INDEX

{This Index is intended as a general guide to the contents; it is not an exhaustive analysis)

Aden, waqf'm, 176-9

Administrative tribunals, control of by writ jurisdiction, 105-8, 111-13

Admiralty, courts of, 49

Aequitas, 120-8,131-2,140,148

Africa: see Central Africa; East Africa; West Africa; and par­ticular countries

African Affairs Board, 37

African law, basic concepts, 209 need for research, 208-9 see also Conflicts of law; Cus­tomary law; Islamic law; and particular countries

Akan, 233

Alcohol, laws prohibiting, 166-70

America: see United States of America; American colonies; American laws

American colonies, 12

American laws, in India, 143 Ankole, 220

Attorney-General, in Hong Kong, 264-5

in Nigeria, 37-8

Australia:

appointment of judges in, 65-6 constitution of, 37,39,45, 62 removal of judges in, 79

Autochthony, 60-2

Bahamas, 14

Bamenda, 214-15

Bankruptcy, absence of legislation in Africa, 196

in Ghana, 204-5

Barristers: see Legal profession in England

Basutoland, 195, 200, 206

Bechuanaland, 232

Belgium, human rights in, 94

Bena, 219

Bermuda, 14

Bombay, 99-100,103-4,115,129-32 ‘Bride-price’, ‘bride-wealth’, 173, 227, 229, 232-3, 237-8

British Guiana, 36, 41

British Honduras, 16

British Protected Persons, 59

British Somaliland, see Somaliland Brunei, criminal law in, 185 Buganda, 220, 221, 228, 229, 232, 236

Bunyoro, 220

Burma, 43, 44, X14 fundamental rights in, 88

Cameroons, 214-15

Cameroun, 207

Canada, 45, 62, 207 appointment of judges in, 65-6 Criminal Code in, 185 removal of judges in, 79

Central Africa, 198, 200

Certiorari, 97—113

Ceylon:

constitution of, 32, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50

removal of judges in, 79

Child marriage, 181-2, 228, 246,

252

China, 258-69

Civil law, 116, 136,141,151 continuance of, in Bombay, 128-32

harmonization with common law in Africa, 206-7

Codification:

criminal law, 184-6 effect of, 143 in England, 185 in India, 185-93 in Nigeria, 184-93 in Queensland, 186,188-9

Colonial Office, responsibility for drafting constitutional instru­ments, 29-30, 52

Colonial Stock, 49-50 Colonies:

authority of United Kingdom in, 11-28

ceded, 17-20, 25 conquered, 17-20, 25 Dominions distinguished, 48 legislatures, powers of, 12-19 prerogative powers in, extended to foreign countries, 25 settled, 15-17, 21-5, 27 survey of constitutions, 1944-62, 29-42

Commercial law:

in Africa, 194-209 in Bombay, 129-32 in Romano-canonical learning, 122-3

Common law: see Conflict of laws; English law

Commonwealth: citizenship in, 56 development of, 45 Economic Consultative Council, 55

Education Liaison Committee, 56 lawyers in, 155

Membership of, 50, 52-6, 58-9 nationality in, 56, 59 operation of U.K.

Prime Ministers’ Meetings, 56 Queen as Head, recognition of, 58-9

republics in, 58-9

Commonwealth—continued right to petition in, 82- Western Samoa, and Preference Area, 46

Commonwealth and Empire Law Conference, 1955,77

Company law, reform of, 205-9

Commission, (Ghana), 205-6,208 Comparative law, value of in Nigeria, 193

Concubinage, in Chinese law, 264-9 Conflict of laws:

common law and civil law, 206-7 criminal laws, 164-6, 171-3 in Ghana, 182—3, 238-9 in India, 139-51 land law, 197-201, 212 marriage laws, 149, 173-6, 212-13,234-9

in Northern Nigeria, 164-76 in Punjab, 149-50 succession, 145-6,149,171-3 in Sudan, 150 in Uganda, 235-8

Consolidation, (land tenure), 196, 199-200

Constitutional law, 11-113 of dependent territories, 11-42 in the transition to independence, 43-62

See also Colonies, Common­wealth, Crown, Fundamental rights, Governor, Independ­ence, Judges, Protected State, Protectorate, Trust Terri­tories, Writ jurisdiction, etc., and particular countries Conveyancing law, in Africa, 198 Council of State, (Kenya), 40 Courts:

of Admiralty, 49

Chinese, 266

East African, and waqf, 176-9

European Court of Human Rights, 93

Courts—continued

Moslem Court of Appeal, 170-1 Moslem courts in Kenya Protec­torate, 180

Native, in Northern Nigeria, 165-6,174

Nigerian, and mens rea, 189 political authorities and, in Islamic law: siyasa, 241—3

Shari'a Court of Appeal, 114, 171-6

Shari'a Courts in the Sudan, 180-1 Uganda, African Courts in, 237-8

West African Court of Appeal, 189-90, 192-3

see also Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Credit, and economic development, 201-5

Criminal law:

child marriage and, 181 codification of, 184-6 in Commonwealth, 184-6 economic development and, 196-7 in Italy, 185-6 in New York, 185 in Nigeria, 184-93 in Northern Nigeria, 164-70, 184-5

women and, 223

Crown:

Commonwealth in, 54,58-9 dependent territories, powers in, 12, 13-28

reserved powers of, 31-42 Customary law:

African, and women’s status, >73-5, 223-39 in China, 260-9

Chinese, in Hong Kong, 258-69 conflicts, with Islamic law, 170-6 economic development and, 195- “5, 207-9

in Ghana, 153,182, 238-9

Customary law—continued in Gold Coast, administration of, 148

land law, 197-205 natural justice and, 148 positive law, as, 120 Punjab, in, 149 reform of, 207-9, ²²3-35 ‘repugnancy limitation’, 114,153 Cyprus, 42, 43,46

appointment of judges in, 67 removal of judges in, 78 Cyrenaica, 167-9

Dar es Salaam, Law Faculty at, 161, 162

Declaration of Human Rights, see Human Rights, Universal Declaration of

Dependencies; dependent territories: authority of United Kingdom in, 11-28

constitutions in, 29-42 transition to independence, 43-62 Directive Principles, in the Indian Constitution, 88-9

Director of Public Prosecutions, 60 in Nigeria, 38

Disallowance, of colonial legislation, 28, 30, 31-42

Divorce, bride-price refunded in customary, 232

customary and Islamic laws of, in Nigeria, 173-6

in Ghana, proposals for reform, 182-3, ²3⁸~9

in Iraq, 183

Islamic law, 146-7,182-3,240-57 in Morocco, 183

in Nigeria, Northern Region, 169, 173-6

in Pakistan, 248-57 in Syria, 183 in Tunisia, 183 in Uganda, 237-8

Dominions, 48 Dutch law, in India, 141

East Africa, 198,200, 208 child marriage in, 181 courts in, and wajf, 176-9 High Commission, 33-4 land law, 163 law schools, 162 legal profession in, 160-1 products, 195 Royal Commission, 196,198-204 waqfin, 176-9 women’s status in, 183,218 and see Kenya; Tanganyika; Uganda; Zanzibar

East Africa High Commission, 33-4 East Africa Royal Commission, 1953-1955, »9 ^J9> 28, 29, 30-42

after independence, follows U.K.

Governor-General, 50-1 powers of, in Nigeria, 37 in West Indies, 39

Grenada, 18

Guinea, 207, 238

Habeas corpus, 97-113

High Commission Territories, 208 see also Basutoland; Bechuana- land; Swaziland

Hindu laws, 139,140,142,145-6 polygamy prohibited in India and Uganda, 231

position of women in, 213-14,231 in Uganda, 231, 236

Hong Kong, Chinese law in, 258-69 Human Rights:

European Commission of, 93-4

European Court of, 93-4

Rome Convention for the Pro­tection of, 89,90-1,93-4

Human Rights—continued

Universal (United Nations) De­claration of, 87-8, 211, 225

Ibibio, 219, 221

Independence, legal machinery for attainment of, 43-62

in Burma, 43-4

in Ceylon, 32,47,49,50

in Cyprus, 43, 46

in Ghana, 39, 47, 50, 51, 59-60

in India, 47,49, 51

in Malaya, 39, 46, 58-9

in Nigeria, 41, 43, 47, 5b 5⁸» 59-60

in Pakistan, 49, 51

in Palestine, 43-4

in Sierra Leone, 41, 43, 51, 58, 59-⁶⁰

in Somaliland, 43-4

in Tanganyika, 41, 43, 47, 51, 58, 59-60

India, American laws in, 143 appointment of judges in, 66 autochthony in, 62 Commonwealth and, 58-9 conflict of laws in, 139-51 English law in, 130-2,136-52,246 fundamental rights in, 82, 85, 88-90, 92—4

German law in, 141 independence in, 43, 47, 49 Islamic law in, family law, 246-8 ‘justice, equity and good con­science’ in, 114-16, 129-48, 150-2

Penal Code, 185-6 removal of judges in, 66 Roman law in, 140-2,148 waqf in, 176-9 women’s status in, 213-14, 218,

231

writ jurisdiction in, 97-113 Indonesia, fundamental rights in, 87-8

Inheritance:

Chinese law of, 262-9 conflict of laws of, 145-6, 172-3, ²34-5

customary law of, 171-3,199-201, 234-5

Hindu law of, 145-6

Pakistan, law of, 252-5

Insanity, as defence to criminal charge, 189-92

Insolvency Commission, (Ghana), 201-2, 204-5, 208

Intoxication, as defence to criminal charge, 192-3

Investment in Africa, see Foreign investment

Iraq, 43,172,182,183,247,254

Ireland, Republic of, 62

and see Eire

Irish Free State, 45

Islamic law:

in Africa, 164-83

conflicts with customary law, 170-6

in Egypt, 253

Hanafi, 177, 242-4, 246

Hanbali, 244, 246

in India, 139,140,142,147,246-8 inheritance, of, 171-3, 252-5

Maliki, 171, 173-4, 180-3, 242, 246

marriage and divorce, of, 173-6, 180-3,240-57

in Pakistan, 240-57

reform of, 180-2, 240-57

Shafi’i, 178-82

ShFi, 147, 254

siyasa, of, 241-4

Sunni, 242, 254

waqf of, 176-9 women’s status and, 173-4,182-3,

223- 4, 255-7

Italy, fundamental rights in, 92

Penal Code of, 185-6

Iteso, 228, 232

Jamaica, 31,41,43 Japan, 258

fundamental rights in, 85-7,94-5 Judges:

appointment of, 65-8

in Australia, 79 in Canada, 79 in Ceylon, 32,79 in Cyprus, 78 in Ghana, 39,79 independence of, 63-80 in India, 79 in Malaya, 39,78 in New South Wales, 79 in New Zealand, 79 in Nigeria, 38,78 in Pakistan, 79 in Queensland, 79 in Sierra Leone, 78 in Singapore, 78 in South Australia, 79 in Tanganyika, 78 in Tasmania, 79 tenure of office, 68-80 in United Kingdom, 68-73 in Victoria, 79 in Western Australia, 79 in West Indies, 39-40,77-8 Judges’ Commissions and Salaries Bill, 1692, 70

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 13, 17, 18-19, 40, 44, 127-8

in India, 140-2,148 Roman-Dutch law, 207 Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, see Human Rights

Ross Dependency, 23-4

Royal Instructions, 12,13-15,28,29 Royal Sign Manual and Signet, 14­

15 Ruanda, 220

Sarawak, criminal law in, 185 Saudi Arabia, 244

Scandinavian countries, constitu­tions, 82

Secretary of State for the Colonies, 14-15, 17, 3°, ²²⁶

Self-government, 38

Settlements, extent of Prerogative powers in, 15-17

extent of statutory powers in,

unauthorised, 15-17

in West Africa, 25

Sexual intercourse, laws prohibiting extra-marital, 166

Shari'a, see Islamic law Shari*a Court of Appeal, 171-6 residual law of, 114-15

Sierra Leone: acquisition of by United King­dom, 25

constitutions of, 36 independence in, 41, 42, 43, 47, 51,58,59,60

‘justice, equity and good con­science* in, 148

removal of judges in, 78 West African Court of Appeal, and, 193

Singapore, 32-3, 38-9, 40, 57, 78

Solicitors, see Legal profession in England

Somaliland, 42, 43, 44,180

Somali Republic, 44,207,226

South Africa, constitution of, 45,49 women’s status in, 221, 225, 227, 233, 235

South America, constitutions in, 82

South Australia, removal of judges in, 79

Southern Cameroons, 42

Southern Rhodesia, 56, 207 land law in, 197, 200 women’s status in, 221

Sovereign:

powers in dependent territories, 13-29, 44

powers in independent territories, and conventions, 50-1

Soviet Union, 222

Statute of Westminster, 45,46-9

St. Helena, 26

Straits Settlements, criminal law in, 184-5

Succession:

Chinese law, 262-9 conflicts of laws, 145-6, 171-3, 234-5

customary law, 171-3, 199-201, 234-5

Hindu law, 145-6

in India, 145-6

Islamic law, 171-3,252-5

Succession—continued

in Kenya, 173

in Nigeria, Northern Region, 171-3

in Pakistan, reform of the law, 252-5

in Punjab, 149

in Tanganyika, 172-3

waqf, vfr-t)

Sudan:

criminal law in, 165-6 English law in, 116, 150 reform of family law in, 180-2 women and political rights, 221-2 Swaziland, 200 Syria, 182-3, 245, 253

Tanganyika:

constitutions of, 33 customary law in, 172-3 economic development in, 208 independence of, 41, 42, 43, 47,

51,58,59,60

Islamic law in, 172-3 land law in, 195, 197-8 legal profession in, 160 removal of judges in, 78 way/in, 176-9 women’s status in, 219 Tasmania, Criminal Code in, 186

removal of judges in, 79 Toro, 230 Trinidad, 35, 41, 43 Tristan da Cunha, 16 Trust Territories, 20, 25, 58-9 Tswana, 230

Tunisia, reform of family law in, 180, 182-3, 247-8, 252-3, 254, 255

Turkey, 244

Uganda:

African courts in, 237-8

Condict of laws in, 235-8

Uganda—continued

East Africa High Commission and, 33

independence of, 42, 43 land law, 200

legal profession in, 160 marriage laws in, 223, 231-3, 235-8

women’s status in, 216-17

Union of South Africa, see South Africa

United Kingdom, authority of in de­pendent territories, 11-28 United Nations:

Declaration of Human Rights, 87-8

women’s status and, 211-12, 217, 222-3, 225-6, 228-30

United States of America: fundamental rights in, 83-4, 91-2 laws of, in India and Africa, 151,

207

legal profession in, 154 underdeveloped, 195 see also American Colonies; and particular States

Vermont, 92

Victoria, removal of judges in, 79 Vietnam, 258

Waqf, 176-t) West Africa:

child marriage in, 181 Court of Appeal, see Courts economic development, obstacles to, 196-8, 201-7

forced marriage in, 180-1 land law in, 198, 201 law schools, 162 polygamy, incidence of, 230 products of, 195 settlement, 25 women’s status in, 182, 218 and see Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria;

Sierra Leone

Western Australia:

Criminal Code in, 186

removal of judges in, 70 Western Pacific, 22-3 Western Region of Nigeria, see under Nigeria, Western Region of

Western Samoa, 45-6

West Indies, 26, 39, 57,77,

see also particular islands Widows, position of:

in African customary law, 234-5

in Romano-canonical law, 122-4 Women, status of:

in Cameroun, 214-15

economic development and, 216-18

in England, 214, 218

in Ghana, 182-3, ²²²> ²3^~9

in India, 213-14, 218

Women, status of—continued

in Islamic law, 180-3, ²²3~4> ²55“7

in Kenya, 219, 227-8 law reform and, 210-39 in Nigeria, 173-6, 220-1, 223-4 in Northern Rhodesia, 223 in Pakistan, 240-57 in South Africa, 221 in Southern Rhodesia, 221 in Sudan, 221-2 in Tanganyika, 219 in Tunisia, 255 in Uganda, 216,220,221 Writ jurisdiction, in India, 97-113 Yang di-Pertuan Negara, 40 Yoruba, 234

Zanzibar, wagfin, 176-9 Zaria, 171, 224

THE END

* 10 & 11 G.

¹ 5 & 6 El. 2, c. 6,1st Sch., para. 2. * 8 & 9 El. 2, c. 55,1st Sch., para. 2.

* 9 & 10 El. 2, c. 16, 2nd Sch., para. 2.

* 10 El. 2, c. 1, 1st Sch., para. 2.

* Constitution of Japan, 1946, An. 38. ¹ Ibid., An. 39. ¹ Ibid., An. 40.

⁴ United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, Ans. 29, 30.

¹ Ibid., An. 8. * Ibid., Arts. 10,11. ⁷ Ibid., krts. 8, 11.

* Ibid., Arts. 6,7,15, 20,17. ’ Ibid., Pms. 21, 23, 26,16.

‘ Exposition of the Practical Operation of the Judicial and Revenue Systems of India (London, 1832), 47.

¹ Gatha Ram V Moohita (1875) ^{1 2 3}3 W.R. 179.

³ Ramratan Kapali v Aswini (1910) 37 Cal. 559.

³ (1882) 4 All. 343, 349-51. ^{4 *} (1884) 8 Mad. 238.

’ (1891) 13 All. 573, 575. ‘ (1934) 57 All. 85.

' (1925) 48 Mad. 944; Venkata v Cheekati (1953) 1 M.L.J. 358.

* Vol. XV, pp. 439 ff. ² Vol. X, pp. ₇i-6.

² Thomas Randolph (1605-1635), ‘An Ode to Mr Anthony Stafford to Hasten Him into the Country*.

* Roussier (pp. cit., p. 806) quotes the Karachi journal Dawn of March 5,1961, to the effect that the rule of representation is in agreement with the principles of Islamic law and does not depart from the explicit text of the Qur’an itself. Roussier speaks also for the present writer when he comments: 'We confess we do not know the text to which the author of the Dawn article is referring*.