INDEX

A posteriori truth, 105, 106, 310, 322-23, 324, 326-27, 328, 330.

See also Mind-body problem

Brain, 39-40

British legal system, 282-83

Buddhism, 362

Capital punishment, 271-72

Cartesianism, 13, 19, 22, 48, 51-52, 64, 82, 378

Categorical imperative, 185, 191, 192, 197, 202, 215

Causal account of location, 9

Causal theories of knowledge, 68, 78

(traditional) justification v., 70-73, 77 as reliable in circumstances, 70, 72 skepticism and, 66-70

Causation, 171-75, 300, 367

Certainty, 44-53, 58, 60, 61, 71, 114

Chance, 240

Change, rule of, 283, 284, 285

Chaos, 370

Chinese, 353-54

Christian philosophy, 305, 337, 362, 363

Chromosomes, 147, 148-50, 157

Circumstances of ascription, 64

Citizens

autonomy, 295-96, 297 not free in becoming, 231 sovereign and, 230

Civil disobedience, 271

against laws, 271-72

minimum moral conditions and,

272-73

Civil Rights

civil disobedience for, 273, 274

Civil society, 228-29

Cleanthes, 310, 316, 325-35

cogito, the, 46, 48, 58, 113, 114

Cognitive idea, 104

Cognitive psychology, 34-36

folk psychology v., 34-35 sociology of knowledge and, 74

Cognitive relativism, 344, 353-55, 356

Cognitivism, 186-87

intutitionisms form of, 187-91

Common sense

beliefs, 138-39

mentalist v.

behaviorist, 2-3 Commonwealth, 228, 258, 263 Compatibilism, 369

determinism and, 369, 376 free will and, 369, 376-77 moral responsibility and, 373-77

Competition, 225

Compositionality thesis (CT), 89-90, 91,

93, 96

Computers, 73, 128

as model of mind, 1, 19, 21-22, 24, 28 programming of, 21-22 speech recognition by, 2 as thinking machines, 4 understanding by, 2-4

Con-attitudes, 186

Conceptual frameworks/schemes, 354-55, 356, 358

variation of truth in, 359, 360 Conclusion, 106, 112, 113 Conditional, 112

contrary-to-fact, 173 Confirmation theory, 171 Conjecture, 164, 166, 167 Conjunction, 112 Connectives, 112, 142

Consciousness

belief, case against, 34-36 cognitive psychology and, 34-36 folk psychology and, 34-35 functionalism and, 32-33 intentional stance towards, 35-36 linguistic communication and, 32 mind and, 31-36 phenomenologist, inner life and,

28-31

shared presupposition of, 33 thought experiments and, 33-34 time and, 32

Consequence, 107

Consequent, 112 Consequentialism, 203, 206

absolutism v., 206, 208-13, 215, 218 autonomy v., 212-13 justification in, 210-11 rights and, 214 as wrong, 213, 214

Constant-sum game, 236, 241, 250

Constitution, 231, 282-83

Context(s), 153

of discovery, 130, 158 extensional, 97-98 intensional, 97-99, 101 of justification, 130, 139, 158, 167

size=1 color=black face="Times New Roman">Contingent truth, 104, 106 Contrary-to-fact conditional, 173

Co-operative solution, 243, 245

Copula, 182

Correspondence rules, 142-43, 144-45 Corroboration, 166, 170, 171 Cosmological argument, 322-23 Counterfactuals, 173-74

Courts, 343

offenders, moral view and, 296 rule of adjudication for, 284, 285 rules approved by, 282-83

Covenant, 228

bound to (agreement of), 230, 244-45 nonacceptance of, 231-32

Creative intelligence, 326, 328 necessity of, 324-25, 328, 329-30 probability v.

necessity of, 326, 330

Criterion of correctness, 12-14, 16 rules without, 17

Cross-world twins, 314

Culture(s), 339-40. See also Western cul

ture

accommodative style, 342 adversarial, 341-42 beliefs of (traditional), 342-45, 346,

353

moral relativism for, 192, 195, 201-4, 218, 344

traditional, 343, 345-49, 351-52 verbal communication and shared,

352

Zande (traditional), 344-49, 353

Darwin, Charles, 76, 79, 327

Davis, Morton, 238-39

Deductive closure principle, 49-50, 51,

66-67

Deductive-nomological (DN) model, 145-47, 168

Demarcation problem, 128, 130, 157, 165, 166-67

Demonstration, 55

Dennett, Daniel, 35-36 Deontology, 206

Descartes, Rene, 38, 60, 303, 342. See

also Cartesianism

behaviorism v., 11, 19, 28

causal account of location problem of, 9-10

the cogito of, 46, 48, 58, 113, 114 conscious mind for, 31, 36

as dualist, 6, 8, 9

evil demon and, 45-46, 48, 51, 64

God as benevolent, omnipotent for, 48-49, 51

on God's existence, 312-14, 316-17

justification requires certainty, knowledge and, 44-53, 58, 60, 61, 71

lang=EN-US style='font-size:7.5pt;line-height: 115%'>on language, 82-84

mind-body problem of, 6-10, 77, 82 modern philosophy of mind begun with, 5

others' minds problem of, 6-7, 10-11 principle of deduction for (PDJ), 50-51, 60, 66, 67-68

rationalism of, 52, 54, 57-58, 76 relevance of, xv

skepticism and, 48, 52-53, 58, 61, 64-65

Description, 129-30

individuating of, 231, 307-9, 310, 318 knowledge by, 306-7

Design of universe, 323, 324-25, 326 argument against necessity of, 328 intelligent designer and, 331, 332, 334 Desire

basic, 193

criticisms of, 192-93 Determined events, 371 Determinism, 175

chaos, physics and, 370

compatibilism and, 369, 376

free will and, 365-73 incompatibilism and, 369, 374-75, 377 indeterminism and, 370-71 laws irreducibly probabilistic in physics and, 370-71, 372 Deterrence

presuppositions of, 292

punishment justified with, 286-87

retributions and, 289-91, 296 theory of punishment, 287 theory revisited for, 291-93 Diachronic approach, 129-30 Dialogue Concerning Natural Religion (Hume), 310, 316, 325, 333, 335 Difference principle, 250-52, 253 Discourse of Method (Descartes), 5-6,

312

Disjunction, 112 Disputes, settlement of, 222 Division of labor, 361-62, 365 DN.

See Deductive-nomological (DN) model

Dreams, 45 Dualism, 6, 8, 9 Duff, R.A., 275 Duhem, Pierre, 165

Duhem-Quine problem, 165 Duties, 214-15

Economics, 207-8

Emotivism, 218, 378

criticism of desire and, 192-93 disagreement of attitudes in, 194-95 metaethical, 195

morality and, 186, 191-97 reason and, 196

Empedocles, 329

Empirical conditions of adequacy, 147 Empiricism, 54-57, 58-59

consistent, 62, 71, 142

foundationalist, 76 morality and, 180 observability for, 141 radical, 151

science, theory and, 140, 144 underdeterminiation of, 155, 347 verification principle of, 62 End-result principles, 261, 291 Enforcement, rules of, 284-85, 295 English, 356-58

Enquiry Concerning Human

Understanding (Hume), 159 Entitlement theory, 265-67 Envy, 250, 251-52, 254 Epicurus, 371-72 Epistemology, 4, 41

evolutionary, 76

Epistemology (continued) foundationalist, 56-61, 72, 140 functionalism and, 28-29, 63, 78 induction and, 161 instrumentalism and, 151-52 moral, 183, 186, 187, 189 naturalized, 74-77 other minds problem and, 7-8 “ought” from, 75 phenomenological, 71, 77 psychology and, 74-76 as starting point, xiii, 7 Western philosophy based on, 5

Equality, 248, 249-50, 253, 272

in state of nature, 262

Equilibrium

point, 239

reflective, 258, 259, 260, 378 strategy, 238-39

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 54-55

Essence, 6-7

Ethics, 178, 216-17. See also Morality Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 216, 268 Euthanasia, 178, 213

Evans-Pritchard, Edward, 343, 344-49, 358, 361

Events

determined, 371

mind's effect on, 372-73

partially random, 371 probability of, 372

Evidence

defeasible, 45, 56, 61, 66, 342

experimental, 167

good, 45-46 indefeasible, 45-47, 49, 50, 53, 56, 57-58, 61, 71, 72

not leading to truth, 360 perceptual, 192 relativism and, 344

Evil, 335-37

Evil demon, 45-46, 48, 51, 64

Existence

of contingent beings, 322, 323 of God, 310-16, 317-23, 334, 337-38 names and, 321-22

nonexistence and, 319-20 not as predicate (for God), 317-22

of numbers, 300-305

open sentence satisfied by, 318 of possible worlds, 313-14 two possibilities of, 321

Existential generalization, 319-20

Existential quantifier, 96, 112-13, 318, 320, 321

Experience

argument from (Hume), 331-33

consistency of., 59, 71

as involuntary., 59-60

judgment with, 154

moral, 189-90 sensation v., 55

strong empirical correlation between, 331, 332

Experimental theism, 334 Experiments, 179. See also Observation crucial, 150

Explanadum, 145-46

Explanans, 145

Explanation, inference to the best (ITBE), 167-71

Explanatory power, 169

Extension, 93, 97, 100-101, 183-84

Extensional context, 97-98 Externalism (in epistemology), 71 Extrasensory perception, 372-73

Fact(s)

matter of, 316-17

moral, 183, 196, 201

values v., 180-83

Faculty, moral, 187, 189

Fallacy

of ambiguity, 156-57

naturalistic, 189

Fallibilism, 59-60, 164, 342-43, 360, 379 Falsificationism, 163, 164, 165-67, 171, 179

Falsity, 52, 60, 63, 66-67, 113

relative, 355

sentence, 91-92, 96

true consequence from, 70

Fanatic, 203

Feelings, xvii, 31

moral, 210-11

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 378

First-order predicate logic, 112

Fodor, Jerry, 118

Folk philosophy, 339-40, 349, 362

Folk psychology, 26-27

cognitive psychology v., 34-35 Forms, 303

Foundationalism, epistemological, 56-61 Free will, 336

chaos, physics and, 370 compatibilism and, 369, 376-77 determinism and, 365-73 evil, God and, 336-37 incompatibilism and, 368-69, 377 indeterminism and, 370-71

Frege, Gottlob, 153, 174, 304 language and, 81, 86-92, 93-98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 117, 119-20, 121, 124, 307-8, 321-22 numbers and, 304-5

Functional role, 21, 23, 24 Functionalism, 19-22, 95, 208, 366-67, 378

arguments for and against, 33, 37-38 beliefs and, 23-25, 28, 64, 118, 184 computer model of, 21-22, 28 epistemological view of, 28-29, 63 first problem of, 23-25, 26-28 inner life and, 28-30, 367 input and output for, 20, 28 machine and, 29-31, 128 mind-body problem and, 22 other people's mind and, 22-23, 27-28 private mind and, 83

Ramsey's solution to first problem of, 26-28

second problem of, 28-29 soul (mbisimo) and, 359-60 theory of pain and, 25-26, 366 thermostat function and, 19-20 verificationism, private mental states and, 64

Game theory, 233 bargaining, 248-58 complexity in, 240-41 constant-sum game in, 236, 241, 250 game defined in, 233-34 game rules of, 245-46 guessing game, no strategy and, 235-36 maximin value in, 239, 253

non-zero-sum two-person game in,

241-45

style='margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>n-person non-constant-sum game in, 241, 248, 250, 253, 254

payoff for, 234, 237, 239, 240-41, 242 players in, 233-34, 242, 248 the prisoners' dilemma in, 242-45 rational decision making understood

in, 233, 238

strategy in, 238-40

two person zero-sum game in, 234-42, 254

utility payoff in, 241, 242

Gametes, 131, 134, 149 Generalization, 146, 148, 158-59, 161,

172, 378

accidental, 173

existential, 319-20

as law of nature, 198

laws v., 173

Genes, 131

Genetic theory (MG), 146-47, 148, 156,

171

alleles, phenotype and, 131-32, 135, 137 of chromosomes, 147, 148-50, 157 definition of genes and, 136-37 dominant/recessive genes in, 132-33,

135 genes' definition in, 136-37, 157 heterozygous organisms in, 131-32,

134, 135

homozygous organisms in, 131, 133,

135, 165, 173

independent assortment of genes in, 134, 136, 149, 157

instrumentalist alternative to-152, 151 main propositions of, 135-36, 142-43,

149

predictability, truth and, 144, 148-49 as progressive, 149

segregation of characteristics in, 134,

136, 157, 165

Genotype, 131 German, 358-59

Gettier, Edmund, 66-68 Glover, Jonathan, 211-12 God

a posteriori existence of, 310, 322-24, 326-27, 328, 330

God (continued)

a priori existence of, 310-15

as (necessary) being/existence, 310-16, 317, 322-23, 334, 337

as benevolent, 48, 51

best explanation of all data and, 334-37

choice of actual world by, 99-100 conceptions of, 306 as designer/ruler of universe, 324-25, 326

evil and, 335-37

existence not as predicate, 317-22 as first cause, 322-23

free will and, 366

free will, evil and, 336-37

as greatest conceivable being, 311-12, 317, 323, 335-36

guarantee of senses by, 49, 51 individuating description of, 310 known in different ways, 310 no a priori matter-of-fact proofs of, 316-17

no fixed sense with, 310

non existence of, 53

omnipotence of, 48-49, 51, 335-37 personal, 317, 323

as prime mover, 322-23

as proper name, 305-10 religious claims of, 363 as scientific hypothesis, 335 teleological argument for, 324-25 theodicy and, 337

as uniqueness claim, 313-14

as universe, 312-13

Gods, 341, 342

Golden Rule, 201-2, 217

Goldman, Alvin, 69, 71-72, 74

Good, 187-88, 249

common, 285

dependent on person/culture, 192 hedonism and, 187, 189

Ideas of, 303

life, 216-17, 268-69

non-naturalness of, 188-89 unanalyzable, 187-88

Goodman, Nelson, 161-63 Government

morally repugnant, 271-73, 294

Grammar, 321

Grice, H. P., 119-20, 124

Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Kant), 197

Guanilo of Marmoutiers, 315 Guilty, 288, 289, 291-92

Hacking, Ian, 81 Hallucinations, 51, 76

Hanson, Russ, 153, 156-57 Happiness, 187, 206-7, 210, 215, 216 Hare, R. M., 202-4, 206, 210-11 Harman, Gil, 167

Hart, H.L.A., 280-85

Hedonist, 187, 189

Hegel, G.W.F., 378-79

Hempel, Carl, 145-47, 168 Heterozygous, 131 Hick, John, 336-37

Hidden variable theory, 371 Historical principles, 261, 264, 291 Hitler, Adolf, 200, 201-3, 204, 205 Hobbes, Thomas, 11-12, 129, 272, 296 circumstances of human life and,

224-26, 243, 245-47, 248

Common-weath, sovereign power and, 228-29, 231-32, 245, 258, 263, 269

laws of nature and, 226-27, 274 power and, 225, 229

private v. public language and, 11-15, 82-84, 86-87, 124

problems for, 229-33, 245-47, 256-57 as prudentialist, 229-30, 245-46 state of nature and, 225-26, 228,

230-31, 233, 243, 245, 257, 258

word v. sentence and, 88 Homozygous, 131 Honderich, Ted, 289 Horton, Robert, 341-42 Human being (life), xviii

circumstances of, 224-26, 243, 245 language for, 79-80

as one kind of animal, 79

as self-interested, 224-25, 245-47, 249 Hume, David, 310. See also Cleathes

argument from experience (and design) of metaphysics and, 331-34 fact, value and, 182-83

harmony of nature argument by,

325-30

inference to best explanation and,

334-35

no a priori matter-of-fact proofs and, 316-17

problem of induction by, 158-59, 161, 164, 171-72

Idea(s), 303

clear and distinct, 51

cognitive, 104 collection of, 54-55 from experience, 55, 56 of good, 303 language signifying, 86

Idealist, 152

Identity statements, 103, 116 Ignorance, of goals/positions, 249,

252-53, 255, 256, 258, 267

Imagination, 190 Immoral, 208

Imperative categorical, 185, 191, 192, 197, 202,

215

hypothetical, 185 Incompatibilism, 368, 374-75, 377 Indeterminism, 370-71

Indexicals, 351

Individuate, 307-8

Induction, 158. See also Inference enumerative, 158, 162-63, 332 justifying theories and, 157-61, 167 new riddle of, 161-63 problem of, 158, 171-72 reliable, 163

Inequality surpluses, 248, 250-52, 253, 255-56, 260

Inference, 159-60

ampliative, 160-61

to best explanation (ITBE Model), 167-71, 334-37

deductive, 160, 161 valid, 160, 161

Infinite regress (argument), 15-16 Inheritance, uncertainty of law and, 281-82

Innocence, 177-79, 181, 199, 214-15,

287 punishment and, 291 victimization of, 287, 289, 291-92

Input, 20, 24, 28

sensation, 23

Instrumentalism, 150-53, 154

Instrumentalist alternative, 151

Intellectual division of labor, 361-62

Intelligence, 330. See also Creative intelligence

Intelligent designer, 331, 332, 334

Intension

as meaning, 102-3 possible worlds and, 102, 103

sense v., 102, 104

Intensional context, 97-98, 101

Intensionality, 96-99

Intentional stance, 35-36

Interactionism, 9

Internalist, 71

Intuition, 258-59, 378

Intuitionism, 187

Intuitionism, moral, 187 experience and, 189-90 goodness as unanalyzable for, 187-88 naturalistic fallacy and, 189 objections to, 190-91

Irrational attitudes, 193, 239

Islam, 363

ITBE model. See Inference

Judaism, 305, 362, 363

Judges, 280

Judgment

action, morality and, 181-83, 189, 191, 205, 209

with experience, 154 subjective, 204

of traditional v. Western culture,

351

Jurisdiction, 280

Justice

in acquisition, 265 distributive, 261-62, 265-67 fundamental rights for, 261-65, 267 historical principles of, 261, 264,

291

principles of, 248-50, 252 of punishment, 291-93 in transfer, 265

Justification. See also Evidence

of beliefs, 41-44, 53, 68, 75, 76, 192, 342

causal theories v., 68, 70-73

certainty and, 44-53, 58, 60, 61, 71, 114

condition, 43-44

consequentialist, 210-11

context of, 130, 139, 158, 167

by experience, 55

foundationalist, 72, 76 foundationalist epistemology and, 57,

72, 140

indefeasible, 50, 53, 61, 71, 72 less certainty and, 53-57, 60, 61, 71,

73, 77

nonfoundationalist, 72

objective (externalist), 71, 72-73, 163 phenomenological (internalist), 71, 73, 76, 77

of power in politics, 224, 241 principle of deduction for (PDJ),

50-51, 60, 66-68, 70

probability and, 60

of punishment, 286-87

reliabilism for, 70, 72

of sovereign power, 228-29

of state, 248

state’s minimum conditions for, 272-73

true belief and, 41-44, 76, 77, 121 unjustified, 60

Kant, Immanuel, 75, 104, 153, 185, 193, 213, 215, 342

existence not as predicate and, 317-22 retributivism, punishment and, 288-90, 297

universalizability principle of, 197-202, 249

Killing

euthanasia as, 178, 213

of innocent person, 177-79, 181, 199, 214-15

morality and, 177-80, 183

side effects of, 212

against will of individual, 211-13, 214, 262-63, 266, 267

King, Martin Luther, 273

Know, 81, 104, 116, 120-22, 124-25 Knowledge. See also Epistemology by acquaintance, 306, 309 causal theories of, 66-70 causal theories of justification and, 70-73

the cogito of, 46, 48, 113, 114 deductive closure principle for, 49-50, 51, 66, 67

defeasible evidence and, 45, 56, 61, 66 by description, 306-7 empiricism of, 54-57, 77 epistemology naturalized for, 74-77 foundationalist epistemology of,

56-57, 72

foundations of, 57-61 indefeasible evidence and, 45-47, 49,

50, 53, 56, 57-58, 61, 71, 72

introduction for, 39-41 justification condition of, 43-44 justification less certain, Locke and, 53-57, 60, 66, 71, 73, 77 justification requiring certainty,

Descartes and, 44-53, 58, 60, 61, 71, 114

justified true belief, Plato and, 41-44, 76, 77, 121

logical positivism in, 62, 63 materials of, 54-55 nature of, 42 necessary truths of, 47-48, 51-52, 54,

style='font-size:7.5pt;line-height: 115%'>104-6, 116

from other than reasoning, 55-56

of physical world, 58 principle of deduction for justification (PDJ) and, 50-51, 66-68, 70 rationalism and, 52, 54, 76, 77 reductio ad adsurdum of, 52-53, 62 senses, hallucinations and, 51, 76 skepticism and causal theories of, 66-70

skepticism, verificationism and,

61-65

sociology of, 74

Socratic method of, 41-42, 74 as true belief with justification, 43, 121

Language, 86, 124-25. See also Meaning; Sentences; Speech analytic-synthetic, necessary-contingent and, 102-6, 121, 122-24 artificial, 108, 111

bettle in the box and, 84-87 consciousness and, 32, 80 conventions of, 117-20 criterion of correctness for, 12-14, 16-17

English, German and Azande, 356-60 grammar of, 85-86, 321 human being’s proclivity for, 79-80 intensionality problems of, 96-99 introduction for, 80-81 language-game and, 12 logic used in, 113-15 logical form and natural, 106-13 logical truth, logical properties and, 115-17

lottery paradox and, 114-15 mathematical, 87 meaning, theory of, and, 87-88 modal terms of, 142 moderately plain, xvi natural, 108

objective v. subjective value of, 86-87 observational, 141 42, 148, 153, 156 open sentences and, 94-96, 97, 108-9 ostentive definition of, 14 paradox of analysis of, 120-24 philosopher’s reasons for, 117 philosophy’s linguistic turn and,

80-84, 364-65

predicates, open sentences and, 92-96 private, 84-85, 86

private language argument and, 12-19, 22, 63, 83, 124, 155

private v. public, 63, 82, 84 probability and, 114-15 reference in, 86, 88-92, 93, 96-97, 98, 100

remembering of thoughts through, 82-83

rules of, 62-63, 74, 142 sensation and, 13-17, 156 sense and, 86, 90-92, 93, 96, 98, 101-2, 104, 117, 120, 136 signifying idea in, 86 technical, xv-xvi theoretical, 142, 153, 156

as tool, 81

translation of, 357-59

truth conditions, possible worlds and, 92, 99-102

truth preservation and, 114-15 verification principle and, 81 word v. sentence use in, 88 writing and style of, 349-50

Law(s), 296-97. See also Rules

analytic jurisprudence for, 274 appearing to obey, 227-28 British legal system and, 282-83 causation and, 171-74, 174-75 citizen autonomy with, 295-96, 297 civil disobedience against, 271-72 for common good, 285 constitutive, 279 deductive-nomological model for, 146-47, 168

definitions’ importance of, 293-96 elements of legal system and, 280-85, 296

federal v. state, 282 generalization v., 173 instance of, 158 institutional, 280 jurisdiction for, 280 legal systems and defining of, 278-80, 284, 285

legitimacy of, 277-78 merit of, 275, 276

minimum moral conditions for, 272-73, 275-76, 294

morality and, 294-96

natural, 226-28, 273-74, 275-78, 280, 282, 293-94

of nature, 171-72, 175, 197-98, 199-200, 226-28, 274, 370 observational, 148, 153 open texture of, 293-94 phenomenological, 148 positivism, natural law and defining of, 274-78, 285, 293-94, 296-97

primary rules for, 280-82 punishment, deterrence and, 286-87, 291-93

punishment, deterrence with retribution and, 289-91, 296

punishment’s problem with, 285-86

Law(s) (continued) retributivism, Kant objections and, 288-89

secondary rules for, 281-85

threats v., 275

variety of, 279-80

wicked government and, 271-73

Legal positivism, 274-78, 285, 293-94, 296-97

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 99-102, 335

Leviathan (Hobbes), 224

Liberty

end-result principles and, 261, 291 priority of, 260

punishment and deprivation of, 286

Life, unexamined, xviii

Literacy

development of, 361 significance for philosophy, 349-53 Western religion and, 362

Locke, John empiricism of, 53-57, 58-59, 71 knowledge, justification less certain, and, 53-57, 66, 71, 73 probable beliefs of, 59-60 state of nature of, 262

Logic, 106 epistemic, 116 first-order, 112-13 formal, 107, 115, 116 modal, 116 predicate, 112, 164 propositional, 111 second-order, 112-13 sentential, 111, 112, 116

Logical conditions of adequacy, 147

Logical constraints, 116

Logical form, natural language and, 106-13

Logical positivism, 62, 63, 130, 139, 142

Logical properties, language and, 115, 116, 117

Logical truth, 115-17

Logicism, 300

Lottery, 256, 261

paradox, 114-15

Lucretius, 372

Lying, 209-10, 211

Machines (M) functionalism, mind and, 29-31, 37

Machines. See Computers

MacIntyre, Alasdair, 191

Majority, 230, 232

Mangulang=EN-US> (Zande withcraft substance), 344

Marks, 12, 15, 82. See also Name

Mathematical language, 87 Mathematical truth, 55-56, 122-23, 300-301, 316

Matter. See also Physical world mind and, 1, 7, 36-37 mind separate from, 7

Maximin, 239, 253-56

Maxwell, Grover, 152

Mbisimo (Zande soul), 357, 359-60 Mbuti, 221-23, 230, 280-84, 341-42 Meaning. See also Name compositionality thesis (CT) of, 89-90, 91, 93, 96 proper name and, 307-8 theory of, 87-88, 92, 100, 102 word v. sentence for, 88

Meaning-variance hypothesis, 156-57 Means v. ends, 213

Mellor, Hugh, 31-32

Mendel, Gregor, 130-40, 144, 145-47, 149-50, 151, 157, 164, 167, 171

Mendel’s first laws, 134

Mendel’s second laws, 134 Mental theory (MT), 27

Mentalist, 2-3

Mention, use and, xviii Metaphilosophy, 361 Metaphysics, 338

a posteriori arguments for, 322-23, 324, 326-27, 328, 330

a priori arguments for, 310-13, 316-17

argument from experience (and design) of, 331-33

argument from design (teleological argument) of, 323-25

creative intelligence and, 324-25, 326, 328, 329-30

definition of, 299

evil, inference to best explanation and, 334-37 existence not as predicate and, 317-22 existence of numbers and, 300-305 God as necessary being in, 310-16 God as proper name in, 305-10 harmony of nature of, 324, 325-29, 333, 334

no a priori matter-of-fact proofs and, 316-17

Metaphysics (Aristotle), 299-300, 322 Methodology, 130

MG. See Genetic theory (MG)

Mill, James, 206

Mind(s)

beginnings of modern philosophy of, 5-12, 48

behaviorist approach to, 2-4

as collection of ideas, 54 computers as model of, 1, 19, 21-22, 24, 28

consciousness and, 31-36 events affected by, 372-73 experience in, 15

figment of imagination of, 6 functionalist’s first problem of, 23-25,

26- 28

functionalist’s second problem of,

28-29

functionalist’s theory needed for,

New Roman">22-23

functionalist’s theory of pain and,

25-26

human brain’s interaction with, 8 inner life of, 4

internal states of, 23, 27, 28, 34 introduction to, 1-5

machines and, 29-31, 37 matter and, 1, 7, 36-37, 48

(one) mental state of, 25-26 mentalist approach to, 2-3 as not taking up space, 7, 9 other, 7

other people’s, 6-7, 8, 10-12, 22-23,

27- 28

philosophy of, 4

private, 11, 19, 22-23, 28, 64, 82, 83 private language and, 12-19, 63, 83 public, 11, 19

puzzle of physical and, 36-37 Ramsey’s solution to first problem of

functionalism and, 26-28 ridiculously simple theory of, 25-26 as separate/different from body/matt- ter, 6-7, 10 thoughts of, 6-8, 37 wrong thinking in, 48

Mind-body problem, 7 causal account of location problem for, 9-11

distinguishing of mind and matter in,

functionalism and, 22 human brain point of interaction for, 8 interactionism and, 9

monism and, 10 psychophysical parallelism and, 9-10 separation in, 6-7, 10 thoughts origination in, 7-8

Minimal state, 264-65, 267

Minimax, 239

Mistrust, 225

Monarch, 229

Monism, 10-11

Moore, G. E., 52-53, 122, 187-91

Moral claim, 196-97

Moral errors, 204

Morality, 177-80, 181, 217-19 action-guiding, moral beliefs and, 184, 186, 189, 191

assertion and, 185-86 compatibilism, responsibility and, 373-77

consequentialism v. absolutism and,

208-13, 218

content of, 200, 201, 215

(moral) content question for, 183 emotivism and, 186, 191-97, 218 epistemology and, 183, 186, 187, 189 experience and, 189-90 feelings of, 210-11 first-order moral questions for,

179-80, 218

as impersonal, 198 innocence, guilt and, 177-79, 181 intuitionism and, 187-91 judgment, action and, 181, 183, 189, 191, 205, 209

killing and, 177-81, 183, 199, 211-15,

262-63, 266, 267

Morality (continued) knowledge and, 186 law and, 294-96 laws with minimum, 272-73, 275-76, 294

metaethical questions for, 179-80, 205-6, 217-18

minimum conditions of, 272-73 open question argument in, 188 from politics, 227, 230, 247, 257 with politics, 248-50, 257-58 as practical, 206 prescriptivism and, 204-5, 206, 215, 218

primary rules and, 280 principle of, 202, 209 (moral) rationalism for, 180-81 (moral) realism and, 183-87 reflection on, 209

relativism and, 192, 195, 201-4, 218, 344

responsibility and, 367-69 rights of, 213-15 self, others and, 215-17 supervenience and, 205 system of, 182

theoretical questions of, 205-6 universalizability principle (of Kant) for, 197-202, 203, 205, 249 utilitarianism, utility defined and, 205-8

values, facts, empiricism and, 180-83, 201

Mutual adaptation

of parts of world, 326, 332 of universe, 330, 332, 333

Myth of the given, 154, 155, 174

Name(s), 102, 110, 111, 153

confusion of, 308-9 co-referential, 91 existence and, 321-22 “God” as proper, 305-10 knowledge by acquaintance and, 306, 309

knowledge by description and, 306-10 proper, 90, 91, 306-10 remembrance helped in, 15 shared, public conception of, 308

Natural law, 226-28, 273-74, 285

positivism and, 275-78, 293-94, 296-97

truth in, 280

Natural property, 188

Naturalism, 74-76, 78

Nature

harmony of, 324, 325-30, 333, 334

uniformity of, 160

Nature, state of, 225

Hobbesian, 225-26, 228, 230-31, 233, 243, 245, 257-58, 276

inconveniences of, 263

Nozick/Locke’s, 262-63, 264

to state (government), 248-49, 263-64

Necessary, 104

Necessary and sufficient condition, 6-7

Necessary truths, 47-48, 51-52, 104-6, 115-16, 142

Necessity of identity, 103

Negation, 112

Negligence, 269

Newton, Isaac, 56, 329, 364 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 216 Nomically impossible worlds, 300, 302 Nomically possible worlds, 174-75, 300,

302

Nominalism, 305

Noncognitivism, 186 Non-constant-sum game, 241, 248, 250, 253, 254

class=31>Non-natural property, 188-89 Non-zero-sum two-person game. See Prisoners’ Dilemma

Nozick, Robert, 157, 233, 249, 268-69, 291, 375

entitlement theory of, 265-67

rights and, 261-65, 272, 277 N-person non-constant-sum game, 241, 248, 250, 253, 254

Number(s)

existence of, xviii, 300-305

inscription as token of, 301-2 natural, 305

nine “9,” 301, 303-4

nominalism and, 305

prime, 301, 302, 316

type, 301-2

Obligations, 268-69, 279

Observation, 141

interpreted by theory, 142-43, 154-55, 306, 347-48

language of, 141-42, 148, 153, 156 meaning-variance hypothesis influence on, 156-57

of phenomenon, 139-41, 179-80 theory v., 137-41, 151, 152-54, 306, 347-48

theory-laden, 155-57, 347-48, 354, 373 Ockham, William, 169

Ockham’s Razor, 169

Oligarchs, 275-78

Ontological arguments, 310, 311-15, 317 rejection of, 317, 321, 322-23, 328

Ontological commitment, 304 Ontological questions, 303 Open question argument, 188 Oracles, 345-46, 348, 351, 362

Ordered pair, 94-95

Original position, 248, 252-53, 255, 256, 258, 267

Other-regarding, 215, 217 “Ought”

from epistemology, 75

guilt and, 210

as hypothetical, 185

implying “can,” 374

“is” v., 182, 189, 204

moral (categorical), 75, 181, 191, 204 Output, 20, 21

action/responses, 23, 27

Pain, 25-26, 27, 84-86, 366

Paley, William, 325, 327

Paradox of analysis, 120-21, 122, 123-24

Parents, 268-69

Partially random events, 371

Payoff, 234, 237

equilibrium point, 239

more than, 240-41 security from attack as, 241 in utility, 241, 242

PDJ. See Principle of deduction for justification (PDJ)

Perception, 190, 192

extrasensory, 372-73

Perfect standard, 322, 323

Phenomenology, 4

arguments for and against significance of, 33, 37-38

inner (conscious) life and, 28-31 Phenomenon, 139-40 Phenotype, 131-32, 137 Philosopher

first modern, 5

as guru, ix, x

Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), 12, 18, 41, 81, 84

Philosophical psychology, 4

Philosophical semantics, 87

Philosophy

of cognitive relativism, 353-55 compatibilism, moral responsibility and, 373-77

of culture, 339-40

difference between religion and, 363-64

folk, 339-40, 349, 362

formal, 36, 340-41, 342.343, 349, 362-63

free will, determinism and, 365-73 literacy’s significance on, 349-53, 361 metaphilosophy and, 361 normal introduction to, xiv

oral v. written, 349-50 other fields mixing with, 365-66, 377-78

reasons for coming to, xiii

religion and, 360-64

science and, 364-65

special character of, 377-80 traditional (culture’s) thought v., 341-44

traditional v. Western beliefs and, 344-49

Physical world. See also Matter; Property knowledge of, 58

not organized for our epistemic convenience, 63-64

objective justification and, 71 physics and, xvi-xvii skepticism of, 48, 52-53, 58-59, 60-61

universe, God and, 313-14

Physics, xvi-xvii, 175, 370-72, 373

Pike, Nelson, 336

Plato, 74, 216, 303, 329, 342, 349 dialogues of, 41

knowledge as justified true belief and, 41-44

relevance of, xv

Platoism, 303

Players, 233-34, 242, 248

Pleasure, 187, 189

Point of view, different, 14

Poison, 345-46

size=1 color=black face="Times New Roman">Police, 276

Politics. See also Government; State absolute state for, 229-30 authority, power in, 223, 229, 230 bargaining game and, 248-52 benefit of, 232 civil society established with, 228-29, 230, 233

common-wealth for, 228, 258, 263 covenant for, 228, 230, 231-32, 244-45

democracy for, 230-31 difference principle, inequality surpluses, Rawls and, 248, 250-52, 253, 255-56

entitlement theory of, 265-67 ethics and, 267-69

game theory, the prisoners’ dilemma and, 242-45

game theory, two person zero-sum game and, 232-41

goals for, 269

Hobbes, escaping from state of nature and, 224-29

Hobbes, problem for and, 229-32, 233

introduction to, 221-24 justice theory, Rawls and, 248-50 morality from, 227, 230, 247, 257 morality with, 248-50, 257-58 non-constant-sum game and, 241, 248, 250, 253, 254

obligations to others and, 268-69 power’s justification in, 224, 241 protective associations and, 263-64 prudentialism’s limits in, 245-47, 248 Rawls, maximin and, 253-56

Rawls, status of two principles and, 255-58

Rawls, structure of argument, 252-53 reflective equilibrium and, 258-60 rights, Nozick and, 261-65 sovereign power in, 228-30, 232, 245 state of nature and, 225-26, 228, 230-31, 233, 243, 245, 257-58, 262, 276

state of nature to state (government) for, 248-49, 263-64

two principles (of Rawls) and, 255-58, 260-61

Popper, Karl, 128, 163-67, 169, 179, 334 Pornography, 295

Positivism

legal, 274, 275-78, 285, 293-94, 296-97

logical, 62, 63

Possible, 142

Possible artifact, 33, 332

Possible worlds, 99-102, 106, 113, 116,

372

best of, 335

cross-world twins and, 314 existence of, 313-14

Godless, 328-29 intention and, 102-3 mutual adaptation of, 327, 329 nomically, 174-75, 300 nomically impossible worlds and, 300, 302

perceptions in other, 190 reference, sense and, 101-2 story worlds of, 320-21

Postulate, 136, 142

Power, 225

absolute, 230

authority v., 276 coercive, 272, 274, 280, 284, 286, 296 common, 228

Hobbesian definition of, 225 of justification, 224, 241 sovereign, 228-29, 230, 232, 245, 275

Predicates, 92-96, 110

entrenched, 162

existence and not, 317-22 extension of, 93, 97, 100-101, 102, 183-84

first-order, 112, 319 intension of, 93

projectible, 162-63

reference of, 96, 97, 100 satisfaction of (truth) of, 93

subject, 92-94

Predictions, 144, 150-51

false, 148-49

Premises, 106-7, 112-13

Prescription, 129-30

Prescriptivism, 119, 204, 378

morality and, 204-5, 206, 215.218

Presupposition(s)

of deterrence, 292

shared, 33

Primary rules, 280

inefficiency of, 283

uncertainty of, 281-82

Prime mover, 322-23

Principia Ethica (Moore), 187 Principle of deduction for justification (PDJ), 50-51, 60 incorrectness of, 66-68, 70

Prisoners’ dilemma, 243

co-operative solution/strategy in, 243, 245

as non-zero-sum two person game, 241, 242

rational approach to, 243

strategy of wait-and-see for, 244-45 utility payoff for, 242

Private language argument, 12-19, 22, 63, 124, 155

behaviorist approach to, 18-19 Pro-attitudes, 186, 191-92, 193, 195,

203, 204, 205

Probability, 59

language and, 114-15

Problems

philosophical understanding of, xiv of philosophy changing over time, xiv-xv

seeing around, xiv

Proof, 316

Property

circumstances of ascription and, 64

natural, 188-89

non-natural, 188-89

Proposition, attitudes and, 91

Protective associations, 263-64

dominant (minimal state), 264

Proverb, 352-53

Province of Jurisprudence Detennined (Austin), 275

Prudentialism, 229-30, 232 limits of, 245-47, 248 maxims of, 227

Psychology

cognitive, 34-36, 74 epistemology and, 74-76 folk, 26-27, 34-35 philosophical, 4

Psychophysical parallelism, 9-10 Public mind, 11, 19

Punishment

compensation to victims of, 293 before crime, 289-90 deterrence and justifying, 286-87, 291-93

deterrence theory of, 286

as evil, 286

as fitting the crime, 290-91 of guilty, 288, 289, 291-92 innocence and, 287, 289, 291 justice of, 291-93 mistakes of, 287 problem of, 285-86 retributivism and, 288-91, 296 utilitarianism and, 286-88, 289, 291-92, 294

Putnam, Hilary, 142, 361 Puzzle of physical, 36-37

Quantifier, 95-96, 112, 142 existential, 96, 112-13, 318, 320,

321

universal, 96

Quantum theory, 175, 370-71, 372 Quarrel, principal causes of, 225

Quine, W.V.O., 74-76, 122, 165, 303-4

Racism, 201-3, 271, 273

Ramsey, Frank, 26-28, 95, 96, 112, 136, 137, 140, 156, 174, 208, 309, 359, 379

Rational people

decision making for, 233, 238 prisoners’ dilemma and, 243 self-interested, 244, 248, 252, 255-56, 263-64, 267

Rationalism, 52, 54, 57-58, 76, 105 moral, 180, 181

Rawls, John, 241, 265, 267-68, 269, 272, 277

criticism of structure of, 252-53 difference principle, inequality surpluses and, 248, 250-52, 253, 255-56

justice theory for, 247-50 maximin and criticism of, 254-56 reflective equilibrium and, 258-60, 378 two principles and, 255-58, 260-61 Realism, 378

moral, 183, 184-87

Reason, 55-56

attitudes and, 201 emotivism and, 196 natural light of, 76 not leading to truth, 360 relativism and, 344 sufficient, 175, 323 universalizability from, 198-99, 200 Recognition, rules of, 282-83, 285 Rectification of holdings, 265 Reductio ad adsurdum, 52-53, 62, 89-90, 102, 103, 113, 153, 157, 169, 205, 315

Reference

compositionality thesis of, 93, 96 co-referential, 91, 96, 97, 98 in language, 86, 88-92 possible worlds and, 100-102 of predicate, 96, 97, 100 shared, 307

truth value and, 92, 97, 98 Reflection, 55, 56, 58 Refutation, 164 Regret, 210 Relativism

cognitive, 344, 353-55, 356 moral, 192, 195, 201-4, 218, 344 reasonable to believe and, 355 strong, 355-57

color=black face="Times New Roman">true v. false in, 355

weak, 355, 357-60

Reliabilism, 70, 72, 75, 121-22, 163 Religion

difference between philosophy and, 363-64 literacy and, 362 philosophy and, 360-64 rituals of, 362 view of life from, 362

Respect, 213, 225

Responsibility, morality and, 367-69 Retributivism, 292

compensation to victims of, 293 deterrence and, 289-91, 296 punishment, Kant objections and, 288-89

Rights, 213-15, 272 animal, 266-67 duties with, 214-15 end-result principles and, 261, 291

equal, 248

individual, 262

to life, 262-63, 266, 267 negative, 214 political, 223 positive, 214 priority of, 260, 267 as side-constraints, 265-67 without government, 262-63

Rorty, Richard, 82

Rule(s)

of adjudication, 284, 285 of change, 283, 284, 285 correspondence, 142-43, 144-45 of enforcement, 284-85, 295 primary, 280, 281-83 of recognition, 282-83, 285 secondary, 281, 282-85

Russell, Bertrand, 304-5, 306-7, 309, 337

Ryle, Gilbert, 11

Scare-quotes, xvii

Schlick, Moritz, 62

Schmidt machine, 372-73

Science, 175. See also Theory causation, laws and, 171-74 crucial experiments of, 150 culture and, 340 deductive-nomological model of explanation and, 145-47, 168 demarcation problem of, 128, 130, 157, 165, 166-67

description and prescription of, 129-30

diachronic approach to, 129-30 empiricism and, 56, 140 induction’s new riddle, Goodman and, 161-63

introduction to, 127-28 justifying theories, falsification,

Popper and, 163-67 justifying theories, induction and, 157-61

justifying theories, inference to best explanation (ITBE) and, 167-71 Mendel’s genetic theory and, 130-36 methodology of, 130 naturalized epistemology and, 74-76 philosophy and, 364-65 as progressive, 149

“received view” of theories for, 141-45, 148, 150, 155-56, 157-58 specialization of, 361-62, 365 synchronic approach to, 130 theory as product of, 144 theory, observation and, 136-41, 151, 152-53

theory reduction, instrumentalism and, 148-53, 154, 156 theory-ladenness and, 152-57, 372-73 Science fiction, 39-41

Second Treatise on Government (Locke), 262

Secondary elaborations, 346 Secondary rules, 281 rule of adjudication for, 284, 285 rule of change for, 283, 284, 285 rule of enforcement for, 284-85, 295 rule of recognition for, 282-83, 285 Second-order predicate logic, 112 Self, morality, others and, 215-17 Self-interest, 224-25, 245-47 considering of other by, 249 moral identification to state beyond, 247

not as envious, 252

rational decisions with, 244, 248, 252, 255-56, 263-64, 267

Self-regarding, 216

Sellars, Wilfred, 154

Semantics possible-world, 101, 113 theory of, 87

Sensation, 34, 37 experience v., 55 input, 23 language and, 13-17, 156

Sense

compositionality thesis of, 96 intension v., 102, 104 mode of presentation of object as, 86,

90-91, 93, 117, 136 possible worlds and, 101-2 truth condition/value and, 92, 98, 120

Senses, 23-24

God’s guarantee of, 49, 51 hallucination of, 51, 76

Sentence(s)

analytic, 104-6 argument, 106-7, 110 assertions in, 119 composed from, 108-9 connectives of, 112 consistent, 44 contrary-to-fact conditional, 173 co-referential, 98 counterfactual, 173-74 declarative, 61, 62, 63, 106, 118-19 evidence-, 44-45, 47 false, 91-92, 96 formally true, 115 grammar of, 85-86, 321 imperative, 119 meaning of, 101, 103, 117, 123, 356 mixed, 142 moral, 195, 204

open, 94-96, 97, 108-9, 304, 318 premises, 106-7, 112-13 primacy of, 88-89, 90, 118, 121, 153 proposition expressed in, 91 Ramsey, 27-28, 95, 96, 112, 136, 137,

140, 156, 174, 309, 359, 379 rules of, 62-63 sentence-forming operators on, 112 supports of, 158 synthetic, 104-6 translation of, 357 true, 102-4 truth conditions of, 92 truth value of, 91-92, 97, 98, 99

Sentence(s) (continued)

variables and open, 95

verifiable, 62

Side-constraints, 265-67

Skepticism, 48, 129, 333

causal theories of knowledge and, 66-70

grammar and, 86

of physical world, 48, 52-53, 58-59, 60-61

verificationism and, 61-65

Socrates, 41-43, 349

Socratic method, 41-42, 74 Soul (mbisimo), 344-45, 357, 359-60 Sovereign

citizens and, 230

power, 228-30, 232, 245, 274 Soyinka, Wole, 342 Specialization, 361-62 Speech

belief displayed through, 18-19 computer’s recognition of, 2 freedom of, 260

Speech act, 119

State. See also Politics

goals for, 269

justification of, 248 minimal, 264-65, 267 minimum conditions of justification for, 272-73

nonminimal, 264 State of nature. See Nature Stateless society, 221-22 Stevenson, C. L., 193-96 Stich, Stephen, 34-36 Story worlds, 320-21 Strategy

style='font-size:7.5pt;line-height: 115%'>co-operative solution as, 243 equilibrium, 238-39 equilibrium strategy pair, 239 immorality and, 248 maximin, 239, 253

minimax, 239

mixed, 240-41

with morality taken into account, 249 pure v. mixed, 240

of wait-and-see, 244-45

Strong empirical correlation, 331, 332 Subject, 93

Substance, 6

Suffering, 335-37

Sufficient reason, 175, 323 Summa Theologiae (Aquinas), 322, 324 Supervenience, 205

Synchronic approach, 130

Syntax, 107, 109, 115-16

Synthesis, 378

Synthetic truth, 104-6, 121, 202 Systematizing, 342-43, 378

Taxation, purely redistributive, 266 Teleological argument, 323-25

Thalberg, Irving, 50-51 Theaetetus (Plato), 41-43, 74, 77

Theism, experimental, 334

Theodicy, 337

Theologian, natural, 325

Theorists, literate, 351-52

Theory

common sense beliefs and, 138-39 confirmation, 171

context of justification for, 139, 158 correspondence rules for, 142-43, 144-45

corroborated, 166, 170, 171 development v. justification of, 130 instrumentalism of, 150-53, 154 judgment with, 154

-ladenness, 152-57, 347-48, 354, 373 language of, 142, 153, 156 meaning-variance hypothesis, 156-57 observation v., 136-41, 151, 152-57, 347-48

postulates of, 136, 142

as product of science, 144 progressive nature of, 149-50 realist interpretation of, 144-45, 150 “received view” of, 141, 142-45, 148, 150, 155-56, 157-58

reduction, 148-50, 156

reflective equilibrium and, 258-60, 378 skeptical value of, 138

theoretical, 205

theoretical term for, 137-38 underdetermined, 37, 155 as universal quantified conditionals, 334-35

without cause, 175

Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 247, 267

Thermostat function, 19-20

Thesis, 378

Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 266-67

Thought experiments, 33-34

Thoughts

causal account of location of, 9 language as remembering of, 82-83 marks of, 12, 15, 82

in mind, 6-8, 37

objective, 91

private, 11, 19, 82, 83

wrong, 48

Token, 301-2

Treatise of Human Nature (Hume), 182 Truth(s), 93, 303

a posteriori, 105, 106, 310, 322-23, 324, 326-27, 328, 330

a priori, 105-6, 180, 310-13, 316-17, 377

absolute, 379

analytic, 104-6, 121, 122-24 beliefs and conditions of, 119-21 conceptual scheme and, 359, 360 conditions, 92, 99-102, 118-20, 183, 185

contingent, 104, 106

evidence and reason not leading to, 360 formal, 115

logical, 115-17

mathematical, 55-56, 122-23, 300-301, 316

in natural law, 280

necessary, 47-48, 51-52, 54, 104-6, 115-16, 142

obvious, 123

preservation, 113-15

-preserving, 113

story worlds of, 320

synthetic, 104-6, 121, 200 value, 91-92, 97, 98, 99, 101, 118-19, 156, 196

Two person zero-sum game, 232-41 Type, 301-2

Unanimity, 232

Unary connectives, 112

Unfair distribution, 257

Unger, Peter, 68

Uniformity of nature, principle of, 160, 161

Universality, 195, 196 Universalizability, 197, 202, 203, 215 attitude and, 203, 205 means v. ends in, 213 from reason, 198-99, 200 unreasonableness and, 199-200, 201, 203

Universe

as artifact, 331-32

competing claims about, 356 design of, 324-25, 326, 328, 334 mutual adaptation in, 330, 332, 333 physical world, God and, 312-14 Unreasonableness, 199-200, 201, 203 Use and mention, xviii

Utilitarianism, 206, 259-60

attitude of, 209-10 consequentialism v. absolutism and, 208-13, 215

disutility, punishment and, 287-88, 289, 291

economics influenced by, 207-8 feelings and, 210-11 happiness and, 206-7, 215 interpersonal comparison of utility in, 208, 241, 253, 254-55, 287

objections to, 208-9 punishment and, 286-88, 289, 291-92, 294

utility defined in, 207-8, 215

Valid argument, 107, 110-11, 115, 117 Valid form, 107

Valid, formally, 107

Value(s)

maximin, 239

morality and, 180-83, 196 truth, 91-92, 97, 98, 99, 101, 118-19, 156, 196

Variables

of beliefs, 26-27

as labels, 109

open sentences and, 95 satisfying value of, 95-96 sentential, 107, 109, 110, 111

Veil of ignorance, 249, 252-53, 256, 258, 267

Verificationism, 23, 30, 61, 81, 84, 151,

338

circumstances of ascription with, 64-65 skepticism and, 61-65 verifiable principle and, 62-63, 65 verifiable sentences in, 62

Victimization, 287, 289, 291-92, 296 Victims, compensation to, 293

Virtues, 337

Weber, Max, 223

Western culture

adversarial, 341-42, 350 science and, 341

specialization in, 361-62 writing and nonshared, 352-53

Will, 279

Williams, Bernard, xvi, 382n

Witchcraft, 343-44, 361

explanations of harm with, 345 magic, experience and, 347 oracles of, 345-46, 348, 351, 362 poison and, 345-46 secondary elaborations, 346 ways of, 344-45

Witchdoctors, 345

Wittenstein, Ludwig, 11-18, 22, 41, 63,

81, 83-85, 124, 129, 151, 321

Wolff, Robert Paul, 250-51

Word

keeping of, 272 meaning, sentence and, 88, 119 sense (mode of presentation) of, 86, 90-92, 117

World(s). See also Possible worlds actual, 100, 314, 323, 335 mutual adaptation of parts of, 326, 332

nomically impossible, 300 possible, 99-102, 104 story, 320-21

Worst-off, 257 protection of, 248, 250-52, 253, 255-56, 260

Writing development of, 361 oral tradition v., 349-50, 352-53

Zande. See Azande

Zero-sum game, 234-41 constant-sum, non-constant sum and, 234, 236, 241, 250, 253, 254 equilibrium point in, 239 equilibrium strategy in, 238-39 maximin strategy in, 239, 254 mixed strategies in, 240-41 non-zero-sum game v., 241-45 pure v. mixed strategies in, 240

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Source: Appiah Kwame Anthony. Thinking It Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. Oxford University Press,2003. — 425 p.. 2003

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