

469, 472, 473, 478, 492, 497, 504, 505,

510, 523, 529, 540, 545, 546, 563, 568, 569, 572, 574, 576, 579

I

Iceland, 324, 325, 591, 592

India, 288, 293, 317, 318, 337, 347, 356, 358,

374, 380, 381, 383, 397, 412, 437, 442, 447-449, 452, 460, 494, 499, 502, 508, 560, 593, 602, 607

Indonesia, 289, 293, 333, 345, 347, 353, 354, 357, 361, 363, 378, 384, 387, 389, 411, 412, 449, 452, 494, 501, 560, 602

Iran, 495

Iraq, 331, 334, 442, 496, 503, 517, 554, 560 Ireland, 294, 310, 333, 349, 355, 358, 361, 363,

367, 385, 387, 404, 407, 419, 433, 447, 451, 465, 478, 492, 497, 505, 510, 516, 517, 519, 562, 563, 567, 571, 577, 590-592, 603

Israel, 288, 291, 375, 474, 495, 501, 508

Italy, 290, 292, 310, 313, 327, 328, 349, 353,

356, 357, 361, 363, 369, 370, 372, 381,

382, 386, 388, 394-396, 401, 404, 405, 412, 413, 418, 419, 429, 433, 442, 445-447, 451, 460, 465, 468, 490, 492, 497, 503, 515, 516, 522, 563, 568, 576,

577, 579, 592, 596-598, 600-602

J

Jamaica, 560, 562

Japan, 288, 291, 293, 297, 301, 304, 306, 333, 334, 347, 355, 358, 374, 398, 405, 412,

445, 460, 494, 499, 519, 528, 533, 534,

560, 562, 563, 592, 597, 598

Jordan, 49, 91, 249, 260, 261, 264

K

Kazakhstan, 296, 310, 314-318, 328, 553, 590, 596, 597

Kenya, 328, 331, 338, 540

Kiribati, 97, 98

Kuwait, 6, 118, 119

Kyrgyzstan, 328, 336, 472, 478, 492, 590, 596,

607

L

Laos, 6, 50, 55,251

Latvia, 290, 309, 327, 328, 332, 334, 347, 351, 359, 430, 473, 492, 498, 562, 568, 571, 576, 577, 598

Lebanon, 320, 323, 324

Lesotho, 336

Liberia, 17, 44, 49, 251, 258

Libya, 320

Liechtenstein, 348, 354, 355, 365

Lithuania, 290, 309, 325-327, 335, 349, 351, 357, 358, 361-363, 365, 371, 386, 404, 411, 451, 463, 465, 472, 473, 478, 492, 498, 504, 510, 528, 531, 538, 541, 545, 547, 562, 563, 568, 575, 598, 606

Luxembourg, 310, 463, 528, 530, 533, 534

M

Madagascar, 519, 522

Malawi, 320

Malaysia, 293, 347, 437, 447, 448, 472, 474, 560, 602

Maldives, 43, 44, 274, 275

Mali, 349, 431, 502, 517, 522, 537

Malta, 294, 347, 355, 359, 463, 466, 562, 563, 568, 571, 579, 588

Mauritania, 17, 251

Mauritius, 97

Mexico, 289, 320, 374, 377, 378, 384, 387, 399, 404, 405, 420, 421, 438, 448, 449, 451, 494, 499, 505, 517

Micronesia, 442

Moldova, 294, 331, 350, 355, 404, 432, 492, 590, 596, 606, 607

Mongolia, 293, 378, 387, 590, 591

Montenegro, 294, 383, 451, 540, 590, 597, 599

Morocco, 294, 331, 349, 357, 387, 466, 470, 560, 562, 579

Mozambique, 335 Myanmar, 345, 374

N

Namibia, 294, 298, 300, 450, 516, 518, 538,

540

Nepal, 314, 316, 324, 327-329, 336, 442, 448, 537, 596

Netherlands, 290, 292, 310, 313, 325, 347, 355,

396, 404, 406, 413, 416, 418, 430, 434,

471, 492, 498, 503, 505, 533, 534, 536, 569, 577, 596

New Zealand, 288, 310, 501, 508, 519, 520,

560

Nicaragua, 320, 470, 476 Niger, 349, 537

Nigeria, 289, 320, 438, 447, 448, 495, 500, 504, 505, 520

North Korea, 320

North Macedonia, 599

Norway, 290, 310, 346, 347, 355, 374, 463,

492, 503, 516, 560, 571, 577, 590, 592, 601-603

O

Oman, 320

P

Pakistan, 293, 320, 324, 331, 439, 442, 446, 451, 494, 501, 509, 523, 562, 569, 570

Panama, 325, 346, 347, 355

Paraguay, 332, 476

Peru, 293, 298, 300, 350, 351, 359, 366, 379, 384, 405, 413, 420, 431, 451, 459, 494, 499, 502, 505, 540, 541, 543, 546, 598

Philippines, 320, 347, 355, 398, 449, 465, 475, 478, 509, 516, 517, 560, 562, 563, 573, 574, 577, 590, 597, 606

Poland, 290,293, 297-300, 306, 312, 323-325, 329-331, 334, 336, 346, 347, 351, 352, 356-361, 363, 365, 371, 378, 383, 389, 397, 404, 408, 411, 412, 418, 430, 434,

445, 450, 451, 463, 472, 473, 492, 500, 503, 505, 509, 519, 538, 540, 571, 574, 576, 579, 596-598

Portugal, 291, 292, 297, 310, 313, 314, 329, 349, 351, 353, 357, 358, 361, 365, 367, 369, 372, 373, 386, 389, 405, 411, 431,

446, 463, 466-468, 470, 472, 478, 492,

500, 504, 505, 509, 531, 538, 540, 562,

569, 576, 579, 590, 592, 599, 601-603,

606, 607

Q

Qatar, 315, 316, 320

R

Romania, 289, 298-301, 327, 328, 331, 353,

357, 358, 361-363, 367, 371, 377, 378,

386, 389, 404, 407, 418, 419, 421, 430,

445, 463, 465, 472, 475, 492, 500, 590, 591, 597, 598, 601-603, 606

Russia, 291, 294, 296, 298, 299, 301, 333-337,

346, 347, 353, 357, 358, 361-363, 366,

371, 377, 378, 381, 383, 389, 397, 404,

405, 416, 418, 419, 432, 443, 444, 451,

463, 465, 468, 470, 472, 478, 493, 500,

509, 540, 545, 553, 555, 560, 563, 567,

571, 572, 576, 577, 579, 590, 592, 593, 597, 598, 603

Rwanda, 49, 237, 314

S

Samoa, 91

San Marino, 258

Saudi Arabia, 320

Senegal, 297, 327, 349, 431, 537, 598, 602 Serbia, 294, 314, 315, 325-329, 334, 336, 338,

350, 357, 363, 383, 387, 389, 406, 432, 451, 492, 498, 528, 590, 591, 606

Seychelles, 25, 26

Sierra Leone, 320

Singapore, 293, 528, 533, 534, 560, 562, 576 Slovakia, 294, 314, 316, 318, 346, 347, 353,

354, 357, 358, 361-363, 366, 371, 378,

386, 389, 404, 430, 451, 465, 478, 492, 498, 510, 538, 540, 547, 592

Slovenia, 294, 314, 316, 327, 328, 337, 349,

357, 359, 361-363, 371, 378, 386, 389,

451, 472, 492, 498, 528, 533, 589, 590, 598

Solomon Islands, 260

Somalia, 315, 316, 439,447 South Africa, 289, 294, 320, 328, 348, 359,

366, 371, 379, 384, 399, 404, 411, 419,

440, 447, 448, 450, 463, 467, 476, 495, 501, 508, 538, 540, 546, 562, 607

South Korea, 291,293, 325, 371, 374, 378, 379,

384, 389, 398, 452, 467, 494, 501, 509,

562, 568, 569, 590, 592, 596, 598

South Sudan, 325, 328, 442

Spain, 290, 292, 310, 313, 314, 316, 320, 324, 329, 349, 353, 356-358, 362, 363, 365, 367, 368, 370, 373, 376, 378, 381, 382, 395, 401, 411-413, 416, 418, 429, 433, 442, 445-447, 449, 451, 460, 463, 470, 472, 475, 492, 498, 510, 522, 523, 528, 538, 545, 562, 568, 569, 571, 577, 587, 590, 592, 593, 597, 598, 601

Sri Lanka, 374, 448, 560, 562, 563, 569, 576, 579, 607

Sudan, 442

Suriname, 528, 531 Swaziland, 248, 261

Sweden, 290, 297, 298, 302, 303, 307, 310,

313, 333, 375, 405, 406, 418, 463, 492, 498, 505, 516, 519, 528, 533, 536, 538, 540-542, 560, 569, 573

Switzerland, xxxv, 289, 320, 321, 349, 351,

353, 354, 361-363, 367, 369, 372, 377,

378, 380, 381, 383, 386, 396, 403, 411, 413, 439, 444, 447-449, 451, 478, 493, 498, 502, 505, 528-530, 556, 558, 560, 562-565, 568-573, 577, 590, 598, 600, 603, 607

Syria, 502, 538

T

Tajikistan, 296 Tanzania, 329, 333, 335

Thailand, 293, 325, 345, 371, 374, 379, 384,

389, 398, 411, 460, 470, 494, 499, 537,

560, 562, 568, 578, 596, 602 Timor-Leste, 310-312, 601-603, 606 Togo, 294, 329, 333, 335, 349, 355, 367, 419,

431, 537

Trinidad, 98 Tunisia, 291,294,298-300, 314, 318, 346, 347,

349, 355, 357, 367, 399, 419, 495, 500,

596, 598

Turkey, 346-348, 357, 358, 361-363, 371, 397, 407, 418, 419, 451, 463, 465, 468, 471-473, 478, 493, 498, 554, 562, 565, 566, 571, 574, 577, 590, 592, 597, 598, 607

Turkmenistan, 320

U

Uganda, 7, 26, 34, 55, 60-62, 67, 91, 100, 182, 183, 185,211,213,221

Ukraine, 294, 296-298, 328, 350, 357, 359,

385, 397, 403, 404, 432, 470, 493, 498,

538, 540, 567, 592, 595, 598, 602, 606, 607

United Kingdom (UK), xxxv, xxxvi, 292, 301,

310, 318, 320, 321, 350, 354, 355, 357,

374, 402, 403, 405, 406, 411, 412, 417,

419, 428, 433, 447, 451, 460, 493, 500,

503, 504, 506, 508, 518, 519, 545, 575

United States (USA), xxxvi, 368,440,442,447,

474, 517, 518, 520, 521, 556, 560, 588, 590, 592, 599

Uruguay, 459

US constitution

USA, 599, 600

Uzbekistan, 296, 320, 587

V

Venezuela, 325, 350, 351, 440, 448, 451, 459, 460,494, 499, 501,505,509

Vietnam, 325, 563, 568

Z

Yemen, 93, 145, 201, 249

Z

Zambia, 320, 518, 560, 562, 568, 578

Zimbabwe, 338

⁴¹ Art. 150 par.

⁴²Venice Commission (2001), No. 55.

¹²However, some constitutions might make distinctions between referendums and plebiscites: In Australia, for instance, a referendum that aims to amend the Australian Constitution has to be distinguished from plebiscites, which describe non-binding votes by the people to obtain an