Index
Page numbers in boldface type indicate complete chapters; f indicates a figure; t indicates a table.
AAAD. See American Athletic Association of the Deaf
AAASP. See American Association of Adapted Sports Programs AAC.
See Augmentative and alternative communication AACPDM. See American Academy of Cerebral Palsy andDevelopmental Medicine
AAMR. See American Association on Mental Retardation ABAS-2. See Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-2 Abductor pads, for wheelchair, 112
Access techniques, 121 Accommodations, 26
Accutane. See Isotretinoin
ACE. See Antegrade continence enema Acetabular index, 394f
Acetylcholinesterase deficiency, 142, 152, 311
Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, 44, 46t Achievement tests, 38-40
Achondroplasia, 405-406
Acquired childhood aphasia, 64
Acquired language disorder, 64, 67t Activities of daily living (ADLs), 6
with burn injuries, 382
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
after spinal cord injury, 268, 397 Acupuncture, in cerebral palsy, 186t Acute illness, in primary care office, 17 Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), 312-313
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 146-147
Acute motor axonal neuropathy, 147
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 147
Acute transient synovitis (ATS), 384-385
Adapted physical education (APE), 80, 82, 87
Adapted SPORTS Model, 84-85
Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-2 (ABAS-2), 41, 411 Adaptive behavior, assessment of, 40-41
Adaptive equipment. See Assistive devices
Adaptive interfaces, 117
Adaptive sports and recreation
classification systems, 86-87
exercise in pediatrics, psychologic impact of, 80-81
fun and competition, sports for, 91-98
history, 79-80
injury, in disabled athlete, 85
physical activity, participation in, 83-85
professionals, 82-83
recreation opportunities, adapting, 87-91 Adductors, 112, 480
Adeli suit therapy (AST), in cerebral palsy, 185-187, 186t ADHD.
See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Adjustment problems and psychiatric disturbance, 22-23 ADLs. See Activities of daily livingAdolescence
examination in, 6
psychosocial development in, 118
α-Adrenergic blockers
for bladder dysfunction, 212
Adulthood, psychosocial development in, 118
Adventure activities, 87
Advocacy for child with spinal cord injury, 496
AFO. See Ankle-foot-orthosis
Age- and grade-equivalent scores, 24
Aging
with cerebral palsy, 190
with neural tube defect, 224-225
Aging, with pediatric onset disability and diseases, 425-452 access to health care, 450 disability-specific health, 429, 430-435t
cerebral palsy, 429, 436-439 childhood-onset spinal cord injury, 444-446
Down syndrome, 447-449
intellectual disabilities, 446-447
limb deficiency, 446
spina bifida, 440-444 spinal cord dysfunction, 439-440
Williams' syndrome, 449
health and performance, 428-429 health and wellness agenda, 450-452 lifespan perspective, 427-128 transition of care to adult services, 449-450
Agitation, after traumatic brain injury, 243
AIDP. See Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
AIMS web assessment system, 40
Allergies, history of, 3
Alpha feto-protein (AFP), in spina bifida diagnosis, 203
Alpine skiers, 87t
Alternate-form reliability, 24
Amateur Softball Association, 96
Amateur Sports Act, 80
Ambulation
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373-374
in spina bifida, 204, 218-220
American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental
Medicine (AACPDM), 185
American Academy of Pediatrics, 184, 187
Committee on Children with Disabilities, 187
American Academy of Pediatrics, 13, 16, 17
American Amateur Racquetball Association, 94
American Association of Adapted Sports Programs (AAASP), 84
American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR), 40
American Athletic Association of the Deaf (AAAD), 80
American Dietetic Association, 75
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 123 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), 156 impairment scale, 262-264
Americans with Disabilities Act, 84, 87, 450, 499
American Therapeutic Recreation Association, Code of Ethics, 83 American Wheelchair Bowling Association (AWBA), 80
Amnesia, posttraumatic (PTA), 34, 235
Amniotic band syndrome, 336f
Amputations.
See also Limb deficienciesacquired, 337
Amputees, athletes, classification of, 86
Anesthesia, for nerve conduction studies, 137
Ankle
assessment of, in cerebral palsy, 173, 438
Ankle-foot-orthosis (AFO), 107t, 325, 463, 478
in cerebral palsy, 184
in clubfoot, 217
in spina bifida, 220
Ankle rocker, 475-476, 476f
Ankylosing spondylitis, 3, 372
Annulus fibrosis, 393
Anosmia, after traumatic brain injury, 238
Anoxic brain injury, 252
Antegrade continence enema (ACE), 270
Anterior cord syndrome, 264
Anterior floor reaction/ground reaction ankle foot orthosis, 107t
Anterior pituitary dysfunction, after traumatic brain injury, 241-242
Antibiotic prophylaxis and bacteriuria treatment
in neurogenic bladder, 212
Anticholinergic agents, for bladder dysfunction, 211 Anticonvulsants
in cerebral palsy, 181
in brachial plexus palsy, 370
for seizures, 443
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
in diabetes insipidus, 241
syndrome of inappropriate secretion of. See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion AOS. See Apraxia of speech
APE. See Adapted physical education
Apoptosis, 202
Apraxia of speech (AOS), 57, 58
Aquatic therapy, 90
Archery, 91
Architectural Barrier Act, 498
ARM. See Assistive Robotic Manipulator
Arnold-Chiari malformation, 3
Arousal impairment, after traumatic brain injury, 239 Arteriovenous shunt, 6
Arthritis
associated with inflammatory bowel disease, 372
infectious, 376
psoriatic, 372
reactive, 376
septic, 376
Arthrogryposis
appearance in, 6
multiplex congenital, 366
Articulation, 57f
Articulatory/resonatory system, 57
ASHA. See American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
ASIA. See American Spinal Injury Association
Assistive devices, 103-126
in cerebral palsy, 104, 111, 112
for driving with prosthetics, 354
for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
in spina bifida, 441
after spinal cord injury, 125
Assistive Robotic Manipulator (ARM), 124-125
Assistive Technology Act, 103
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex, 169, 218
Ataxia, 6
Ataxia telangiectasia, 148
Ataxic movements, 166
Athetosis, 172, 183
Atlantoaxial instability, 364-365
ATS.
See Acute transient synovitisAttention
assessment of, 30
impairment of, after traumatic brain injury, 239
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 231, 292
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), 118-123 devices, 118
resources for, 122-123
Aural/oral method, 65
Autism, 66
diagnostic criteria for, 65, 68
and language disorders, 63
Autistic syndrome, 68
Autoimmune myasthenia gravis, 311-312
Automated feeders, 123
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), 271-272
Automobile accidents, 250
Autophagy, 202
Autosomal-dominant episodic ataxia 1 (EA1), 321
Awareness through movement, 345
AWBA. See American Wheelchair Bowling Association
Axillary crutches, 110
Axonal Guillain-Barre disorder
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 147
Azathioprine, 312
Bacitracin, for burn injuries, 379
Back assessment, in cerebral palsy, 89
Baclofen (Lioresal), 181, 182
for spasticity, 180t, 237
Bad Ragaz aquatic therapy, 90
Balance, after traumatic brain injury, 236
Balance forearm orthosis (BFO), 124
Banana arm, 343f
Barium swallow, 17, 243
Barlow's sign, 388
BASC-2. See Behavior Assessment System for Children-2
Baseball, 91
Basketball, 92
Battelle Developmental Inventory, 187
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 46t
3rd edition (Bayley-III), 37, 43
Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 187
Becker muscular dystrophy, 293-295
age of transition to wheelchair, 294 cardiomyopathy, 294-295 characteristics of, 288t
clinical course of, 294
cognition, 295
contractures, 294 diagnostic evaluation, 293 epidemiology, 293 genetic elements, 293 malignant hyperthermia and, 278 onset age and signs, 294 pseudohypertrophy in, 279 pulmonary function, 294 spine deformity, 294 weakness, pattern and progression of, 294
Behavior
history of, 4
observation of, in psychological assessment, 40-41 after traumatic brain injury, 240
Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2), 44, 46t
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF), 31, 32, 45, 47t, 240
Bellows failure, 266
Benign focal amyotrophy.
See Juvenile segmental SMABenzodiazepines, 181
for spasticity, 237
BFO. See Balance forearm orthosis
Big Keys Plus USB keyboard, 122
Biofeedback, in therapeutic exercise, 27, 214, 481
Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), for bowel dysfunction, 214, 270t
Bladder, neurogenic. See Neurogenic bladder
Bladder function, 444, 448
Bladder management
after spinal cord injury, 269
after traumatic brain injury, 244
Bladder training, in spina bifida, 440
Bladder volume, 244
BlazeSports America, 84
Blink Twice's TANGO!, 120f
Blood pressure, 7
Blount's disease, 385-396
BNAS. See Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale
Body composition, 322
Bone conditions, 405
Bone and mineral density (BMD) disorders, in cerebral palsy, 173
Bone mineralization, 80
Borrelia burgdorferi, 376
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, 34
Botulinum toxin (Botox), for spasticity, 212, 273t
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), 179
Botulism, 140t
acquired, noninfantile, 312
infanttile, 150-151
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 151
and hypotonia, 312
Bowel management
after spina bifida, 213-214
after traumatic brain injury, 243-244
Bowel medications, 270t
Bowel training, in spina bifida, 443
Bowling, 92
Brachial plexus injury, 367
complications, 368-369
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 143-146 evaluation, 367-368
pain, 370
SSEPs in, 158
surgery, 369-370
surgical indications, 369
with traumatic brain injury, 368-369
treatment, 368
Brain injury
in cerebral palsy, 165
nursing care for, 249
and SSEPs, 156
traumatic. See Traumatic brain injury
Brainstem malformations, in spina bifida, 208
Branched-chain ketoacid supplementation, in neuromascular disease, 328-329
Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (BNAS), 37
Brevicollis, 364
Brief Smell Identification, 35
BRIEF. See Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions
British Society of One-Armed Golfers, 79
Brown-Sequard syndrome, 264
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 236
Bulbar palsy, 2
Burn-associated polyneuropathy (BAPN), 148
Burn injuries
acute burn management, 379-381
assessment, 378
chronic burn management, 381-382
classification of, 379f
dressing for, 379
epidemiology of, 378
hospitalization, 381
outcome, 382-383
pain management with, 379-382, 383f
positioning of patient, 381t
prevention of, 384
rehabilitation, 381
scar, classification of, 382
severity, 379f
surgery for, 338-339
topical agents for, 379
CAD.
See Central autonomic dysfunctionCAF. See Challenged Athletes Foundation
Calcaneus foot
in spina bifida, 214, 217
California Verbal Learning Test-C (CVLT-C), 35t Calorie requirements
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 328
in neuromuscular diseases, 293
CAMA. See Communication Aid Manufacturers Association
Camping, 87
Campylobacter, and reactive arthritis, 376
Canes, 110
Carbamazepine, 305, 307
Carbon dioxide suppositories (Ceo-Two), 270t
Cardiac abnormalities
in Becker muscular dystrophy, 294-295
in Emery-Dreiffuss muscular dystrophy, 302
in fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 301
in neuromuscular diseases management, 277, 329
in scoliosis, 400
Cardiorespiratory endurance, 392
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in children, 149
Car seats, 117
Caster cart, for child with spina bifida, 115t
CAT. See Children's Apperception Test
Catheterization. See Clean intermittent catheterization
Cattell-Horn-Carroll psychometric model, 36
Cauda equina syndrome, 264
Caudal regression syndrome, 203
Cavous feet, 366
Cavus foot, 325
in spina bifida, 204, 217
CBCL. See Child Behavior Checklist
CDI. See Children's Depression Inventory
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 199, 231
Central auditory processing impairment, 238
Central autonomic dysfunction (CAD), after traumatic brain injury, 244
Central cord syndrome, 264
Central core myopathy, 303
Central nervous system malformations, in spina bifida, 206, 206t cerebellum and hindbrain, 208
forebrain, 209
malformations, 209
spinal cord, 206-208
ventricles, 208-209
Central ray syndrome, 341
Central ventilatory dysfunction (CVD), 3
Central visual dysfunction, 239
Centronuclear (myotubular) myopathy (non-X-linked), 303 Cerebellum malformations, in spina bifida, 208
Cerebral atrophy, after traumatic brain injury, 245-246, 245f
Cerebral palsy (CP), 64-65, 80, 165, 481, 483
aging with, 429, 430-431t, 436-439 cause of, 166, 170
classification, 166-168
functional, 166-167
neurologic, 166 complementary and alternative treatments for, 186t course and prognosis
aging, with cerebral palsy, 190 outcome measures, 187-189, 188t prognosis for ambulation, 189-190 quality of life, 189
criteria for diagnosis of, 165 diagnostic imaging in, 169-170, 171f differential diagnosis, 170 disorders, associated
bone and mineral density disorders, 173
cognitive impairments, 172
epilepsy, 172
gait impairments, 175-176 genitourinary disorders, 173 hearing impairments, 172 musculoskeletal disorders, 173-175 nutritional disorders, 172-173 oromotor impairments, 172 psychological impairments, 172 respiratory disorders, 173 sensory impairments, 170 visual impairments, 170-172 dyskinetic, 166, 169 early intervention for, 179 epidemiology, 165 evaluation of child with, 189 functional training in, 177 laboratory tests in, 170, 171f mixed types of, 190 pathology, 168-169 prognosis for, 188-189 psychosocial issues in, 189 risk factors, 165-166 signs and symptoms, 169 spastic, 166 speech disorders in, 172 therapeutic exercise in, 176 therapeutic management of, 178-179 treatment
adaptive equipment, 184
alternative therapy, 184-187
general principles, 176 hypertonia management, 178-183 orthopedic surgery, 183-184 orthoses, 184
physical and occupational therapy, 176-178 speech therapy, 178
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome, after traumatic brain injury, 241
Cervical nerve root lesions
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 143-146
Cervical spine, juvenile idiopathic arthritis of, 374
Challenged Athletes Foundation (CAF), 85
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, 313-316
Chemical denervation, 179
alcohol blocks, 179
botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), 179
Chemotherapeutic agents, 317
Chest harnesses, for wheelchairs, 112, 117
Child abuse, 381
musculoskeletal pain and, 410-412, 414-415
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Amendments of 1984, 499
Child Amputee Prosthetic Project-Functional Status Index, 346
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 44
Child Health Questionnaire, 189, 407
Childhood aphasia, 64
acquired, 64
and language disorders, 67t
Childhood neuromuscular diseases, management of, 322 Childhood-onset spinal cord injury, 444-446
Child life specialist, 83
Child Memory Scale (CMS), 35t
Children with special health care needs (CSHCN), 13
Children’s Apperception Test (CAT), 44, 46t
Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), 45, 47t
Children’s Orientation and Amnesia Test (COAT), 34, 235
Children’s Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (CHIPASAT), 31t Chloral hydrate, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137 Chlorpromazine, for spasticity, 237
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137
Chondrodystrophic myotonia. See Schwartz-Jampel syndrome Chondromalacia, 391
Chorea, 321
Chronic illness, 21, 42
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 147
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 313
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 409
CIC. See Clean intermittent catheterization
Cisapride (Propulsid), for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Clavicle orthosis, 105t
Claw toe, in spina bifida, 204, 217
Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC)
in spina bifida, 212
in spinal cord injury, 266, 269
primary care treatment of children managed with, 212
Clonidine, for spasticity, 180t, 237
Clostridium botulinum, 396
Clubfoot, 365
in spina bifida, 217
CMAP. See Compound muscle action potential
CMS. See Child Memory Scale
COAT. See Children’s Orientation and Amnesia Test
Cobb method of curvature measurement, 398, 399f
Cochlear implant, 65
Cocktail party syndrome, 223
Cognitive assessment, 25, 27, 36-37
alternative tests, 37-38
instruments in
with young children, 37
Cognitive deficits, after traumatic brain injury, 239 attention and arousal, 239
behavioral problems, 240 communication deficits, 240 executive function, 240-241 memory impairment, 239-240 social functioning, 241
Cognitive function, in spina bifida
neuropsychology and learning problems associated with spina bifida, 222-224
Cognitive impairments
after traumatic brain injury, 238
in cerebral palsy, 172
Cold therapy, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
Collagen myopathy, 299-300. See also Ullrich CMD Coma/Near-Coma Scale, 249
Commission for Motion Laboratory Accreditation (CMLA), 465 Communication. See also Augmentative and alternative communication
deficits, after traumatic brain injury, 240
definition of, 53
disorders, 2, 55-69
in cerebral palsy, 172
intentional, 53
Communication Aid Manufacturers Association (CAMA), 123 Communicative-cognitive disorders, 67t
Community reintegration, of children with traumatic brain injury, 248
community support, 248-249
individual educational plans, 248
in-home services, 249
long-term needs, planning for, 249
out-of-home services, 249
school services, 248
sports and recreational activities, returning to, 249 Community support
for child with traumatic brain injury, 248-249 Compartment syndromes, 148, 149
Compound muscle action potential (CMAP), 129
amplitudes, in children, 130t
recording of, 136, 137, 141, 151
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), in cerebral palsy, 184, 186t
additional therapies, 187
Adeli suit therapy (AST), 185-187
conductive education, 185
hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), 185
Compound muscle action potential (CMAP), in children, 129, 130t Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (C-TONI), 38, 39t Computed tomography (CT)
in cerebral palsy, 170
of traumatic brain injury, 233
Computer access, 121-122
Computer-assisted rehabilitation, in traumatic brain injury, 247 Concentration, assessment of, 30
Concussion, in sport, management guidelines for, 250, 250t Conductive education (CE), in cerebral palsy, 185, 186t Conductive hearing loss, 238
Congenital conditions
of musculoskeletal system, 362, 364-367
Congenital fiber-type size disproportion, 304
Congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, 140t, 141, 146, 315t
Congenital kyphosis, 400
Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), 298
with early spine rigidity, 300
Fukuyama CMD, 298-299
merosin-deficit CMD, 298
merosin-positive CMD, 298
muscle-eye-brain disease, 299
Ullrich CMD, 299-300
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), 299
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), 152-153, 311
Congenital myopathies, 302-303
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 153
Congenital scoliosis, 400
Consonant sounds, acquisition of, 61t
Constitutional/intrinsic bone conditions, 405
abnormal bony density or structure, 406-407
calcium/phosphorus metabolism, metabolic conditions affecting, 407-409
Constitutional/intrinsic bone conditions (cont.)
disorganized cartilage and fibrous components, 406 extraskeletal disorders, 409
tubular bone/spinal growth, defects of, 405-406 Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), 177-178 Construct validity, 25
Content, 24
Continuous Performance Tests, 31t
Contour seating systems, 112
Control, in therapeutic exercise, 81
Controlled knee flexion, 475
walkers, 464
Coordination, impaired, in movement disorders, 9
Corpus callosum malformations, in spina bifida, 209
Cortical sensory function, 10
Corticosteroids, 15
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 325
Coup de sabre, in scleroderma, 377
CP. See Cerebral palsy
Coxa valga, 9, 204, 215, 393
Coxa vara, 393
Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors, 83 Craniosacral technique, 185, 186t, 187
Creatine kinase, in neuromuscular diseases, 283
Criterion, 24, 25
Critical events, of gait cycle, 474, 474t
during single limb support task, 476-478, 479t
during swing limb advancement task, 478-481
during weight acceptance task, 475-476, 477t
Crutches, 110, 220
CSHCN. See Children with special health care needs
CT. See Computed tomography
C-TONI. See Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence Culture-sensitive assessment, 28-29
Cups, adaptive, 104, 391
CVD. See Central ventilatory dysfunction
CVLT-C. See California Verbal Learning Test-C
Cycling, 93
Cyclophosphamide, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 312 Cyclosporine, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 312 Cystic fibrosis, 81
DAAA. See Dwarf Athletic Association of America
Dance, 88
Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium), 180
side effects of, 180t, 237
for spasticity, 180t, 182, 237
DAOS. See Developmental apraxia of speech
DAS. See Dynamic Arm Support
DDH. See Developmental dysplasia of the hip Deconditioning, 3, 81, 267
Deep vein thrombosis, 272
Deflazacort, for neuromuscular diseases, 290, 291, 325, 329 Dejerine-Sottas disease, 146, 279, 313, 315
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), 32t d-EMG. See Dynamic electromyography
Demyelinating diseases, SSEPs in, 158
Dental health, 15-16
Dental problems, in cerebral palsy, 172
Denver II (developmental screening test), 187
Depression, disabilities and, 444, 448
Dermatome, 361, 362f
Dermatomyositis, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 153 Development, 21
Developmental apraxia of speech (DAOS), 58
Developmental conditions, of musculoskeletal system, 384-397 Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), 386-388, 387t, 388f
Developmental history, 2-3
Developmental language disorder, 63, 67t
Developmental milestones, 13-19, 218
Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI), 33t
Developmental verbal apraxia, 58
Deviation IQ, 24
Diabetes, maternal, and limb deficiency, 2, 335
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
after traumatic brain injury, 241
Diabetic polyneuropathy, 148
Diaphysis, 393, 406, 412
Diastematomyelia, 206
Diazepam (Valium), 181
for spasticity, 18, 180t
DIBELS. See Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) scan, of renal function, in spina bifida, 211
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), of renal function, in spina bifida, 211
Diparetic CP, 166, 167f
Diplegia, 481-489
spastic, 396, 483
Diplopia, after traumatic brain injury, 239
Disability(ies)
acquired, AAC in, 55, 68, 364, 390
children with, health promotion for, 7, 14-18, 87 legislation associated with, 498-499 rights, history of, 498-499 school environment and, 22, 26, 274
Disability-specific health, 429, 430t-435t
cerebral palsy, 429, 436-439
childhood-onset spinal cord injury, 444-446
Down syndrome, 435t, 447-449 intellectual disabilities, 446-447 limb deficiency, 433t-434t, 446 spina bifida, 431t-432t, 440-444 spinal cord dysfunction, 439-440
Williams' syndrome, 449
Disabled Sports USA (DSUSA), 80
Discharge planning, after traumatic brain injury, 247-248 Discipline, family counseling on, 218
Discitis, 393
Distal motor latencies (DMLs), in children, 128-129, 129t Distal spinal muscular atrophy, 320
Distance measurements, in nerve conduction studies, 133 Ditropan. See Oxybutynin chloride
D-KEFS. See Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System DMD. See Duchenne muscular dystrophy
DMSA scan. See Dimercaprolsuccinic acid scan
Docusate (Colace: Sufak), for bowel dysfunction, 244, 270t Dolichocephaly, 6
Doman Delacatto method, 187
Down syndrome (DS), 447-449
aging with, 435t
atlantoaxial instability in, 364-365
Williams' syndrome (WS), 449
DPT, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137
Driving, 31-32, 354
Drooling, 17
in cerebral palsy, 172
Drosophila, 201
DSUSA. See Disabled Sports USA
DTPA scan. See Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid scan
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 16, 287-293 ambulation loss, 289-290 anthropometric changes, 292-293 appearance in, 6, 7
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (cont.)
cardiomyopathy, 291-292
characteristics of, 288t
cognition and behavioral phenotype, 292
contractures, 290
diagnostic evaluation, 288-289
epidimeology, 289
genetic elements of, 288
incidence of, 288t
malignant hyperthermia and, 289
onset and early signs, 289
palpation in, 7
pseudohypertrophy in, 279
pulmonary function, 291
scoliosis in, 326f
spine deformity, 290-291
therapeutic exercise for, 322
weakness, 289
and weight loss, 328
Duchenne-Erb's palsy, 144, 145
Durable medical equipment, 14
Dwarf Athletic Association of America (DAAA), 80
Dynamic Arm Support (DAS), 124
Dynamic electromyography (d-EMG), 468
Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), 40
Dynamic WHO, 184
DynaVox, 120, 121, 121f
Dysarthria, 57-58
types, 58t
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy, 166
Dysphagia, diet levels, 76t
Dysphonia, 57, 75
Dysplasia
definition of, 386
of hip, developmental
classification, 387t
risk factors, 387t
Dystonia
after traumatic brain injury, 237
Dystonic cerebral palsy, 167f Dystrophenopathies
Becker muscular dystrophy, 293-295 characteristics of, 288t
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 287-293
Dystrophic myopathies
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 153-154
Dystrophic myopathies, 287
Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, diseases of, 287
Early intervention programs, 4, 341
effects of, 90, 407
EasyStand, 110f
ECEQ. See European Child Environment Questionnaire
Ecological validity, 25
Education. See also Schooling
of child with spina bifida, 221, 225, 443
after spinal cord injury, 265, 271, 273-274
Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 499
EEG. See Electroencephalography
Elbow
injuries to, 340, 364, 390
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 374
orthosis, 105t, 106t
Elbow flexor contractures, 300, 322, 381t
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 324
in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 302
in neuromuscular disease, 290, 293
Elbow flexor contractures (cont.)
in spasticity, 175
Elbow-wrist-hand orthosis, 105t
Electrical stimulation, in cerebral palsy, 178, 186t
Electrodes, 136
recording, 134-135
motor conduction, 135
sensory conduction, 134-135
stimulating, 133-134
Electrodiagnosis, in pediatrics, 127
clinical problems in
acute onset infantile hypotonia, 142
brachial plexus and cervical nerve root lesions, 143-146 common polyneuropathies, 146-148
early respiratory distress in infancy, differential diagnosis for, 141
entrapment mononeuropathies, in children, 149-150
facial paralysis, in neonate, 146
floppy infant, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 138-141 motor neuron disorders, 142-143
myopathies, 153-155
neuromuscular junction disorders, 150-153 neuropathies associated with infections, 148-149 somatosensory-evoked potentials, 155-158 spinal cord injury, 143
electromyography
motor unit configuration and amplitude, 130-131
motor unit duration, 131
motor unit recruitment, 131-132
infantile nerve conduction studies, technical factors with distance measurements/measurement error, 133 nerve conduction studies, special considerations for, 135-136 recording electrodes, 134-135 repetitive nerve stimulation studies, 136
shock artifact, 133
stimulating electrodes, 133-134
temperature, 132
volume conduction, 132
maturational factors in, 127
nerve conduction studies, 128-130
needle electromyography, technical factors of
electrodes, 136
optimal muscles, for evaluation, 137
optimal muscles to study for rest activity, 136-137 sedation, 137-138
single-fiber EMG, limitations of, 138 Electroencephalography (EEG) of traumatic brain injury, 234
Electromyography (EMG)
brachial plexus palsy, 368
motor unit configuration and amplitude, 130-131
motor unit duration, 131
motor unit recruitment, 131-132
muscle and neurologic function evaluation, 468-469 needle, technical factors in, 136-138
single-fiber, limitations, in pediatric populations, 138
in therapeutic exercise, 307
Electron microscopy, in neuromuscular diseases, 152, 287
EMD. See Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Emerin, 302
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD), 302
EMD1, 302
EMD2, 302
EMG. See Electromyogrphy
EMLA cream, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137-138
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), 209
Endurance, cardiovascular, 400
Energy supplementation, in neuromuscular diseases, 328 Enterobacter, and septic arthritis, 378 Enthesitis-related arthritis, 372-373
Entrapment mononeuropathies, in children, 149-150
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in children, 149
neuropathies with limb-lengthening procedures, 150 peroneal mononeuropathies in children, 149 radial mononeuropathies, in children, 149 sciatic mononeuropathies in children, 149-150 ulnar mononeuropathies, in children, 149
Ephedrine, for bladder dysfunction, 212
Epilepsy
in cerebral palsy, 172
after traumatic brain injury, 244-245
Epiphyseal, 242
dysplasia of, multiple, 384, 414
injuries to, Salter's classification of, 386
Equinovalgus foot deformity, in cerebral palsy, 173, 174f Equinus deformity
in cerebral palsy, 173
in spina bifida, 204, 217
Erythema migrans, in Lyme disease, 376
Escherichia coli, and septic arthritis, 378
Esophageal phase, of swallowing, 74f, 75 Etretinate, 203
European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ), 83
Evan's Blue Dye Test (MEBD), 73
EVA walker, 111
Evoked potentials, 141, 143, 146, 147, 155-158, 399
Ewing's sarcoma, 338, 351, 411
Examination, 5
by age, 5
functional evaluation, 10
growth, 6
inspection, 6-7
musculoskeletal system, 9
neuromuscular system, 7-9
observation, 5
organ systems, 7
palpation, 7
school-aged and adolescent patients, 6
sensory, 9-10
tone of, 1
Executive function, 240-241
assessment of, 30-32
Exercise, 80, 452
in DMD, 322
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
in neuromascular diseases, 322-323
physiologic impact on, 80-81
psychosocial impact on, 81-82
Expressive Production Rating Scale. See ExPRS
ExPRS (Expressive Production Rating Scale), 65, 65t
External moments, 467
Extraskeletal disorders, 409
Facial appearance
in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 28, 154, 304-307
in Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, 149, 154, 308
Facial palsy, 6
in neonate, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 146
Facial paralysis, in neonate, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 146 Facial Recognition Tests, 33t
Facial weakness, in facioscapulhumeral muscular dystrophy, 300, 300f
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), 300-301 Family counseling, after traumatic brain injury, 248
Family environment
assessment of, 45-46
spina bifida and, 45
Family Environment Scale (FES), 45
Family history, 5
in neuromuscular diseases, 279
Fanconi anemia, 341
Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), 300-301 Fazio-Londe disease. See Progressive bulbular paralysis of childhood
FBA. See Functional behavior assessment
Fecal incontinence, in spina bifida, 213
Feeding
adaptive equipment for, 123 assessment of, 73, 293 development of, 53, 711 disorders of, 69-76 feeders, automated, 123
milestones, 711
oral
with dysphagia, 67t
transition to, after traumatic brain injury, 243
oral motor dysfunction with, 2
team members, 72t
tube feeding, 243
FEES. See Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing
Feet
assessment of, in cerebral palsy, 173
burns and, 381
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 375
prosthetic, 351, 354 Feldenkrais method, 186t, 187 FES. See Family Environment Scale, Functional electrical stimulation
Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), 75 Fiber-type disproportion, congenital, 304
Fibrodysplasia, 406
Fibrous dysplasia, 406
Figure-eight harness, 344f
FIM. See Functional independence measure
Fine motor-adaptive behavior, assessment of, 37, 41
Finger orthosis, 105t
Fishing, 87-88
Fitness
components of, 449
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 374
Fixed battery, 27, 28
Flat feet, 304, 385, 395
Flexible endoscopic examination of swallowing, 75t
Flexibility, 365
Floor hockey, 93
Floppy infant, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 138-141, 139t, 140t Fluency disorders, 67t
Fluency Tasks Verbal and Design, 32t
Focal brain injuries, 235-236
Fontanelles, palpation of, 7
Football, 93
Foot deformities, in spina bifida, 217
Forebrain malformations, in spina bifida, 209
Forced vital capacity, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 391
Forebrain malformations, in spina bifida, 209
Forefoot rockers, 476f, 478
Forward walkers, 111
Fractures, 18-19
Frantz classification system, 336
Frataxin, 321
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, 366
Freiberg’s disease, 391
Friedreich’s ataxia, 148, 321
Friendships, development of, 41
FSHD. See Facioscapulohumeral muscylar dystrophy
Full-scale IQ, 26
Functional behavior assessment (FBA), 42-43, 46t
Functional electrical stimulation (FES), 104, 178
Functional evaluation, 10
Functional Independence Measure (FIM), 250
Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM), 250
Functional limitation conditions, 426, 426t
Functional neuromuscular stimulation, 186t
Functional scoliosis, 403
leg length inequality, 403-405
F-waves, 129-130
Gabapentin (Neurontin), for spasticity, 181, 273t
Gait aids, 110-111
Gait analysis, in cerebral palsy, 189
Gait assessment, 461
critical events, 478-481
gait cycle, subdivision, 469-474 instrumented gait analysis, 464-469 kinematics, 465-466
maturity, 464
movement analysis, case study, 481-489
normal gait, 461-464
Gait cycle, 469
critical events, 474t, 478-481
phases of, 462f, 463f, 472t, 472-474
subdivision, 469-474, 471t walking, functional prerequisites for, 469-472
Gait impairments, in cerebral palsy, 175-176, 175t
Gait trainers, 111
Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test, 34
Gastrocnemius/soleus contracture, 179, 295
ankle-foot orthoses for, 173, 175t, 325
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 439 management of, 243
after traumatic brain injury, 243
Gastrointestinal dysfunction, after spinal cord injury, 266, 269-270
Gastrointestinal system, 280, 287, 398
Gastrostomy, 17, 208, 243
GCS. See Glasgow Coma Scale
GDS. See Gesell Developmental Schedules; Gordon Diagnostic System
Genitourinary disorders, in cerebral palsy, 173
Genu valgum, 396
Gesell Developmental Schedules, Revised, 187
Girl Scouts of America, 87
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 234
for children, 156
posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), 235
Glasgow Outcome Scale, 250
modified, 250t
Glue-sniffing neuropathy, 317
Gluteus medial lurch. See Trendelenburg’s gait pattern Glycerine suppositories, for bowel dysfunction, 270t GMFCS. See Gross Motor Function Classification System GMFM. See Gross Motor Function Measure
Golden Opportunities funds, 85
GoLYTELY. See Polyethylene glycol
Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS), 28, 31t
Gowers’ sign, 318t
Grafting, 339, 352, 369, 379, 382, 386, 390 Gravity-eliminating orthoses, 123-124
Greenspan Social-Emotional Growth Chart, 43
GRF. See Ground reaction force
Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), 166, 168f
Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), 90, 177, 187, 189
Gross Motor Performance Measure, 187
Gross motor skills acquisition, 219t
Ground reaction force (GRF), 466
Growth
charts, 6, 14
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and, 290
in examination, 6
with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 371, 373, 374 musculoskeletal system, 361-362, 363f
and nutrition, 14-15
and scoliosis, 214, 398
Guillain-Barre syndrome. See Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Habilitation, 21
Halliwick method, 90
Hallux valgus deformity, in cerebral palsy, 173
Halstead Category Test (HCT), 32t
Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNB), 29 Hamstring, 487-488
Hand orthosis, 105t, 106t
Handicapped Scuba Association, 80, 88
Hands
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 374
orthosis, 106t, 184
Handy 1 device, 123
HBRT. See Horseback riding therapy
HCT. See Halstead Category
Head circumference, 6, 14, 208, 406, 414
HeadMinder Concussion Resolution Index (CRI), 35
Headrests, for wheelchairs, 112-113
Healing, orthoses for, 104
Health history, 3-4
Health preventive screening services, 4511
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 47
Hearing impairment, 3, 4, 16-17
in cerebral palsy, 172
facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 301
after traumatic brain injury, 238
Heart rate, 7, 83
Heat therapy, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
Heel rocker, 475, 476f
Height, 6, 14, 361
Hemianopsia, 239
Hemiparetic CP, 166, 167f
Hemiplegia, 6, 95
Hemophilia, 377
Hemorrhage, intraventricular, and cerebral palsy, 168, 170 Hensen's node, 200
Hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN), types, 314-315t.
See also Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, 313-316
III, and infantile hypotonia, 315t
Hereditary neuropathies, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 146 Heterotopia, in spina bifida, 209
Heterotopic ossification, after traumatic brain injury, 244
Higher Education Act, Amendment to, 499
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 203
High tetraplegia, 268, 275 Hilgenreiner's line, 388f Hinged (or articulated) ankle foot orthosis, 106t
Hip
assessment of, in cerebral palsy, 174, 174f
deformities in spina bifida, 215-216, 442
Hip (cont.)
dysplasia of
acquired, 9, 174
bilateral, 216f
congenital, 9
traumatic, 389
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 371, 372, 373, 374
orthosis for, 108t
Hip knee ankle foot orthosis (HKAFO), 108t
for spina bifida, 219
Hippo Car Seat, 117
Hippotherapy, 89, 186t
Hip spica/hip abduction splint, 108t
Hirayam disease. See Juvenile segmental SMA
Histology, in neuromuscular diseases, 286
History, 1
adaptive sports and recreation, 79-80
of behavior, 4
in cerebral palsy, 169
developmental history, 2-3
of disability rights, 498-499
educational and social history, 4-5
family history, 5
general health history, 3-4
in neuromuscular diseases, 278-279
perinatal history, 1-2
prenatal history, 1-2
in scoliosis, 398
HIV infection, in children, 148-149
HKAFO. See Hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis
Hockey, 93-94
Holt-Oram syndrome, 341
HOME. See Home Observation for Measurement of the
Environment Scale
Home environment, 45-46
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Scale (HOME), 45
Home services, for child with traumatic brain injury, 249 Horner's syndrome, 6, 144
Horseback riding therapy (HBRT), 89, 89
Housemaid's knee, 6
Hoyer lift, 109
H reflex, 130, 134t
HRNB. See Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery
HRQOL. See Health-related quality of life
Human gait assessment. See Gait assessment
Hunting, 88
Hurler's syndrome, 409
Hydrocephalus
development of, 223
endoscopic management of, 209
management of, 442
pathogenesis of, 208
in spina bifida, 203, 205, 208-209, 223 symptoms of, 208-209
after traumatic brain injury, 245-246
Hydromyelia. See Syringomyelia
Hydrotherapy, 373
Hydroxychloroquine, for systemic lupus erythematosus, 377
Hyoscyamine, for bladder dysfunction, 269
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), in cerebral palsy, 185, 186t
Hypercalcemia, after spinal cord injury, 272
Hypercapnia, 3
Hyperlordosis, in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 301, 301f
Hyperthermia, malignant, and neuromuscular diseases, 16,
278-279, 303
Hypertonia management, in cerebral palsy, 178 chemical denervation, 179 intrathecal baclofen (ITB), 181-182 oral medications, 179-181 selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), 182-183
Hypomyelinating neuropathy, congenital, 140t, 141, 287, 315 Hypopharynx, 54
Hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction, 221, 241-242
Hypotonia, infantile
acute-onset, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 142 differential diagnosis, 139t
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 138-140, 140t
in neuromuscular diseases, 280/, 289
Hypotonic bladder, 269
urodynamic study in, 210
Hypotonic cerebral palsy, 166
Hypotonicity, 8
Ibuprofen, 244, 379, 391
IDEA. See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Idiopathic scoliosis, 400-403
IEP. See Individualized education program
Imaginative play, 66
Imipramine, for bladder dysfunction, 212, 269
Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), 35
Immunization history, 4
Immunizations, 15
Immunoblotting, 286-287
Immunostaining, 286-287, 293
Immunosuppressive agents, 377
ImPACT. See Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and
Cognitive Testing
Incontinence, 439, 441
in spina bifida, 211, 213
Independence, after spinal cord injury, 268t
Individualized education program (IEP), 4, 26, 82
for child with limb deficiency, 246
for child with traumatic brain injury, 248
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 39, 64, 82, 248, 499
Indomethacin, 244
Infantile botulism, 150-151, 312
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 150-151, 150f
Infantile nerve conduction studies, technical factors with distance measurements/measurement error, 133 recording electrodes, 134-135
motor conduction, 135
sensory conduction, 134-135
repetitive nerve stimulation studies, 136 shock artifact, 133
special considerations for, 135-136 stimulating electrodes, 133-134 temperature, 132
volume conduction, 132
Infants
examination of, 5, 6
psychosocial development in, 81, 118
Infections, 4, 17
and limb deficiencies, 338 neuropathies associated with, 148-149
Inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis associated with, 372, 373
Information processing, assessment of, 30
Informing interview, 10
In-home services
for child with traumatic brain injury, 249
Injury severity, morbidity by, 250-252
anoxic brain injury, 252
concussions, 250-251
mild to moderate injury, 251-252
moderate to severe injury, 252
profound injury, 252
Injury severity, of traumatic brain injury
Children’s Orientation and Amnesia Test, 235
Glasgow Coma Scale, 234
Posttraumatic Amnesia, 235 unconsciousness, duration of, 235
InMotion Robots, 125
Inpatient rehabilitation, in traumatic brain injury, 246-248
Insomnia, 3
Inspection, in examination, 6-7
Instrumented gait analysis (IGA), 464-469
Intellectual assessment, 36-37
Intellectual disabilities (ID), 446-447
aging with, 434t
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
in Becker muscular dystrophy, 295
in cerebral palsy, 172
versus cognitive assessment, 25
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 292
in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 307 performance, after traumatic brain injury, 26, 234 in spina bifida, 222-223
testing, 25, 26
after traumatic brain injury, 234
Intentional communication, 53
Interactive play, 5
Interface, adaptive, 117
Intermediate SMA type II, 319t
Internal moments, 467
Internal stability, in test, 24
International Shriners Hospitals, 261, 268, 269
International Silent Games, 79
International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC), 123
International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics, 336
International Sports Organized for the Disabled (ISOD), 86
International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sport Federation (ISMWSF), 79
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB), 181-182
Intervertebral disc injuries, 392
IQ. See Intelligence quotient
ISAAC. See International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication
ISMWSF. See International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sport Federation ISOD. See International Sports Organized for the Disabled ISPO. See International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics Isotretinoin, 203
Ixodes dammini, and Lyme disease, 376
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, 187
JIA. See Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Joint contractures, 323
in Becker muscular dystrophy, 294
in congenital muscular dystrophy, 298
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 290
in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 302
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, surgery for, 375, 376
in limb girdle muscular dystrophy, 295
Joint moments, 467
Joint power, 467-468
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 370-376
cervical spine, 374
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (cont.)
clinical features
of enthesitis-related arthritis, 372-373
of oligoarthritis, 371
of polyarthritis, 371-372
of psoriatic arthritis, 372
of systemic-onset JIA, 371
of undifferentiated arthritis, 373 differential diagnosis of, 372t lower extremities, 374-375 rehabilitation in, 373-374 treatment, medical and surgical, 375-376 upper extremities, 374
Juvenile segmental SMA, 320
KABC-II. See Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children,
2nd Edition
KAFO. See Knee ankle foot orthosis
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (KABC-II), 36, 38, 39t
Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 2nd Edition (K-TEA-II), 39, 40t
Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 310
Kenney crutch, 110
Ketamine, for pain control in burn injuries, 309, 379
KidSwing, 85
Klippel-Feil syndrome, 364
Klumpke's palsy, 144, 367
Knee
assessment of, in cerebral palsy, 173
contractures of, 375, 437
injuries to, 8
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 373, 374, 375
orthoses for, 106t
Knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO), 107t, 396
bracing, 324-325
for spina bifida, 219
Knee flexion contractures
in cerebral palsy, 173-174
in spina bifida, 216
Knee hyperextension splint, 107t
Kohler's disease, 391
Krabbe disease, 148
K-TEA-II. See Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 2nd Edition Kugelberg-Welander syndrome. See Spinal muscular atrophy III Kyphosis
in cerebral palsy, 174
in spina bifida, 204, 224
Lactate, in neuromuscular diseases, 284
Lactic acidosis, 310
Lactulose, 270t
Lambert-Eaton syndrome, 153
LaNec disease, 391
Language
components, 59-63
definition of, 54, 59
spontaneous, observation of, 43
Language ability, assessment of, 67
Language behavior, assessment of, 66
Language development, 53
Language disorders, 63-66
acquisition, 63
assessment of, 66-68
in cerebral palsy, 64-65
congenital, 64
treatment for, 68-69
Language features, of AAC devices, 118-121
Language functioning
assessment of, 33-34
pragmatic, 119t
Larsen syndrome, 366
Larynx, 56, 56f
Later stages of recovery, 255
Latex allergy
in spina bifida, 220-221, 443
after spinal cord injury, 273
Latex allergy, in spina bifida, 220-221
clinical signs of, 220
Latex-fruit syndrome, 220
Lead polyneuropathy, 317
Learned helplessness, 103
Learning process, 26
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, 384
Leg length discrepancy (LLD), 352, 403-405
Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R), 38, 39t Les autres athletes, 86t
Leukodystrophy, metachromatic, and infantile hypotonia, 140t Leukomalacia, periventricular, 168, 168f
Lidocaine, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137
Limb deficiencies
acquired amputations
classifications of, 337
incidence and etiologies, 337
infections, 338
traumatic, 337
tumors, 337-338
aging with, 433-434t
congenital deficiencies
classification, 336-337
etiology, 335-336
infections, 338
longitudinal, 337t
lower limb, 346-347
advancements, 355
amputation in children, 351
common, 347-350
fitting timetable, 353
intervention, prosthetic treatment and adaptive equipment, 351-352
training, 353-355
uncommon, 350-351
surgical approaches
general principles, 338-339
phantom sensation, 339
transverse, 337t
upper limb
advancements, 346
common, 339-340
intervention, prosthetic treatment and adaptive equipment, 341-345
therapy and training, 345-346
uncommon, 340-341
Limb deformity
contractures and, management of, 323-324
with distal lower extremity weakness, management of, 325 with proximal weakness, management of, 324-325
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), 295 calpainopathies, 295-298 characteristics of, 296-297t dysferlinopathies, 295 fukutin-related protein, 298 sacroglycanopathies, 295
Limb, development of, 361
Linear seating systems, 112
Lioresal. See Baclofen
Lite Gait, 111
Literacy, in children with disabilities, 118-121
Little League baseball, 91
LLD. See Leg length discrepancy
Lobster claw. See Central ray syndrome
Locomat, 125
Lofstrand crutches, 110
Long-term needs planning
for child with traumatic brain injury, 249
Lordosis, in spina bifida, 214, 224
Lower airway, 55
Lower extremities, 355-356
weakness, distal, 325
deficiency, congenital, 352
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 374-375 musculoskeletal conditions of, 446 orthoses for, 184
prosthetics, advancements in, 355
Lower limb
amputations, in children, 351
deficiencies, common
femoral abnormalities, 348-349
longitudinal deficiency of the fibula, 347-348
longitudinal deficiency of the tibia, 350
deficiencies, uncommon, 350-351
orthoses, 106t-109t
Lower motor neuron disorder, 7, 8, 141, 142, 280
Lund and Browder burn chart, 378, 380f
Lung disease, 55
in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 301
in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 306
in scoliosis, 320, 443
Luria neuropsychological model, 36
Lyme disease, 149
arthritis, 376
erythema migrans in, 376
Mafenide acetate, for burn injuries, 379
Magnesium citrate, for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
in cerebral palsy, 169, 170
in discitis, 393
of growing skull fracture, 233
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 401
in scoliosis, 400
of traumatic brain injury, 233
Malignant hyperthermia, and neuromuscular diseases, 278-279, 289, 303
Manual muscle testing, 8
Marital arts, 88
Maroteaux-Lamy, type VI, 409
Massage technique, 382
Matching Familiar Figures (MFFT), 32t
MCA. See Motor conduction velocities
Measurement error, in nerve conduction studies, 133
MEBD. See Evan's Blue Dye Test
Medical care, of disabled children, 13
acute illness, in primary care office, 17
medical home, 13-14 neurological complications
seizure activity, 18
spasticity, 18
orthopedic complications
fractures, 18-19
palliative care, 19
Medical care, of disabled children (cont.)
respiratory complications
drooling, 17
respiratory distress, 17-18
routine health maintenance, 14
dental, 15-16
growth and nutrition, 14-15
hearing, 16-17
immunizations, 15
vision, 16
Medical conditions, associated with traumatic brain injury, 241 anterior pituitary dysfunction, 241-242 bladder management, 244
bowel management, 243-244
central autonomic dysfunction, 244
cerebral salt wasting, 241 heterotopic ossification, 244 neuroendocrine dysfunction, 241 nutritional management, 242-243
gastroesophageal reflux disease, 243
oral feedings, transition to, 243
tube feedings, 243
posttraumatic epilepsy, 244-245
posttraumatic hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy, 245-246 precocious puberty, 242
respiratory dysfunction, 242
Memory
assessment of, 34
disorder, 67t
impairment of, after traumatic brain injury, 239-240
Mental retardation, 299
with cerebral palsy, 165
Meningococcemia, 338
Meperidine hydrochloride, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137
Mercury poisoning, 317
Metabolic myopathies
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 154
Metaclopramide (Reglan), 270t
Metanolic myopathies, 308
acid maltase deficiency, 308-309
myophosphorylase deficiency, 308
Metaphysis, 385, 386
Methotrexate, 203
for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 375
for scleroderma, 377
Methylprednisolone, for spinal cord injury, 266
MFFT. See Matching Familiar Figures
Microcephaly, 6, 169, 299
Micrognathia, 308, 371, 374
Microsomia, after traumatic brain injury, 238
Midazolam hydrochloride, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137
Milk of magnesia, for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Mineral oil, for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Minicore disease, 304
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 42, 43
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A), 42, 43, 46t
Miracle League, 91
Mitochondrial disorders, 309-310
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, 310
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy, 310 Mitrofanoff procedure, 212
Mixed connective tissue disease, diagnostic criteria for, 372t MMD. See Myotonic muscular dystrophy
MMPI. See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MMPI-A. See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory-Adolescent
Mobile arm support, 124
Mobility
aids, 104-111
guidelines, 267t
in neuromuscular diseases, 326-327
in spina bifida, 218-220, 440
after spinal cord injury, 267-268
Moebius syndrome, 335, 336f
Molecular genetic studies, in neuromuscular diseases, 285
Ìîãî reflex, 8, 169, 368
Morphine, 244
for pain control in burn injuries, 379
Morphology, 60
Morquio’s disease, 409
Motion assessment. See Gait assessment
Motion laboratories, 463, 464f
Motor conduction velocities (MCVs), in children, 128, 128t, 135
Motor deficits, after traumatic brain injury, 235
balance, 236
diffuse damage, 236
focal damage, 235-236
tone abnormalities, 236-237
dystonia, 237
rigidity, 237
spasticity, 237
tremor, 236
Motor development, in spina bifida, 218, 441
Motor disabilities, children with, 82
Motor function assessment, 461, 483
Motor learning, 177
Motor neuron disorders, 142-143
spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 317-319
Motor speech disorders, 57-59 acquired, 57t, 67t developmental, 57t, 37t
Motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), in children amplitude, 130-131 configuration, 130-131 duration, 131 recruitment, 131-132
MPS. See Mucopolysaccharidoses
MRL See Magnetic resonance imaging
MS. See Multiple sclerosis
MUAPs. See Motor unit action potentials
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), 408-409
Multicore disease. See Minicore disease
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, 384, 414
Multiple pterygius syndrome, 366
Multiple sclerosis (MS), pediatric, SSEPs in, 158
Muscle biopsy, in neuromuscular diseases, 139-140 site selection for, 285-286 technique for, 285
Muscle eye brain disease, 299
Muscles
nerve conduction studies of, 137 palpation of, 7
Muscular dystrophy, 3
congenital, 298-300
differential diagnosis of, 393
limb girdle, 295-298
myotonic. See Myotonic muscular dystrophy
Musculocutaneous nerve, conduction study of, 136/7
Musculoskeletal conditions, 361-409
brachial plexus palsy, 367
complications, 368-369
Musculoskeletal conditions (cont.)
evaluation, 367-368
pain, 370
surgery, 369-370
surgical indications, 369
treatment, 368
burn injuries
acute burn management, 379-381
burn assessment, 378
chronic burn management, 381-382
epidemiology, 378
outcome, 382-383
prevention, 384
child with rheumatic disease, rehabilitation of, 370 hematological disorders, 377-378 infectious disease with arthritis, 376 juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 370-376 rheumatic diseases, 376-377
congenital conditions, 362, 364-367
constitutional/intrinsic bone conditions, 405
abnormal bony density or structure, 406-407 calcium or phosphorus metabolism, metabolic conditions affecting, 407-409
disorganized cartilage and Hbrous components, 406 extraskeletal disorders, 409
tubular bone/spinal growth, defects of, 405-406 developmental conditions, 384-397 growth and development, 361-362, 363f musculoskeletal pain and child abuse, 410
back pain, 410-411
child abuse, 411
complex regional pain syndrome, 410
fibromyalgia, 410
tumors of bone, 411-412
scoliosis
functional scoliosis, 403
idiopathic scoliosis, 400-403
leg length inequality, 403-405 overview, 397-399
types, 400
Musculoskeletal deformities, in spina bifida, 218, 440
Musculoskeletal disorders, in cerebral palsy, 173-175 foot/ankle, 173
hip, 174
knee, 173
spine, 174-175
upper extremity, 175
Musculoskeletal injuries, treatment of, 368
Musculoskeletal pain, 370
Musculoskeletal system
in cerebral palsy, 179
examination of, 9
in spina bifida, rehabilitation for, 218
Myasthenia gravis
autoimmune, 311-312
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 153
transient neonatal, 151-152
Myasthenic syndromes, congenital, 138, 152-153, 311, 327 Myelomeningocele, 201, 208-209
Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers, 310
Myopathic stance, 284f
Myopathies
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 153-155
congenital, 153
dystrophic, 153-154
metabolic, 154
myotonic disorders, 154-155
Myopathies (cont.)
polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 153
infantile hyptonia, 138
Myotomes, 361, 362f
Myotonia
congenita, 307
in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 305, 307
in neuromuscular diseases, 305
Myotonic disorders
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 140t
Myotonic dystrophy
appearance in, 5, 6
congenital, and infantile hypotonia, 153
Myotonic muscular dystrophy, 154
Myotonic muscular dystrophy 1 (DM1), 304-307
Myotonic muscular dystrophy 2 (DM2). See Proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM)
Myotubular myopathy
severe X-linked (congenital), 303-304
NAHRA. See North American Riding for the Handicapped
Association
Naproxen (Naprosyn), 391
Nasopharynx, 54
National Amputee Golf Association, 80
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 92
National Dysphagia Diet (NDD), 75
National Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association (NHSRA), 80
National Hockey League (NHL), 94
National Park Service, 87
National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Classification, 272t
National Spina Bifida Association, 199
National Wheelchair Athletic Association (NWAA), 79-80
National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA), 92
National Wheelchair Softball Association, 96
Naturally Speaking, 122
NCAA. See National Collegiate Athletic Association
NCSs. See Nerve conduction studies
NDD. See The National Dysphagia Diet
NDT. See Neurodevelopmental treatment approach
Neater Eater, 123, 124f
Neck flexor weakness, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 289, 309
Necrosis, avascular, in sickle cell anemia, 378
Needle electromyography, technical factors of electrodes, 136
optimal muscles, to study for rest activity, 136-137
optimal muscles, for evaluation, 137
sedation, 137-138
single-fiber EMG, limitations of, 138
Negative pressure ventilators, 18, 291, 327
Nemaline myopathy, 303
Neonatal vs childhood treatment, 212-213
in neurogenic bladder, 212-213
NEPSY, 28, 29
Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, 29
NEPSY-II, 29
Nerve biopsy, in neuromuscular diseases, 287
Nerve conduction studies (NCSs), in pediatric electrodiagnosis, 128-130
compound muscle action potential (CMAP), 129 considerations in, 135-136 distal motor latencies (DMLs), 128-129 F-waves, 129-130
H reflex, 130
motor nerve conduction, 128 neuromuscular transmission, 130
Nerve conduction studies (NCSs), in pediatric electrodiagnosis (cont.) of rest activity, muscles for, 136-137 sensory nerve conduction, 129
technical factors in, 132-135
Nerve stimulation studies, repetitive, 136
stimulator, 135f
Neural tube defects (NTDs), 199
clinical types of
caudal regression syndrome, 203
spina bifida cystica, 203
spina bifida occulta, 203
Neuroendocrine dysfunction, after traumatic brain injury, 241
Neurofibromatosis, appearance in, 6
Neurogenic bladder
in spina bifida, 210-213
after spinal cord injury, 269
Neurogenic bowel
bowel management, 213-214
neurogenic bowel dysfunction, 213
orthopedics, 214-217
in spina bifida, 213
in spinal cord injury, 269-270
bowel medications, 270t
Neuroimaging
of cerebral palsy, 169-170
of congenital scoliosis, 400
of traumatic brain injury, 233-234
Neurological system
in spinal cord injury, 265
examination of, in cerebral palsy, 169
Neurological complications
seizure activity, 18
spasticity, 18
Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), 277-278
aerobic exercise, 323
cardiac complications, management of, 329
diagnostic evaluation, 278-285
electrodiagnostic studies, 284-285
functional mobility, 326
history in, 278-279
molecular genetic studies, 285
muscle biopsy evaluation, 285-287
nerve biopsy evaluation, 287
nutritional management
branched-chain ketoacid supplementation, 328
energy and protein supplementation, 328
for swallowing problems, 328
for weight reduction, 328-329
pharmacologic intervention, 329
physical examination, 279-283
serum laboratory studies in, 283-284
specific disease conditions
dystrophic myopathies, 287
dystrophenopathies, 287-288
strengthening exercise, 322
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), 178
Neuromuscular junction disorders, 150-153
autoimmune myasthenia gravis, 311-312
congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), 311
congenital myasthenic syndromes, 152-153 electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 152 infantile botulism, 150-151
Lambert-Eaton syndrome, 153
myasthenia gravis, 153
toxic, 152
transient neonatal autoimmune myasthenia gravis, 151-152 transient neonatal myasthenia, 310-311
Neuromuscular system, examination of, 7-9
Neuromuscular transmission, in newborns, 130
Neurontin. See Gabapentin
Neuropathic recruitment
studies of, muscles for, 134f
Neuropathies
associated with central disorders, 147-148
associated with infections, 148-149
HIV infection, 148-149
Lyme disease, 149 hypomyelinating, and infantile hypotonia, 315t with limb-lengthening procedures, 150 metabolic, 317
toxic, 316-317
Neuropathy ataxia, 310
Neuropsychological evaluation, 29
attention, concentration, and information processing, 30 flexible approach to, 27-28
problem-solving and executive functioning tests, 30-32 test batteries, 29
Neurosurgical treatment, to spina bifida, 210
Newborn
developmental milestones in, 218
facial paralysis in, electodiagnostic evaluation of, 146 nerve conduction studies in, 128-130, 132-136
NHL. See National Hockey League
NHSRA. See National Handicapped Sports and Recreation
Association
Nifedipine, 372
Night sweating, 3
Nightmares, 3
Nitrofurantoin, for urinary tract infection prophylaxis, 212 NMDs. See Neuromascular diseases
Nodules, subependymal, 206t, 209
Nonaccidental traumatic brain injury, 233
Noninfantile acquired botulism, 312
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 375
for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, 384
for musculoskeletal injuries, 377, 448
for pain control in burn injuries, 384
for systemic lupus erythematosus, 377
Nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD), 223
Nonverbal/visual-perceptual function tests, 32-33
Normal curve, 23, 23f
Normative data, 44
Norm-referenced measurement, 23-25
reliability, 24
validity, 24-25
Norms, 23, 28, 29
North American Growth in Cerebral Palsy Project (NAGCPP), 173
North American Riding for the Handicapped Association (NAHRA), 89
Nose, 54
NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Nucleus pulposus, 393
Nutrition
alteration in intake, 3, 202
with burn injuries, 381
in cerebral palsy, 172-173
growth and, 14-15
history of, 3
in neuromuscular diseases, 327-329
after spinal cord injury, 266, 271
after traumatic brain injury, 242-243
NWAA. See National Wheelchair Athletic Association
NWBA. See National Wheelchair Basketball Association
Obesity, 80
in Down syndrome, 449
in intellectual disabilities, 446-447
in spina bifida, 221
Observation
in examination, 5
in psychological assessment, 27, 42
Occupational therapy, in spina bifida, 209
Office environment, tone of, 1
OI. See Osteogenesis imperfecta
Olfactory dysfunction, after traumatic brain injury, 238 Oligoarthritis, 371
Ophthalmologic disorders, 16
Oral apraxia, 58
Oral feeding
with dysphagia, 67t
transition to, after traumatic brain injury, 243
Oral medications, to treat spasticity, 179-181
baclofen, 181
benzodiazepines, 181
dantrolene sodium, 181
Oral motor dysfunction, 2, 53
Oral sensorimotor, in feeding, 711
Oral-pharyngeal phase, swallowing, 74f
Oral phase, of swallowing, 74f Organophosphate poisoning, 148, 317
Organ systems, examination of, 7
Orlau Para Walker, in spina bifida, 219
Oromotor impairments, in cerebral palsy, 172
Oropharynx, 54
Orthopedic complications
fractures, 18-19
Orthopedic surgery, in cerebral palsy, 183-184
Orthopedics, in spina bifida, 214-217
feet, 217
hips, 215-216
knees, 216
overview, 214
spine, 214-215
tibia, 216-217
Orthosis, 103
in cerebral palsy, 184
lower extremity (LE) orthoses, 184
spinal orthoses, 184
upper extremity (UE) orthoses, 184
for positioning, range of motion, and healing, 104 Orthotics
and assistive devices, 103
for limb deformity in neuromuscular diseases, 323
for spina bifida, 217, 219
after spinal cord injury, 374-375
Ortolani’s sign, 388
Osgood-Schlatter disease, 391
Ossification, heterotopic, after traumatic brain injury, 244 Ossur Modular Flex Foot, 354f
Osteochondritis dissecans, 391
Osteochondrosis, 391
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), 81, 406-407
appearance in, 6
types of, 408t
Osteomyelitis, 368, 372t, 376, 378
Osteoporosis
in cerebral palsy, 438
in spina bifida, 221
treatment, 222
OttoBock KIMBA, 113f
Outcome algorithm, 28
Outdoor adventure, 87
Out-of-home services, for child with traumatic brain injury, 249 Outriggers, 95
Overuse syndromes, 389-390
Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan), for bladder dysfunction, 212, 213, 269
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), 311
Pain management, with burn injuries, 379-382
Pain relief, in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
Paley height myultipliers, 363f
Palliative care, 19
Palmar grasp reflex, 169
Palpation, 7
Paralympics, 80
Parachute reaction, 169
Paralympics, 80, 85, 88
Paramyotonia congenita, 307-308
Parapodium, 108t
Parapodium with ORLAU swivel modification, 108t
Parents of Children with Disabilities Inventory (PCDI), 46, 48t Partial body weight support treadmill training (PBWSTT), 177 PASAT. See Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
PASIPD. See Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities
Patched (PTC) gene, 201
Patella, position of, 391
Patterning, in cerebral plasy, 186t
Pavlick harness, 108t, 388-389
PCDI. See Parents of Children with Disabilities Inventory
PDPAR survey. See Previous Day Physical Activity Recall survey Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 187
Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised (PIAT-R), 39, 40t
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III), 33, 38, 39t
PEDI. See Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory
Pediatric brain injury, stages of recovery in, 68
Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), 250
Pediatric Inventory of Neurobehavioral Symptoms (PINS), 47, 48t
Pediatric limb deficiencies. See Limb deficiencies
Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ), 47, 48t
Pediatric rehabilitation, psychosocial aspects of, 493-494 disability rights, history of, 498-499 family and health care team partnership, 494
resilience, 495
family-centered care, 494
family system, 495-496
health care team system, 496-497
tasks of family, 497
working toward new normal, 497-498
tasks of practitioner, 498
Pediatric rehabilitation population, psychological, assessment in, 37
PedsQL, 47, 48t
Penicillamine, 316
Percentile ranks, 23, 24
Percutaneous gastronomy (PEG) tubes, 243
Performance IQ, 223
Perinatal history, 1-2
Peripheral nerve disorders
acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 312-313
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, 313-316 chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 313
metabolic neuropathies, 317
toxic neuropathies, 316-317
Peripheral sensory modalities, examination of, 9
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), 168 f Perkin's vertical line, 388f
Peroneal mononeuropathies in children, 149
Peroneal muscles, 173, 365, 395
Personality Inventory for Children-2 (PIC-2), 42, 44, 46t Pes planus. See Flat feet
Peto, Andras, 185
Phantom sensation, with limb deficiency, 339
Pharyngeal phase, of swallowing, 74f
Pharynx, 54, 69f, 70f
Phenol, for spasticity, 237
Phenylephrine hydrochloride, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137
Phenytoin, 15
for posttraumatic epilepsy prophylaxis, 245
Phonation, 56
Phonemic acquisition, 60t
Phonological process, resolution of, 62
Phonology, 59
Phonological process, 62t
Phrenic nerve, conduction study of, 137f
Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD), 83
Physical and occupational therapy, in cerebral palsy, 176-178 constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), 177-178 electrical stimulation, 178
partial body weight support treadmill training (PBWSTT), 177 strengthening, 176-177
stretching, 176
therapy methods, 176
PIAT-R. See Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised
PIC-2. See Personality Inventory for Children-2
PINS. See Pediatric Inventory of Neurobehavioral Symptoms Plasticity, implications of
after traumatic brain injury, 233
Polyarthritis, 371-372
Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 81 Polyethylene glycol (GoLYTELY), for bowel dysfunction, 270t Polymicrogyria, in spina bifida, 209
Polymyositis, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 153 Polyneuropathies, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 146-148
acquired toxic neuropathies, 148
acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 146-147
axonal Guillain-Barre/acute motor axonal neuropathy, 147 burn-associated neuropathies, 148
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 147 diabetic polyneuropathy, 148
hereditary neuropathies, 146
neuropathies associated with central disorders, 147-148 Polyphasic motor unit action potential, 145f Polyradiculoneuropathy
acute inflammatory demyelinating (AIDP), 312-313 electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 312
chronic inflammatory demyelinating (CIDP), 313 electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 313
Popliteal pterygium syndrome, 366 Population-specific assessments, 46-48
Positioning
with burn injuries, 381t
components, 112-116
orthoses for, 104
Posterior leaf spring, 107t
Posterior tibialis muscle, assessment of, 173, 324
Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), 34
Posttraumatic epilepsy
after traumatic brain injury, 244-245
Posttraumatic hydrocephalus, after traumatic brain injury, 245-246
Posture, assessment of, 5, 8
Posture control walkers. See Reverse walkers
Pott's disease, 393
Powered overhead transfer lift systems, 109
Power wheelchairs, 113
PPQ. See Pediatric Pain Questionnaire
PPVT-III. See Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
Pragmatic language functions, 119t
Pragmatics, 62
Precocious puberty
in spina bifida, 221
after traumatic brain injury, 242
Prednisone, 290, 291, 312, 313, 329
Prematurity, and cerebral palsy, 165, 166, 169
Prenatal history, 1-2
Prenatal screening, of spina bifida, 203
Prentke Romich Vantage, 121f
Preschool children, psychosocial development in, 10, 37
Pressure mapping systems, 112
Pressure ulcers, 205, 431t, 433t
classification of, 271t, 272t
after spinal cord injury, 267, 271, 443, 445
Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) survey, 83 Prilocaine, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137 Primary injury, 232
Problem solving, assessment of, 30-31
Progressive bulbular paralysis of childhood, 320-321
Projective measures, 42, 44
Prone standers, 110
Propofol, for anesthesia in nerve conduction studies, 137, 138 Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, 90
Prosthetics
acceptance, 339, 341, 342
for acquired amputations, 351
for bilateral upper extremity deficiency, 109
fitting for, 341, 351, 356
for lower extremity deficiency, 351, 355
swimming equipment, 96
training with, 345, 353
transfemoral, fitting time-table for, 353 for upper-limb deficiency, 341-345, 346
Protective extension response, 8
Protein supplementation, in neuromuscular diseases, 328
Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD), 348
Proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM), 307
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 318t Pseudohypertrophy, in neuromuscular diseases, 279, 279f, 295, 320
Psoriatic arthritis, 372
Psychiatric disturbance and adjustment problems, 22-23
Psychological assessment, 41
adjustment problems and psychiatric disturbance, 22-23 caveats, 42
family environment, 45-46
individual assessment tools, 42-45 measurement in, 23-25
nontraditional methods in, 368
after spinal cord injury, 273
types of, 27-29
uses of, 25-27
Psychological impairments, in cerebral palsy, 172 Psychosocial aspects, of pediatric rehabilitation, 493-499 Psychosocial services, after traumatic brain injury, 247 Psyllium, for bowel dysfunction, 270t
PTA. See Post-traumatic amnesia
Puberty, precocious. See Precocious puberty
Pulmonary problems, 75, 266, 270-271
Push N Power Baseball, 91
Pyruvate, in neuromuscular diseases, 284, 308, 309
Quad cane, 110
Quadriplegia, 264, 271
Quad rugby, 94
Quality of life, 493-494
in cerebral palsy, 189
Racquetball, 94
Radial mononeuropathies, in children, 149
Radiography, in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 301
Range of motion (ROM)
with burn injuries, 381
orthoses for, 104, 180
progressive. See Progressive range-of-motion exercise
Ratio IQ, 24
Raven's Progressive Matrices, 38, 39t
RCMAS. See Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale for Children
Rear-entry hinged floor-reaction AFO, 107t
Reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO), 108t
for spina bifida, 219
Recreation
organizations for, 80
professionals in, 82
therapeutic, 83
after traumatic brain injury, 249
Recreational equipment, 117
Recreational vehicles (RVs), 87
Reduced range of motion, 371
Reflex assessment, in cerebral palsy, 169
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 272
Reflux and small neurogenic bladders, surgical management for
in neurogenic bladder, 213
Reglan. See Metaclopramide Rehabilitation
bone tumors, 42
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373-374 mucopolysaccharidoses, 409 osteogenesis imperfecta, 407 psychosocial aspect, 493-499 in spina bifida, 218-220 after spinal cord injury, 266-267 in traumatic brain injury, 246-247 Rehabilitation Act, Section 504, 26, 499 Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA), 123
Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, 29
Reliability, 24
REO, 125-126
Resilence, in pediatric rehabilitation, 495
RESNA. See Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology
Society of North America
Respiration, 54, 266
Respiratory complications
drooling, 17
respiratory distress, 17-18
in infancy, differential diagnosis for, 141, 141f
history of, 3
in cerebral palsy, 173
Respiratory dysfunction, 447
in neuromuscular diseases, management of, 327
and speech disorders, 55-56
after spinal cord injury, 266
after traumatic brain injury, 242
Rest, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 273
Retinis pigmentos, 310
Retrograde amnesia, 34
Reverse walkers, 111
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale for Children (RCMAS),
45, 47t
Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test (ROCF), 33t RGO. See Reciprocating gait orthosis Rheumatic disease, appearance in, 6
Rheumatic diseases in children, rehabilitation of
hematological disorders, 377-378
infectious disease, 376
juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 370-376
systemic lupus erythematosus, 376-377
Rheumatic fever
differential diagnosis of, 372t
Rhizotomy, selective dorsal, 65, 178, 182-183, 273
Ribs, flaring of, 7
Rickets, 407-408
hypophosphatemic, 395
nutritional, 408
Rifton Gait Trainer, 111f
Rifton Adaptive Tricycle, 117
Rigidity, after traumatic brain injury, 237
Rigid spine syndrome, 300, 302, 304
Risser’s lines, 398
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, 34, 35t Road racing, 95
Robert’s syndrome, 339f, 341
Robots, 124-125
therapy robots, 125-126
ROCF. See Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test
Rockers, 475
Rod body myopathy, 303
Roller racer, 117
ROM. See Range of motion
Rooting reflex, 69
Rorschach Inkblot Technique, 44, 46t
Rule of 9s, 378
RVs. See Recreational vehicles
SAARDs. See Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
SACH foot, 354, 355
Sacral lesions, in spina bifida, 204
Safety
family counseling on, 249
after traumatic brain injury, 253
in wheelchair use, 220
Saline enemas (Fleet’s enemas), for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Salmonella, 378
SB. See Spina bifida
SBAA. See Spina Bifida Association of America
Scanogram technique, 403, 403f
Scar management, with burn injuries, 381
SCD. See Spinal cord dysfunction
SCFE. See Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Scheuermann’s disease, 391
atypical, 392
School-aged children, examination of, 6
School services. See also Education
for children with traumatic brain injury, 248 Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, 154, 308 SCI. See Spinal cord injury
Sciatic mononeuropathies in children, 149-150
SCIWORA. See Spinal cord injury, without radiographic abnormality
Scleroderma, 372t, 377
Sclerotomes, 361, 362f
Scoliosis, 397-399
appearance in, 7
in cerebral palsy, 172, 174, 175, 184
curvature measurement, 399f
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 290-291, 326f
in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 301
functional scoliosis, 403
idiopathic scoliosis, 400-403
leg length inequality, 403-405
progressive, 291, 300
in spina bifida, 442
types, 397t, 400
Scuba diving, 88
SDMT. See Symbol Digit Modalities
Seating, 111
Second impact syndrome, 232-233
Sedation, for nerve conduction studies, 137-138
Seizures, 18
in cerebral palsy, 166, 172
after traumatic brain injury, 245
Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), 182-183
Self-care, in spina bifida, 221, 442
Semantics, 37, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62
Senna (Senokot), for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Sensorineural hearing loss, 238
Sensory conduction velocities, in children, 129, 131t, 132t, 134-135 Sensory deficits
in cerebral palsy, 170
in spina bifida, 204
after traumatic brain injury, 238-239
Sensory examination, 9-10
Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP), 368
amplitudes, 143
Sensory stimulation, in traumatic brain injury, 246-247 Sensory-perceptual and motor tests, 34
computerized assessment, 35-36
Sequential Swim Techniques (SST), 90
Serial casting, 176
Severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy, 280 Severe X-linked centronuclear (myotubular) myopathy, 303-304 Sever’s disease, 391
Sexuality
in childhood-onset spinal cord injury, 446
with cerebral palsy, 439
in Down syndrome, 449
in intellectual disabilities, 447
with spina bifida, 443-444
after spinal cord injury, 446
SGDs. See Speech-generating devices
Shaken baby syndrome, 233
Shea Classification of Pressure Ulcers, 271t
Shenton’s line, 216f
Shock artifact, 133
Shoe inserts, 104
Shoulder
disarticulation, 340-341
injuries to, 85, 391
orthoses for, 105t
Sickle cell anemia, 409
Sickle cell disease, 377-378
Silvadene. See Silver sulfadiazine
Silver nitrate, for burn injuries, 379
Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene), for burn injuries, 379 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome, 391 Single-construct measures, 45
Single-fiber, limitations, in pediatric populations, 138
Single limb support task, 476-478, 479t
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 292
Single tests, 27
Skeleton, development of, 361-362
Skiing, 95
Skin
assessment of, 383, 389
care of, after spinal cord injury, 271
inspection of, 6
Skin breakdown, 104, 205
Skull fracture, growing, 233
Slalom, 95, 98
SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sleep apnea, 3
SLI. See SpeciHc language impairment
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), 385-386
SNAP. See Sensory nerve action potential
Snapping hip syndrome, 390
Snorkeling, 88
Soccer, 95-96
Social history, 4-5
Social isolation, 5, 81, 383, 427
Social issues. See Psychosocial issues
Societal factors, interaction of, 66
Softball, 96
Solid ankle foot orthosis, 106t
Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), 155-158
clinical applications, in children, 156-158 brachial plexus injury, 158 brain injury in SSEPs, 156 demyelinating diseases, 158 intraoperative spinal monitoring, 158 tethered cord syndrome, 157-158 traumatic spinal cord injury, 156-157
median nerve, 155
principles of, 155, 156/7
tibial nerve, 155, 156, 157f
Sorbitol, for bowel dysfunction, 270t
Spastic cerebral palsy, 166
Spastic hypertonicity, 8
Spastic quadriparetic CP, 166, 167/
Spasticity, 18, 402
definition of, 166
dystonia, 166
management of
pharmacologic, 237
physical, 237
medications, 180t, 273t
and spinal cord injury, 273
after traumatic brain injury, 237
Special Olympics, 85, 92, 96, 98
Specific language impairment (SLI), 61-62
SPECT. See Single photon emission computed tomography Speech
components of, 54, 54t
definition of, 54
development of, 3, 65, 66
intelligibility, 61
Speech disorders, 63-66
acquisition, 63
articulatory/resonatory dysfunction, related to, 57 congenital, 64
diagnosis and treatment of, 66-69 motor speech disorders, 57-59, 67t phonatory dysfunction, related to, 57 respiratory dysfunction, related to, 55-56
Speech recognition software, 122
Speech therapy, in cerebral palsy, 178 Speech-generating devices (SGDs), 118 categories, 119t
Sphincter dyssynergia, 205f urodynamic study in, 210, 211, 21f
Spina bifida (SB), 199, 431t-432t, 440-444 aging with, 431-432t central nervous system malformations, 206-209 clinical pearls, 217
clinical signs and course of, 204, 2O5∕' cognitive function, 222-224 complications of, 204-205, 214 cystica (aperta), 203 denervation in, 205 diagnosis of, prenatal, 203 epidemiology, 199-200 etiology, 200-203 folic acid supplements, guidelines for, 199 latex allergy, 220-221 musculoskeletal, 218 long term, 224-225 neural tube defects, clinical types of, 203 neurogenic bladder, 210-213 neurogenic bowel, 213-217 obesity, 221 occulta, 203
appearance in, 6
osteoporosis, 221
treatment, 222 outcomes in, 199, 204 pathogenesis of, 200 precocious puberty, 221 rehabilitation in, 218-220 self-care, 221 treatment of
neurosurgical treatment, 210 team approach, 209-210 Spina Bifida Association of America (SBAA), 225 Spinal cord, in spina bifida
Ll-L3 segment, 204
L4-L5 segments, 204
Spinal cord dysfunction (SCD), 439 -440
Spinal cord injuries (SCI), 261-275, 432-433t aging with, 432-433t anterior cord syndrome, 264 autonomic dysreflexia (AD), 271-272 Brown-Sequard syndrome, 264 cauda equina syndrome, 264 cause of injury, 262 central cord syndrome, 264 classification of, 262-264 deep vein thrombosis, 272 demographics of, 261-262 early treatment, 265-266 electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 143 epidemiology of, 261 equipment and environment, 274-275 and gastrointestinal function, 266 functional dependence after, 268t hypercalcemia, 272 incidence of, 261 long-term follow-up in, 275 and mobility, 267-268 nutrition, 271 prevalence of, 261 prevention of, 265 prognosis for neurologic recovery, 265
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) (cont.)
without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA), 143, 157, 264-265
rehabilitation, 266-267
and respiratory function, 266, 270-271 self-care and activities of daily activities, 268-273 and skin, 271
stabilization of, 265-266
and temperature regulation, 272-273 with traumatic brain injury, 268 traumatic, 364
and urinary function, 266
Spinal cord malformations
in spina bifida, 206-208
Spinal deformity, management of, 325-326
Spinal monitoring, intraoperative, of SSEPs, 158
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 142 classification of, 319-321 distal, 320
and infantile hypotonia, 142 nerve conduction studies (NCSs), 143 predominantly proximal, 317-319 type I, 318t, 319
type II, 318t, 319-320
type III, 318t, 320
Spinal orthoses, in cerebral palsy, 184
Spinal shock bladder, 269
Spinal tumors, 366, 393
Spine
assessment of, in cerebral palsy, 174-175 musculoskeletal conditions of, 374
Spine deformities, in spina bifida, 214-215
Spinocerebellar degeneration diseases
Friedreich’s ataxia, 321
hereditary ataxias, 321
Spinocerebral ataxias (SCAs), 321
Splinting, 368
in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
Spondylolisthesis, 392
Spondylosis, 438
Sport Club for the Deaf, Berlin, 79
Sports
adapted, 79, 82 benefits of, 80, 89 classification of, 86 history of, 79-80 organizations for, 80 professionals in, 79, 82-83
resources on, 90-98
after Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, 384
with limb deficiency, 346
spinal cord injury from, 262 after traumatic brain injury, 249
Sprengel’s deformity, 364
SSEPs. See Somatosensory evoked potentials
SST. See Sequential Swim Techniques
Standard scores, 23-24
Standers, 109-110
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale - 5th Edition, 36
Stanines, 23
Staphylococcus aureus, 393
in discitis, 393
in osteomyelitis, 393
and septic arthritis, 376, 378
Static orthosis, 103
Static wrist hand orthosis (WHO), 184
Stature, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and, 292
Step-N-Go bicycle, 117
Steroids
for spinal cord injury, 266
for systemic lupus erythrematosus, 377
Stoke Mandeville Games, 79
Storage dysfunctions, treatment of
in neurogenic bladder, 211-212
Strengthening exercises
for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 373
for neuromuscular diseases, 322
Stretching, passive, 323, 324
Strokelike episodes, 310
Strollers, 113
Stroop Color-Word Test, 32t
Structured interview, 41, 47
Supine standers, 109-110
Swallowing
assessment of, 53, 75t
cranial nerves, 64
development of, 71t
disorders of, 67t, 69-76
in neuromuscular diseases, 278
management of, 327-328
esophageal phase, 74f, 75
milestones, 71t
oral phase, 74f
pharyngeal phase, 74f
team members, 72t
videofluoroscopic evaluation of, 71
Swedish knee cage, 107t
Swimming, 96
Swing limb advancement task, 478-481
Symbol Digit Modalities (SDMT), 311
Symmetric tonic neck reflex, 169, 218
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
after traumatic brain injury, 241
Synovitis, acute transient (ATS), 384-385
Syntax, 60
Syringobulbia, 3
Syringomyelia, 207
Systemic JIA, 371
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 376-377 hematological disorders, 377-378
Table tennis, 97
Tai chi chuan, 90-91
TAR syndrome, 341
TASH USB Mini Keyboard, 122f
Task-specific aquatic therapy, 90
TAT. See Thematic Apperception Test
TBI. See Traumatic brain injury
Teacher’s Report Forms (TRF), 44
Team approach, to spina bifida treatment, 209-210
Technology-Related Assistance Act, 123
Tegison. See etretinate
Telectin, for musculoskeletal injuries, 391
Temperament, 42
Temperature, and nerve conduction studies, 132
Temperature regulation
after spinal cord injury, 272-273
Temporal-spatial parameters, 463, 464
Temporomandibular joint, juvenile idiopathic arthritis of, 374
Tendo-Achilles lengthening (TAL), 324
Tennis, 97
Tension athetosis, 172, 183
Terminal devices, 95
for prostheses, 93, 342, 343
for transhumeral and transradial, 344, 345f
Test battery, 27
Test of Everyday Attention, 311
Test of Memory and Learning-2 (TOMAL-2), 35t
Test of Written Language-2, 34 Test-retest, 24
Tethered cord syndrome, 157-158, 206
SSEPS in, 157
Thalidomide, and limb deficiency, 336 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 44, 46t Therapeutic exercise. See Exercise, therapeutic Therapeutic recreation (TR) specialist, 83 Therapy robots, 125-126
Therevac mini-enemas, 270t
Thoracic lesions, of spina bifida, 204
Thoracic lumbosacral orthosis (TLSO), 214, 266, 392, 399 Thomas test, 483, 485
Thomsen's disease. See Myotonia congenita
Thoracic lesions, in spina bifida, 204 Thoracolumbar apophysitis, 392 Three-dimensional moments, 467
Threshold electrical stimulation (TES), 178, 186t
Tibia deformities, in spina bifida, 216-217
Tibial deficiency, 350
Tilting reaction, 169
Tilt-in-space wheelchair, 113
Tizanidine (Zanaflex), for spasticity, 180t, 237
TLSO. See Thoracic lumbosacral orthosis
TMT. See Trail Making Tests
TOH. See Tower of Hanoi
Token Test for Children, 33
TOL. See Tower of London
TOMAL-2. See Test of Memory and Learning-2
Tone abnormalities, after traumatic brain injury, 236-237 dystonia, 237 rigidity, 237 spasticity, 237
pharmacologic management, 237 physical management, 237
Tone assessment, 169
Tonic labyrinthine reflex, 169
Tooth decay, 15
Torticollis, appearance in, 6, 7
Total communication, 65
Tower of Hanoi (TOH), 32t
Tower of London (TOL), 32t
Toxic neuromuscular junction disorders, 152
electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 152
Toxic polyneuropathies, 148
TPBA. See Transdisciplinary play-based assessment
TR specialist. See Therapeutic recreation specialist Trachea, 55
Tracheostomy
car seat with, 117
respiratory dysfunction, 242
and speech disorder, 55
Tracheostomy Tube Decision Flow Chart, 55t Track and field, 97-98
Trail Making Tests (TMT), 311
Trans-Aid, 109
Transdisciplinary Play-Based Assessment (TPBA), 43, 46t Transfer aids, 105-109
Transfer board, 109
Transient neonatal autoimmune myasthenia gravis, 151-152 Transient neonatal myasthenia, 310-311
Transition
of care, 449-450, 450t
family counseling on, 247, 248
to oral feeding, 243
after traumatic brain injury, 243
Transition services, 247, 249
Trapeze bars, 109
Trauma, and amputation, 337, 351
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 22, 26, 30, 34, 64, 231
common cognitive deficits, 239 attention and arousal, 239 behavioral problems, 240 communication deficits, 240 executive function, 240-241 memory impairment, 239-240 social functioning, 241
common sensory deficits
hearing impairment, 238
olfactory dysfunction (anosmia), 238 visual impairment, 238-239 community reintegration
community support, 248-249
individual educational plans, 248
in-home services, 249
long-term needs, planning for, 249 out-of-home services, 249 school services, 248
sports and recreational activities, returning to, 249 electroencephalography, 234 epidemiology, 231
causes, of injury, 232 costs, of injury, 231-232
injury severity
Glasgow Coma Scale, 234
Posttraumatic Amnesia and Children's Orientation and
Amnesia Test, 235 unconsciousness, duration of, 235
medical conditions, associated with TBI, 241
anterior pituitary dysfunction, 241-242
bladder management, 244
bowel management, 243-244
central autonomic dysfunction, 244 cerebral salt wasting, 241 heterotopic ossification, 244 neuroendocrine dysfunction, 241 nutritional management, 242-243 posttraumatic epilepsy, 244-245 posttraumatic hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy, 245-246 precocious puberty, 242 respiratory dysfunction, 242
motor deficits, 235
balance, 236
diffuse damage, 236
focal damage, 235-236
tone abnormalities, 236-237
tremor, 236
neuroimaging, 233-234
outcomes
long-term rehabilitation follow-up, 253 measurement tools, 249-250 morbidity by injury severity, 250-252 morbidity related to age at time of injury, 252-253 prevention, 253 survival, 250
pathophysiology
diffuse swelling and second impact syndrome, 232-233 nonaccidental trauma, 233
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) (cont.)
plasticity, implications of, 233 primary injury and secondary injury, 232 skull fracture, growing, 233
rehabilitation, 246
early rehabilitation, 246
inpatient rehabilitation, 246-248
Traumatic spinal cord injury, 156-157
Treatment gains assessment, 68
Tremor, after traumatic brain injury, 236
Trendelenburg’s gait pattern, 8, 9, 220, 282, 285f, 324, 475, 483 TRF. See Teacher Report Forms
Trunk orthosis, 109t
T scores, 23-24
Tube feedings, 243
after traumatic brain injury, 243
Tuberculous spondylitis, 393
Tuberous sclerosis, appearance in, 6
Tumors
and amputation, 337-338
of bone, 411-412
Twister cables, 108t
Ullrich CMD, 299-300
Ulnar deficiencies, 341
Ulnar mononeuropathies, in children, 149
Ultrasonography, of in detecting effusion, 385
Unconsciousness, duration of, and severity of traumatic brain injury, 235
Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT), 38, 39t
University New Brunswick Test of Prosthetic Function, 346 Upper airway, 54
Upper and lower limb orthoses, 104
Upper extremities
assessment of, in cerebral palsy, 175
deficiency of, 109, 344-345
juvenile idiopathic arthritis in, 374
orthoses for, 105t, 124, 184
in cerebral palsy, 184
Upper limb deficiencies, common, 339
digital deficiencies, 339-340
elbow disarticulation and transhumeral deficiencies, 340 partial hand and wrist disarticulation deficiencies, 340 shoulder disarticulation and intrascapulothoracic deficiencies, 340-341
transverse deficiencies of fore arm, 340
Upper limb deficiencies, uncommon
longitudinal deficiencies
of the forearm, 341
of the humerus, 341
Upper motor neuron injury, 7, 480
Upper tract/kidney deterioration, risk factors for, in neurogenic bladder, 211
Upright standers, 110
Uremic neuropathy, 317
Urinary function, after spinal cord injury, 266
Urinary incontinence, 439, 441
in spina bifida, 213
Urinary output, 244
Urinary sphincter, external, 212, 269
Urinary tract infection, in spina bifida, 212-213
Urodynamic study
hypotonic bladder, 210
normal, 211f
spastic bladder detrusor and shincter dyssynergia, 211f sphincter dyssynergia, 210, 211, 21f
in spina bifida, 211
Urologic system
in spina bifida, 441
treatment of USAAA. See US Amputee Athletic Association
U.S. Amputee Athletic Association (USAAA), 80
U.S. Association for Blind Athletes (USABA), 80
U.S. Cerebral Palsy Athletic Association (USCPAA), 80, 92, 98
U.S. Disabled Ski Team, 95
U.S. Les Autres Sports Association (USLASA), 80
U.S. Quad Rugby Association (USQRA), 80
U.S. Soccer Federation, 95
U.S. Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (USSAAC), 123
U.S. Table Tennis Association, 97
U.S. Tennis Association, 97
Validity, 24-25
Valium. See Diazepam
Valproic acid
for seizures, 203, 310
and spina bifida, 199
Vancomycin, for osteomyelitis, 393
Variety Village Stander, 108t
VATER syndrome, 341, 400
Venous thrombosis, 244, 272
Ventilation, 327, 328f
dependency on, 55, 304, 445
in neuromuscular diseases, 320
Ventricular system malformations, in spina bifida, 208-209
Ventriculomegaly, after traumatic brain injury, 245
Verbal apraxia, 58
Verbal IQ, 223, 292
Versa Form pillow, 104
Vesicoureteral reflux, in spina bifida, 210
Vestibular impairments, after traumatic brain injury, 238
VFSS. See Videofluoroscopic swallowing assessment Videofluoroscopic swallowing assessment (VFSS), 73, 75t Vigilance, 30
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II, 41, 41t
Vision, 16
Visual impairment
in cerebral palsy, 170-172
in history of, 4
after traumatic brain injury, 238-239
Visual-motor integration, assessment of, 32, 33t, 37
Visual observation, for muscle weakness detection, 8
Visual perception, assessment of, 32, 38
Visuospatial processing, assessment of, 29, 32, 36
VMI. See Developmental Test of Visual-Motor
Integration - 4th Edition
Vocal cords, 56f
Vocational counseling
in cerebral palsy, 190
in spina bifida, 225
after spinal cord injury, 273-274
after traumatic brain injury, 249
Voice disorders, 57
acquired, 67t
developmental, 67t
Volleyball, 94
Volume conduction and nerve conduction studies, 132
Vowel areas, 59f
WAIS-III. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition WIAT-II. See Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 2nd Edition Walkers, 82, 111, 185
for spina bifida, 219, 220
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), 299
Walking, functional prerequisites for, 469-472
Warfarin, 272
Water sports adventure, 88
Watsu approach, 90
WCST. See Wisconsin Sorting Test
Wechsler batteries, 27, 28
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS-III), 36 Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 2nd Edition (WIAT-II), 39, 40t Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th Edition(WISC-IV), 36 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-3rd Edition (WPPSI-III), 36
WEEFIM. See Functional Independence Measure for Children Weight, in neuromuscular diseases, 293, 329
Weight acceptance task, 475-476, 477t
Werdnig-Hoffman disease. See Spinal muscular atrophy I Wheelchairs, 111
characteristics of, 114t-116t
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 289-290 with high tetraplegia, 272, 275
in limb deficiency, 354-355
positioning components for, 112-113 power, 113, 117
in spina bifida, 441
after spinal cord injury, 267, 268, 272, 274
Wheelchair Sports USA, 79-80
Wheelchair tennis, 97
Wheelchair tiedowns and occupant restraint systems (WTORS), 117 WHO HBSC survey. See World Health Organization Health Behavior in Schoolchildren survey
WIAT-II. See Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 2nd Edition Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WRAT-IV), 39, 40t Wide Range Assessment Battery of Visual Motor Ability (WRAVMA), 33t
Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning 2 (WRAML-2), 35t Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton (WREX), 124
Wilms' tumor, 403-404
Winners on Wheels (WOW), 84
Winsford Feeder, 123f
WISC-IV. See Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th Edition Wisconsin Sorting Test (WCST), 32t
WJ-III. See Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational Battery,
3rd Edition
Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational Battery, 3rd Edition
(WJ-III), 39, 40t
Word prediction programs, 122
World Health Organization
Health Behavior in Schoolchildren (WHO HBSC) survey, 83 WPPSI-III. See Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence-3rd Edition
WRAML-2. See Wide Range Assessment of Memory
and Learning 2
WRAT-IV. See Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th Edition WRAVMA. See Wide Range Assessment Battery of Visual Motor
Ability
WREX. See Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton
Wrist, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 371, 373, 374
Wrist-hand orthosis, 105t
WTORS. See Wheelchair tiedowns and occupant restraint systems WWS. See Walker-Warburg syndrome
Yersinia enterocolitica, and reactive arthritis, 376 Yoga, 90
Youth Self-Report (YSR), 44
Zanaflex. See Tizanidine
Z-scores, 23f
More on the topic Index:
- Index
- INDEX
- Dashboard of Indicators and Composite Indices
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Agrawal M.. Textbook of Pediatrics. 3rd ed. — CBS Publishers,2025. — 973 p., 2025
- Contents
- Adhikari S.. Diagnosketch: A Visual Guide to Medical Diagnosis for the Non-Medical Audience Oxford: Oxford University Press,2022. — 665 p., 2022
- Bell Michael. City of the Good: Nature, Religion, and the Ancient Search for What is Right. Princeton University Press,2018. — 360 p., 2018
- AAP. Guidelines for Air and Ground Transport of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients. 4th edition. — American Academy of Pediatrics,2015. — 488 p., 2015
- CONTENTS