Index

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INDEX

Aberdeen Angus, and dystocia, 115

Abomasum (abomasal), 30, 393

dilation and torsion, right-sided, 403

displaced, 269

displaced, left-sided, 401-3 causes and prevention, 403 clinical signs, 402 treatment, 402-3

milk clot, 33-35

overfeeding, 34

poor, consequences, 35

ulcer, 404

Aborted foetus disposal, and

salmonella, 370

Abortion, 3, 4, 273-5

associated with BVD, 101

associated with IBR, 99

causes, 274-5

causing retained placenta, 147 and leptospirosis, 421-2 and nitrate poisoning, 449

Abscesses, 343-5

bacterial cause, 2

causing white line diseases, 298, 301,

319-20

jaw, 337

kidneys, 418

liver, 397

pyaemia, 416

spinal, causing lameness, 324-5

sterile, 344-5

teeth, 390

treatment, 344-5

Acetonaemia, 165-8

clinical signs, 166-7 prevention, 168 risk, and milk fever, 158 treatment, 167-8

Acetone, 166

Acetylcholine, 157 Achondroplastic calves, 138

Acidosis, 170-3, 392, 397-8

in calf scouring, correction, 49-50 causing lameness, 306 clinical signs, 171-2 metabolic, 170 prevention, 172-3 rumen pH, 170

in young calf, 40

Acorn poisoning, 446

Actinobacillus lignieresii, 336

Actinomyces bovis, 335

Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes, caus­ing summer mastitis, 217

Actinomyces pyogenes causing calf pneumonia, 71 Adhesions of bursa to ovary, 272

Adrenalin, 15, 178

Aflatoxin poisoning, 449

Afterbirth see Placenta

AIDS, 44, 101

Airbleeds in clawpiece, 193

Aitchbone, 323

Albumin, 169

Alfalfa, 395

Allantoic fluid, 118

Allantoic sac, 118, 123

Allergic reaction, 16

Allergic respiratory diseases, 412

Alopecia, 341

Alveoli, burst see Fog fever

Amniotic sac, 118, 123

Amorphous globosus, 138

Amprolium

in coccidial infections, 3

in colic, 67

Anaemia

caused by bracken poisoning, 447 and selenium deficiency, 383

Anal atresia, 6

Analgesics as supportive therapy, 19 Anaphylactic reaction, 16

Ankylosis, 138

Anoestrus, 242, 243

Anophthalmia, 8

and blindness, 424

Anovulatory pattern or phase, 243, 245 Anthelmintics

against lice, 332

to treat worms, 4

treatment principles, 19

Anthrax, notifiable disease, 2, 370, 347-8

spores, 347 survival, 2

Antibiotic sensitivity testing, 208

Antibiotics, 18-19

against meningitis, 57-8

against scouring, 45, 46

in blackleg, 112

in calf pneumonia, 74

in calf scouring, 50

in cellulitis, 345

in concentrates, 446

different types against different bacteria, 18

for digital dermatitis, 315

dry cow therapy, 201

in fog fever, 411

for foot rot, 313

general treatment principles, 18-19 indiscriminate use, 18

in leptospirosis, 422

for lumpy jaw, 335

for lungworm, 95

in malignant oedema, 337

and mastitis treatment, 207-8 choice, 207

in middle ear infection, 58, 424

for mud fever, 316

in navel ill, 53

in New Forest eye, 106

in photosensitisation, 340

as prescription only medicines, 18-19

in ringworm, 330

in salmonellosis, 68

in scouring, 102

in tetanus, 111

in tick-borne fever, 416

Antibodies, 12, 13-15

colostrum, 23-4

see also Colostrum

functions, 13-14 resistance, 14 specificity, 15 titres, 14-15 vaccination, 14

Antifungals, treatment principles, 19 Antigen, definition, 11

Antihistamines in photosensitisation,

340

Antiprotozoals, treatment principles, 19 Antiserum against E.

Arsenic poisoning, 446-7

Arthritis

causing lameness, 325

pedal, 317-18

Arthrogryposis, 7, 138

Artificial insemination

catheter, blood on, 250

heat detection, 248-56 operator technique, 269 stress factors, 269 timing, 264-6

see also Inseminator

Artificial respiration of newborn calf,

130

Aspergillosis, 274-5

Aspergillus, 4

Atony, ruminal, 395

Atropine, 448

Aujeszky’s disease, 425

Automatic syringes, 433-4

Avermectins, 4, 334 against lice, 332 in lungworm, 94 ostertagia, 91

B lymphocytes, 12

B vitamins see Vitamin B

Babesia, 3

Babesia divergens, 414

Bacillus anthracis, 347 incidence, 348

Bacillus species, uncommon cause of mastitis, 221

Bacillus thiaminolyticus, 80

Backwards delivery, calving abnormality, 136

Bacteria, 1, 2

antibiotics against, 18

in calf pneumonia, 70 causing mastitis, 182-4

defence mechanisms, 182-3 commensal, as disease defence, 11 Bacterial cell, structure, 2

nuclear material components, 2 Bacteroides melaninogenicus, 313 Bactoscan, and TBC of milk, 215 Badgers, tuberculosis, 358-61 Bag to lift a cow, 145 Bagshawe hoist, 144

Balance of disease, 16-17

Balanoposthitis, 420

Ball-valve claw, 193-4

Bark tracks, 308-9

Bedding material, mastitis prevention, 203-4

Bedding for young calf, 21

Belgian Blue bull, effect on dystocia, 115

Benzene hexachloride against lice, 332 Benzimidazole group of

white drenches, 4

Besnoitia, 3

Beta-hydroxybutyrate, 166

Bicarbonate, 49

Biotin

deficiency, 387 and horn quality, 307

Biting lice, 331

BIV see Bovine immunodeficiency virus

Black disease, 110, 113

Blackleg, 110, 112-113 bacterial cause, 2 clinical signs, 112

treatment and control, 112-113

Blackspot, 222-3

Bladder disorders, 417-19

Bladder stones, 81-2

prevention, 82

treatment, 81-2

Bladder tumours caused by bracken,

447

Blaine, 337, 340

Bleeding, management, 440 see also Haemorrhage

Blind quarters, 228

Blindness, 424

caused by congenital defects, 8 and listeriosis, 423

symptom of other conditions, 424

Bloat, abomasal, 35

Bloat, rumen, weaned calf, 64-6 causes, 64 deflate the rumen, 65 large-bore needle or trocar, 65 stomach tube, 65 incidence, 64 mechanics, 64 permanent rumen fistula, 66 return to whole milk diet, 65 treatment, 64-5

Bloat (ruminal tympany), 392-6 causes, 393, 394-5 cessation of ruminal contractions, 395 development, 392-3 frothy, 395 obstruction in the oesophagus, 395 prevention, 396 rumen anatomy, 393 treatment, 395-6

Bloat, young calf, treatment, 33

Blocks in lameness treatment, 297, 319-21

Blonde d’Aquitaine, and dystocia, 115

Blood blisters (haematomas), 341-2 differential diagnosis from abscesses, 342

management, 342

Blood clotting mechanisms and vitamin K, 386

Blood loss see Haemorrhage

Blood in milk, 229

Boluses in ostertagia

pulse release, 89-90

slow release, 90

Bone damage during calving, 140-1

Bone and joint disorders causing lameness, 310

Bottle jaw, 86, 410

Botulism, 110, 113

Bovine herpes mammillitis, 226

Bovine immunodeficiency virus, 425

Bovine iritis, 110

Bovine papular stomatitis (BPS), 104

Bovine pregnancy associated glycoprotein (bPAG), 247

Bovine somatotrophin (BST), 177

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), notifi­able disease, 361-6

birth records and double tagging,

363-4

causes, 362 clinical signs, 361-2 cohort and offspring cull, 364 control measures, 363 epidemiological studies, 362 high temperature processing for BSE agent, 362-3 and human health, 365-6 legislation, summary, 367 maternal transmission, 365 meat safe to eat, 366 in other European countries, 364-5 progress of control measures, 364

Bovine trophoblastin (bTb), 237

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), 7, 8

Bovine viral diarrhoea and mucosal disease

(BVD), 100-103

in calves

clinical signs of mucosal disease, 101 persistently infected, fate, 101 effects on pregnant heifer and new born calves, 100 and immunosuppression, 101 and infertility, 101 prevention, 103 primary

in adult cattle, 100-101

in calves, 101

treatment, 102

virus strains, 100

BPS see Bovine papular stomatitis

Brachygnathia, 6

Bracken causing tumours, 447

Bracken poisoning, 80, 418, 447

Brassica poisoning, 448

Breath smell in IBR, 98

Breech presentation, calving abnormality, 137

British Friesian, and dystocia, 115, 116

Broken legs, 323

Bronchitis, parasitic see Lungworm

Brucella abortus, 351

Brucellosis, notifiable disease, 351-2,

370

cause, 351

causing abortion, 274

control, 352

in man, horses and dogs, 351-2

BSE see Bovine spongiform

encephalopathy

Buckweed, toxicity, 339

Bulldog calves, 138

Bulldogs (nosegrips), applying, 442

Buller area, 253

Bulling see Heat detection: Oestrus

Bulling string, 249, 250

Bulls, breeds, effects on

dystocia, 115-17

Burdizzo castration, 438

Burns, management, 345

Bursitis, 343

Burst lung in calf pneumonia, 70

Butterfat, factors affecting, 172, 173-4

BVD see Bovine viral diarrhoea and mucosal dis­ease

Cabbage poisoning, 448

Caecum, dilation and torsion, 406

Caesarean section, 132

Calcium, 372-5

balance within the cow in pregnancy

and lactation, 155 calcium:phosphorus ratio, 372 dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373

excess, effects, 375

functions, 372-5

levels, mechanisms controlling, 156-7 and milk fever, 374 requirements, 372 supplementation, 375 treatment of milk fever, 158 and vitamin D3, 374 and vitamin D deficiency, 375 see also Milk fever

Calcium borogluconate, 398

Calf boxes, 21, 147, 205

Calf, digestion, 28-30, 61-9

Calf, disbudding, 435-6

Calf, mummified, 274

Calf pneumonia, 21, 69-76

atmospheric load, 72-3

bacteria, 70

and balance of disease, 17

causes, 70

clinical signs, 69

diagnosis, 70

interstitial, 412

lung abscesses, 71 mycoplasmas, 70 natural defences, 71-2 pasteurella, 71 prevention, 73-4 clean straw, 74 density, 73-4 housing, 73 ventilation, 74

treatment, 74-5

vaccination, 75-6 viruses, 3, 70

Calf resuscitation, 129-31

Calf, stillborn, 275-6

Calf, young diphtheria, 58-9 diseases, 37-60 feeding, problems with milk substitutes, 36-7 feeding systems, 28 heart defects, 59-60 housing requirements, 21-3 importance of colostrum, 23-8 meningitis, 57-8 middle ear disease, 58 mortality rates, 21 navel problems, 52-7 pneumonia, 21

see also Calf pneumonia slow drinkers, 21, 32

California Mastitis Test (CMT), 213 Calving, 115-52

abnormalities requiring correction, 133-9 acute mastitis, 143-4 aids, 132 artificial respiration, 130 basic anatomy, 117 birth process, 117 births needing assistance, 125-9 attaching ropes, 126 episiotomy, 127 final delivery, 127-8 lubrication, 127

methods for pulling, 126-7 uterine inertia, 128 boxes, 21, 121

cleanliness, 205

dirty, causing retained placenta, 147 calf resuscitation, 129-31 calves born dead, 131 dislocation (rotation) of the pelvis, 142 'dopey calves’, 131 'downer’ cow, 139M∙5

see also ‘Downer’ cow

dystocia, 115-17 definition, 115 incidence, 115-17 influence of breed of bull, 115-17 see also Calving, births needing assistance facilities, 121 factors influencing difficult births, 116 first breathing movement, assisting, 129-30

fractured femur and hip dislocation, 143

freemartin calves, 119-20 gestation length, 115-39 and horn formation, 301 influence of breed of bull, 115-16 interval

components, 233 extended, 232-3 jack, 132 manual examination, 124-5 normal, 121-5 obturator paralysis, 141 peroneal nerve paralysis, 142 post calving check, 131 post calving comfort, 303-9 post calving injuries, 141-4 premature, causing retained placenta, 147

rupture of the gastrocnemious tendon, 142-3

severe muscle damage, 143

signs, 121-2

stages of labour, 122

first, second, third, 122-4 time sequence, 124 stress, effect of management, 116-17 structure of placenta, 118-19 unnecessary manual interference, causing retained placenta, 147

veterinary assistance, 132

Capped hocks, causing lameness, 325-6

Capped knees, causing lameness, 325-6 Carotene, 385

Caruncle, 118

Casting a cow, Reuff’s method, 442-3

Castration, 437-8

bloodless, 438

use of rubber rings, 437-8

Cataract, 424

congenital, 8

Causes of disease, 1-10

Caustic soda, ingesting, 447

Caustic wheat poisoning, 447

CCN, and blindness, 424

Cell counts in milk, 212-13

and mastitis, 212-14

Cellulitis, 345

see also Necrotic cellulitis

Cellulitis (infected knees and hocks), causing lameness, 326

Cerebellar hypoplasia, 7

Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in

weaned calf, 78, 80-1

Cervix, 120

at labour, 125

during labour, 122

examination, 124-5

Cervix and vagina, prolapse, 151, 152

Charolais bulls, and dystocia, 115

Chemical barriers against disease,

10-11

Chianina, and dystocia, 115, 116 Chlamydia causing abortion, 275 Chloramphenicol-resistant

Salmonella typhimurium DT204C,

47-8

Chlorhexidine in teat disinfection, 199 Choke, clinical signs and treatment,

391-2

Chorioptes, anthelmintics, 88-9 Chorioptes bovis, 333

Chronic wasting disease in eland and kudu, 362

CIDR, 238, 239-40

Circulation disorders, 416-17

Citronin, 425, 449

Claw

disparity of size, 286-7

overgrowth, 285-6

Clawpiece

air-bleeds, 193

internal volume, 193

with non-return valves, 194

Cleft palate, 6

Clostridial diseases, 110-113

major syndromes, 110

see also Black disease; Blackleg; Botulism; Malignant oedema (necrotic cellulitis); Tetanus Clostridium botulinum, 110, 113 Clostridium chauvoei, 110

Clostridium novyi (oedematiens), 110, 113 Clostridium septicum, 110, 337

Clostridium sporogenes, 80

Clostridium tetani, 110

Clover hay poisoning, 386

Cluster, removal at end of milking, 196

Cobalt

deficiency and diagnosis, 380

dietary requirements, 380 pasture levels, 371, 373 supplementation, 380, 385

Coccidia, 3

Coccidiosis, coccidian life cycle, 67

Coccidiosis, weaned calf, 66-7

treatment, 67

Coccygeal hypoplasia, 6 Coccyx during labour, 122 Cold cow syndrome, 396, 398-9

Colic, weaned calf, 66

Collapsible injection packs and flutter

valves, 433

Colostrum

antibodies, 23-4

absorption, 24

characteristics, 23

difference from milk, 23

effect of inadequate intake or lack, 23 effect of mothering, 26 first feed, methods, 25-6

frozen, 26

importance, 119, 23-8 inadequate intakes, 24-6 protection against scouring and septicaemia, 25

and scouring, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47 stored, 27

ZSTtest, 24

Commensal bacteria as disease defence, 11

Concentrates

and scouring, 64

for weaned calves, 62, 63

Conception rates, 260-72

definition, 260-1

endometritis, 266-8

fate of bovine eggs, 260-1

fatty liver, 268

genital and other infections, 268 low, causes, 261-72 nutrition, 269-72

poor handling facilities, 269

poor heat detection, 264

semen quality, 269

serving too soon after calving, 263-4 stress, 268-9

timing of insemination, 264-6

Congenital defects (disorders)

see Teratogenic defects

Congestive heart failure, 417

Conjunctivitis associated with IBR, 98

Contracted tendons, 6

causing lameness, 327-8

Controlled internal drug release

(CIDR), 238, 239

Cooperia, 92

Cooperia oncophora, 85

Copper, 377-80

absorption, influences, 377-8, 379 copper:molybdenum ratio, 377 deficiency, 4

in calves, 378

diagnosis, 378

effect of molybdenum, 377 methods of supplementation, 378-9 and molybdenum, sulphur or iron, 5 primary, 377 secondary, 377

signs, 377-8

dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373

effects of sulphur, 377 poisoning, causing liver failure, 5 supplementation, 385 supplementation methods, 378-9 toxicity, 379-80

Copper sulphate in scouring, 102

Coriosis, 269, 293-6

causes, 301-2

Corium, structure, 281-3

horn formation, 281-2

shock absorber and blood pump, 283 support for the wall, 282-3

Corkscrew penis (spiral deviation of the penis), 421

Cornea in New Forest eye, 105, 106 Corneal effects of foreign bodies, 108 Corneal opacity in bovine iritis, 110 Corneal tumour, 109

Corneal ulcer, 109

Coronavirus causing scouring in young calf, 44

Corpus luteum, 234

Cors, 316

Cortisone, 15

as supportive therapy, 19 Corynebacterium bovis, uncommon cause of mastitis, 220

Corynebacterium renale, 417-19 Costs

of disease, 276-7

of infertility, 231-2 see also Fertility of lameness, 279 Cotyledons, 118, 123 Coughing

in allergic respiratory diseases, 412 in calves, 74

in IBR, 98

in lungworm, 94, 96

Cow cake, mineral supplementation, 372

Cowslip shoe, 320

Crates, calf, 22

Creosote poisoning, 447

CRESTAR implants, 239 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in man, and BSE, 362, 365-6

Crohn’s disease, relationship to Johne’s disease, 407

Crooked calf disease, 7

Crushes to control cows’ movements, 287-8

Cryptosporidia, 3, 370 Cryptosporidium causing scouring in young calf, 44

Cu-sum graph of conception rate, 271 Cubicle design and cleanliness, and mastitis, 203

Cubicle hock, 343

Cubicles after calving, 302-3 design, 303-5

Cud regurgitation in acidosis, 172 Cut teats, 223-4

Cystic ovaries, 241-3 causes, 242-3 development, 241-2

Cystitis, 419 Cytoecetes phagocytophilia, 415-16

Dairy heifers see Heifers

Dairy units, decline, 427

DAISY computer programme, 277 DAISY recording system, 276 Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis, 331 DCAB, 160

Dead man’s fingers, poisoning, 451 Deadly nightshade, 448

Deer, tuberculosis, 361

Defence mechanisms and disease severity, 16-17

Defences against disease, 10-16 Deficiency disorders, 4-5

Dehorning, 435-6

Dehydration in calf scouring, correction, 48-9

Demodex bovis, 333

Diarrhoea, chronic, weaned calves, 63-4 see also Scouring

Dicoumarol, 386 Dictyocaulus, anthelmintics, 88-94 Dictyocaulus viviparus, 4, 92

Diesel poisoning, 447

Diet/dietary see Nutrition Dietary cation-anion balance, 160 Digestion, young calf, 28-30 Digestive problems, weaned calf, 61-9 ad lib milk, 62

concentrate intakes, 61-2 effect of diet, 61-2 rumen, 61-2

Digestive system, calf, anatomy, 28 Digestive tract

as disease defence, 11

disorders, 389-410

Digital dermatitis (hairy warts), 314-16 description and treatment, 314-16

Dilation and torsion of the caecum, 406 Diphtheria

bacterial cause, 2

laryngeal, in young calf, 59

in young calf, 58-9

Disbudding calves, 435-6

Disease

balance, 16-17

severity, and defence mechanisms, 16-17

Dislocated hip causing lameness, 323 Disposal, safe, 429

DNA, 355

Dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid in teat disinfection, 199

Doramectin, 4, 19

against lice, 332

against ostertagia, lungworm and

mange, 88-9

in lungworm, 97

‘Downer’ cow, 139^∙5

care, 144-5

causes, 139

importance of nursing, lifting and turning, 145

post-calving injuries, 141-4

Drench(es), 4

for bloat, 395

giving, 434

Drinking water, 387-8

‘Dropping in’, 122

Drug treatment principles, 18

Drugs, responsible use, storage and disposal, 427-9

Dry cow therapy, 201-2

importance of new infections in the dry period, 206

for summer mastitis, 218

Dry period, 179

Dwarf calves, 138

Dysentery, winter, 406

Dystocia, 115-17

E.

bacteria, 13

in bedding, 204

causing scouring in young calf, 45 udder infections, 1

E. coli mastitis, 19, 182-3, 203 bacterial cause, 2

Ear disease, 58, 424

East Coast fever, 3

EBL see Enzootic bovine leucosis

Ectoparasites, 4

insecticides, 19

Eimeria bovis, 66

Eimeria zurnii, 66

Electrocution, 426

Electrolyte solutions in supportive

therapy, 19

Electrolytes

in calf scouring, 50

loss, young calf, 40

Elsoe heel causing lameness, 327

Embryo implants into repeat breeder cows, 273

Embryo transfer, 240-1

Embryonic loss causing low

conception rates, 261-2

Embryotomy, 132

Endocarditis, 416-17

Endometritis, 148, 277, 278

causes, 267

effect on conception rate, 266-8 treatment, 267-8

Energy balance, effect on fertility,

270-1

Environmental mastitis, 253 Environmental stress, 15 Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), notifiable disease, 3, 355 control, 355

transmission of infection, 355 Enzootic haematuria, 447 Enzootic pneumonia, 69-76 Epidural anaesthetic, 134 Episiotomy, 127, 132

Epsom salts

for lead poisoning, 80 for rumen impaction, 399 Eructation, 394

Escherichia coli see E. coli Exostoses, 448

Eye

discharge, in calves, 74 disorders, dairy heifers, 104-110 bovine iritis, 110

foreign bodies, 108

IBR, 108 irritation caused by flies or ultra-violet sunlight, 108

New Forest eye, 105-7 normal eye, 104-5 physical injury and hyphaema, 109 tumour of the third eyelid, 109 mechanisms, as disease defence, 11 New Forest, 105-7 normal, 104-5

Eyelid, third, tumour, 109

Faecoliths, 346

Failure to cycle, 243

Failure to thrive, common causes, 85 Fasciola hepatica, 407

Fascioliasis see Liver fluke

Fatty acids as NEFAs, 166, 168 Fatty liver syndrome, 168-9 clinical signs, 168-9 prevention, 169

Feeding systems for the young calf, 28 Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), 362

Femur see Dislocated hip Fenbendazole, 4

Fertilisers

artificial, and soil pH, 385 and hypomagnesaemia, 162

Fertility, 231-78 abortion, 273-5 components of the calving interval, 233 conception rates, 260-72 see also Conception rates costs of a missed heat, 231-3

extended calving intervals, 232-3 effect of fatty liver syndrome, 169 heat detection, 248-56 see also Heat detection and manganese supplementation, 382 oestrous cycle, 233-43 see also Oestrus cycle oestrus synchronisation, 254-5, 256-60

and phosphorus requirements, 375 pregnancy detection, 243-8 see also Pregnancy detection preventive medicine and herd management, 276-8

reduced, and selenium deficiency, 383 repeat breeder cow, 272-3 stillborn calves, 275-6

Fertility cycle drugs, action, 238-40 Fibromas, 316

‘Flabby bag’ syndrome, 421 Floor surfaces and lameness, 307-9 Flukes, 4

see also Liver fluke

Fluorine

poisoning, 447

toxicity, 376

Flushing donor embryos, 240

Flutter valves, 433

Fly control in summer mastitis, 219-20

Fly repellents, 332

Fly strike, 334

Foetal death associated with IBR, 99

Fog fever, 410-11

clinical signs, 411

prevention and treatment, 411

Follicle in ovary, 234

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),

236-7, 238, 240, 242, 243

Follicular cysts, 242

Foot, bones, 283-4

Foot-and-mouth disease, notifiable disease, 348-50

control, 350

sources of infection, 350

symptoms, 348-9

viral cause, 3

Foot dressings and blocks, 319

Foot rot, 313

Foot structure, 279-83

Foot surfaces, poor, and lameness,

307-9

Foot trimming, 287-92 equipment used, 289 lifting the foot, 287-8 technique, 289-92

Foot, weightbearing, 284

Footbaths in lameness, 318-19

Foramen ovale, 59-60

Foreign bodies

and choke, 391-2

eye, 108

Foreign body penetration of the sole,

310

Foremilk, stripping to detect mastitis, 190

Forestomach obstruction, 401

Foul-of-the-foot, 1, 313

super foul, 313

Foxes, tuberculosis, 361

Fractured femur and hip dislocation during calv­ing, 143

Freemartin calves, 119-20

Frothy bloat, 395

Fungi causing infections, 4

Fusobacterium necrophorum, 58, 313

Gadding, 352

Gall sickness, 414

Gamma benzene hexachloride (BHC)

see Benzene hexachloride

Gangrenous mastitis, 221-2

Gastrocnemious tendon, rupture

during calving, 142-3

Genetic defects, 6-7

examples, 6

incidence, 6

Genital and other infections, and

conception rates, 268

Gestation length, 115-39

Glaucoma, 110

Glucocorticoid drugs, 167

Glucose, 165, 168

Goitre, 381

see also Iodine: Thyroid hormone

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

(GnRH), 237, 238, 242, 243

use, and repeat breeder cow, 272-3

Gossypol content of rape, 381

Grass staggers see Hypomagnesaemia

Griseofulvin

in ringworm treatment, 330

risk to unborn calves, 7

Growth promoters, 445

Growth retardation, and selenium deficiency, 383

Growth targets for heifers, 83-4

Growths, 316

Grunting in lungworm, 93

Gut tie, 405-6

H bone fracture, 323

Haemaphysalis punctata, 412, 414 Haematomas (blood blisters), 341-2 differential diagnosis from abscesses, 342

heel, 311 management, 342

Haematopinus eurysternus, 331 Haemophilus somnus causing calf pneumonia, 71

Haemorrhage

at calving, 139-40

and bruising, sole, 293-4 and post-calving, 140 pulmonary, 412 teat end, 195

Hair loss, 341

Hairy warts, 314-16

description and treatment, 314-16 Halter, applying, 441-2 Hard horn, and zinc, 382 Hardship lines, 311-12

Harelip, 6

Hay in diet and vitamin A deficiency, 385-6 Hay for weaned calves, 63

Head back, calving abnormality, 135 Heart defects in calves, 59-60

Heart disorders, 416-17

Heart failure

congestive, 417 following bloat, 393

Heart massage of newborn calf, 130

Heart water, 414

Heat detection, 248-56

aids, 255-6

cow identification, 255 early signs, 248-9 efficiency and accuracy of detection, 251-2

improving, 252 increased activity of other cows, 254 late signs, 250 measurement, 250-6 mid signs, 249

nutrition and health, 253 observing times and intervals, 252-3 oestrus synchronisation, 254-5 poor, and low conception rate, 264 problem factors, 252 records, 255

regular veterinary visits, 255

Heel ulcers, 298

Heifers, 83-113 age of calving, 83 bulls used on, 115-16 diseases affecting, 84-113 failure to thrive, 85 lactation average, 259-60 optimum conception rates, 84 stress factors, 268-9 targets for growth, 83-4 underfeeding during pregnancy, 84

Helminth parasites causing disease, 4 Helper T lymphocytes (T4 cells), 12 Hemlock poisoning, 451

Hereford, and dystocia, 115

Hernias, 54-6

Hip dislocation, 323

Hiplock, calving abnormality, 135 Hippomane, 120

Histamine, 339, 340

Hock

bursitis, 325-6 cellulitis, 326

Holstein-Friesians

freemartin calves, 119-20 gestation length, 115, 116 twinning rate, 119-20

Hoof

corium, 281-3

disorders causing lameness, 309-10 overgrowth, 285-6

effects, 287

structure, 280-1

trimming, 290-2

wear, and lameness, 309

wet, and lameness, 307

Hoose see Lungworm

Horizontal fissures, 312

Hormone implants, 444-5 Horn(s)

formation, 281-2

and calving, 301

ingrowing, 345

Housing

during heat periods, 253

for young calf, 21

Husk see Lungworm

Hutches, calf, 22

Hydraulic milking, 194

Hydrocephalus, 6

Hydrops of the uterus, 417-18

Hydrotaea irritans, 217, 219, 220 Hypercalcaemia and milk fever, 159 Hyperkeratosis of the teat end, 195 Hypersensitivity, 16, 340

causes, 16

definition, 16 Hyphaema, 109, 447 Hypocalcaemia

and milk fever, 159

parturient see Milk fever

Hypochlorite in teat disinfection, 199 Hypoderma bovis, 352

Hypoderma lineatum, 352 Hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers),

82, 159, 161-5, 376

clinical signs, 162-3

intake and requirements, 162

and potassium intake, 376

prevention and control, 163-5 treatment, 163

in weaned calf, 78

winter, 165

Hypoplastic tail, 6

Hypopyon, 106

IBK see Infectious bovine

keratoconjunctivitis

IBR see Infectious bovine

rhinotracheitis

Imidocarb in babesial infections, 3

Immune system, 11-16

induced mechanisms, 12-14

cellular response, 12-13 humoral response, 13-14

innate mechanisms, 11-12

cellular response, 11-12

humoral response, 12

and stress, 15-16

Immune tolerance, role of placenta, 119

Immunity against disease, 10, 11-16

cellular and humoral mechanisms, 10

see also Immune system

Impetigo, udder, 226

Implantation, 261

Infection, increased susceptibility, and

selenium deficiency, 383

Infectious agents causing disease, 1-4

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), 105-7

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

(IBR), 97-9

abortion or foetal death, 99

acute respiratory disease, 98

in calf pneumonia, 70

clinical signs,

conjunctivitis, 98

genital infections, 99

nervous signs, 99

prevention, 99

treatment, 99

vaccination by injection, 99

Infectious causes of skin diseases, 335-9

Infectious necrotic hepatitis, 113

Inflamation, 16

causes, 16

definition, 16

Ingrowing horns, 345

Inhibitor protein in milk, 178

Injections, giving of, 429-34

Insecticide(s)

against flies in mastitis, 219

for ectoparasites, 19

poisoning, 448

Insemination

see Artifical Insemination

Inseminator

stress factors, 269

technique, 269

Interdigital necrobacillosis, 313

Interdigital skin hyperplasia, 316

see also Digital dermatitis

Interferon, 12

Interstitial pneumonia, 412

Intestinal obstruction (stoppage), 404-6

Intestinal prolapse in young calf, 56

Intestinal torsion (twisted gut), 404-5

Intestinal worms, antihelmintics, 19

Intradermal injections, giving, 429

Intramammary tube, inserting, 209

Intramuscular injections, giving, 430-2

Intravenous injections, giving, 432-3

Intrinsic defences in milk, 181 Intussusception, 66, 405 Iodine, 4, 336, 380-2

daily requirements, 380 deficiency, 380-2 in perinatal weak calf syndrome, 275 signs, 380-2

dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373

supplementation, 380-2

Iodophor in teat disinfection, 199

Iritis, bovine, 110

Iron, 5

daily requirements, 374

dietary requirements, 382-3

excess, effect on copper availability,

383

Isopropanol as barrier dip, 199

Ivermectin, 4, 19

against lice, 332

against ostertagia, lungworm and mange, 88-9 in lungworm, 97

ostertagia, slow release bolus, contraindications, 90

slow release boluses, lungworm,

dairy heifers, contraindications, 97

Ixodes ricinus, 412, 414, 416

Jaw

abscesses, 337

fractures, 390-1

undershot, 391

Jersey, 157

Johne’s disease, 356, 406-7

control, 407

relationship to Crohn’s disease, 407

Joint ill, 56-7

Joint problems causing lameness, 321-2

Kale poisoning, 448

Kamar heat mount detector, 255

Kaolin in BVD scouring, 102

Ketosis see Acetonaemia

Kidney

abscesses and tumours, 418

disorders, 417-19

Klebsiella, uncommon cause of

mastitis, 221

Knees, cellulitis, 326

Knocked down pin bone (fracture of the wing of the pelvis), 322

Kuru in man, 362

L-tryptophan, 411

Labour, stages, first, second, third, 122-4

time sequence, 124

see also Calving

Laburnum poisoning, 448-9 Lactation, average first, 259-60

Lactic acid and acidosis, 170

Lactose (milk sugar), 176

Lameness, 1, 253, 269, 277, 278, 279, 293-328

associated with cubicle design, 303-9 caused by hoof overgrowth, 285-6 correct weightbearing, 284 cost, 279

in dairy cattle, and zinc, 382 due to leg disorders, 321-8 and floor surfaces, 307-9 foot conditions causing, 293-328 footbaths, 318-19 nursing, 318

Laminitis, 269

see also Coriosis

Lantana, toxicity, 339

Laryngeal diphtheria in young calf, 59

Lead poisoning, 5

and blindness, 424

Lead poisoning, weaned calf, 78, 79-80

clinical signs, 79-80 sources of lead, 79 treatment, 80

Left-sided displaced abomasum, 401-3 see also Abomasum (abomasal)

Leg back, calving abnormality, 134

Leg fractures causing lamaness, 323-4

Leg injuries causing lameness, 321

Leptospira hardjo, 370, 423

uncommon cause of mastitis, 220-1

Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, 423

Leptospira interrogans var hardjo, 421 Leptospirosis, 370, 421-3

antibiotics, 422

in man, 423

prevention, 423 reduced conception rates, 422 treatment and control, 422 vaccination, 422

Levamisole, 4, 19

against ostertagia, 88

in lungworm, 94

Lewer, 313

Lice, 331-3

clinical signs, 331-2 life cycle, 4, 331 treatment, 332-3

pyrethroids, 19

Lifting a cow, 144-5

aids, 144-5

Lightning stroke, 425-6

Lime on cubicle beds, 204

Limousin bull, effect on dystocia, 115 Liners see Milking machine, effect on

mastitis

Linognathus vituli, 331

Linseed oil in bloat, 395

Lipolysis, 176

Listeria monocytogenes, 423

causing abortion, 275 Listeriosis, 370, 423-4 Liver failure, 168-9

at calving, 144

see also Fatty liver syndrome

Liver fluke

anthelmintics, 19

and salmonellosis, 369

Liver fluke (fascioliasis), 407-10 clinical signs, 410 immunity in cattle, 409 life cycle, 407-9 ‘pipe-stem’ liver, 409 summer infection, 409 treatment and control, 410

Lockjaw see Tetanus

Long low milk progesterone, 243, 245 Louping ill, 414, 416

Lumpy jaw, 335

Lumpy jaw bone infection, 391 Lungworm (husk), 4 adult dairy cows, 94, 96 anthelmintics, 19, 88-9 dairy heifers, 92-7

clinical signs, 93-4

occurrence of disease, 95-6 prevention, 96-7

reservoirs of infection, 95 spreading infection, 95-6 strategic anthelmintic, 97 treatment, 94-5 vaccination, 96-7 life cycle, 92-3 older cattle, treatment, 92 superinfection husk, 94

Lupinus causing crooked calf disease, 7 Luteal cysts, 242

Luteinising hormone (LH), 236-7, 238, 242, 243

Lying times, increasing, 302-3 Lymnaea truncatula, 410 Lymphocytes, 12-13 Lymphosarcoma, 338

MacClean’s teat knife, 228, 229 McFadyen’s old Methylene Blue stain, Macrophages, 11-12

in milk, 181

Magnesium, 376 adding to drinking water, 164 balance, in the cow, 161-2 and bladder stones, 82 deficiency see Hypomagnesaemia dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373 in milk fever, 159 supplementation, 164-5, 385

Magnesium carbonate, 398 Magnesium hydroxide, 398 Magnesium sulphate see Epsom salts Maize silage

deficiency in carotene, 385 and phosphorus deficiency, 375 Male reproduction disorders, 420-1 Malignant catarrhal fever see MCF Malignant oedema (necrotic cellulitis), 110, 337

Manganese

daily requirements, 382 deficiency, 382 dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373 supplementation, 382, 385

Mange, 333-4 anthelmintics, 88-9

Mange mites, life cycle, 333-4 Mastitis, 175-229, 269, 277, 278 antibiotic residues in milk, 217 at calving, 143-4 bacterial cause, 2 cleaning of clusters between cows, 198 contagious mastitis organisms, 186-7 control, 185-7

and milking routine, 187-91

use of gloves, 189

and control of milk production and let-down, 177-9 definitions, 184-5 detection, 190-1

automated, 191 checking foremilk, 190 diagnosis by clinical signs, 185 dry cow therapy, 201-2 E. coli, 182 effect of milking machine, 191-7 see also Milking machine, effect on mastitis and the environment, 202-6 bedding, 203-5 calving boxes, 205 cubicle cleanliness, 203 cubicle design, 203 straw yards, 205-6 environmental, 253 environmental mastitis organisms, 187 gangrenous, 221-2 incidence, 175 mechanisms of milk synthesis, 175-6 and milk yield and milk flow rates, 175 milking the mastitic cow, 198 overmilking, 197 post milking teat disinfection, 198-201 records and targets, 210-12 somatic cell counts, 212-14 California Mastitis Test, 213 effects on manufacturing, 212 effects on yield, 212 herd cell counts, 213-14 individual cow SCCs, 213 reducing herd cell counts, 213-14 staphylococcal and streptococcal, response to, 184 summer, 187, 217-20 see also Summer mastitis teat defences, 179-80 total bacterial count of milk, 214-15 treatment, 206-10

347 antibiotic injection, 210

antibiotic sensitivity testing, 208 choice of antibiotic, 207 continual stripping, 210 factors affecting efficacy, 208-9 inserting an intramammary tube, 209 resistance, 207 for shock, 210 taking milk sample for bacteriology, 207-8 udder defences, 181-4 uncommon causes, 220-2

Mastitis Surveillance Scheme, 175 Matrix metalloproteinases, 11012 MCF (malignant catarrhal fever), 103-4 incidence and clinical signs, 103-4 treatment, 104

Meconium, 131 Medicines, responsible use, storage and disposal, 427-9 Meningitis and blindness, 424 in weaned calf, 78 in young calf, 57-8

Metabolic acidosis, 398

Metabolic disorders (diseases), 153-74 definition, 5, 153 main disorders, 153

see also Acetonaemia: Acidosis: Fatty liver syn­drome: Hypomagnesaemia; Milk fever nature, 153-4

Metabolic profile tests, 154-5 animals to be sampled, 154-5 purpose, 154

Metacercariae, 408 Metaldehyde poisoning, 450 3-Methyl indole, 411 Methylene blue, 347 Metritis, causing post-calving complications, 148

Micrococci, uncommon cause of mastitis, 220

Micrococcus, causing summer mastitis, 217

Microphthalmia, 8, 104

and blindness, 424 Micropolyspora faeni, 412 Middle ear disease, 424 in young calf, 58

Milk

antibiotic residues, 217 blood in, 229 defence mechanisms within the udder, 181-2

total bacterial count, 188

Milk clot, abomasal, 33-5 ‘Milk drop’, 421

Milk fat levels in acidosis, 172

Milk fever, 1, 155-61, 277, 278 avoidance of hypercalcaemia, 159 calcium levels, 155-6 causing down cows, 140 causing retained placenta, 147 clinical signs, 157-8 prevention and control, 159-61 susceptibility, 157 susceptibility to other conditions, 158 temperature, 439 treatment, 158-9 and vitamin D deficiency, 386 see also Vitamin D

Milk let-down, 177-8 failure, 227-8

Milk production, 177-9 in acetonaemia, 167 bovine somatotrophin, 177 dry period, 179 hormonal control, 177 metabolic profile test, 154 milk let-down, 177-8 failure, 178 milking frequency, 178 residual milk, 178

Milk progesterone tests, 244-6 causes of high progesterone, 244-5 false positive results, 244 'hovering’, 246 on-farm kits, 246

Milk quality

factors affecting, 173-4 metabolic profile test, 154 Milk ring tests, 352

Milk substitutes, problems, 36-7 poorly mixed, 36-7, 341

Milk synthesis, mechanisms, 175-6 Milk yield, somatic cell counts, 212 Milk yield and flow rates, 175 and mastitis, 175

Milker’s nodules, 226

Milking machine damage to teat and udder, 222

Milking machine, effect on mastitis, 191-7

importance of pulsation, 194-5 liner slip and teat end impacts, 192-4 claw air-bleeds, 193 hydraulic milking, 194 machine stripping, 192 teat shields, 193-4

vacuum fluctuation, 192-3 liners and other rubberware, 196-7 removal of cluster at end of milking, 196 unit alignment, 191

Milking routine and mastitis control, 187-91 teat preparation, 187-9

pre milking teat disinfection, 188-9 wash or dry wipe, 187

Minerals

dietary requirements, 371-2 imbalance, 372 laboratory testing, 372 pasture levels, 371-2 pastures below requirement, 371 signs of deficiency, 372 supplementation, 371-2 see also specific names Minerals and trace elements, 271-2 and lameness, 306 see also Trace elements Molasses toxicity, 80 Molybdenum, 5 Molybdenum poisoning

effect of copper, 377 effect on copper absorption, 377 Monensin, 411

Monster calves, management, 138-9 Morantel, slow release bolus, 90, 96-7 Moraxella bovis, 105

Moulds causing infections, 4 Mouldy hay or straw causing allergic respiratory diseases, 412

Mouldy hay and vitamin K deficiency, 386

Moxidectin, 4, 19 against lice, 332 against ostertagia, lungworm and mange, 88-9

Mucosal disease see BVD Mud fever, 316 Mummified foetus, 274 Muscle damage, severe, during calving, 143

Muscle injuries causing lameness, 322 during calving, 140-1

Muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease), 76-8

lack of vitamin E or selenium, 76 occurrence, 77 treatment and control, 77-8 vitamin E and selenium, 77 Mycobacterium johnei, 406 Mycobacterium spp., 356 Mycoplasma

in calf pneumonia, 70 uncommon cause of mastitis, 220 Mycotic abortion see Aspergillosis Mycotoxin poisoning, 449

Natamycin in ringworm treatment, 330 Navel cord, 123

structure and function, 118-19 Navel ill, bacterial cause, 2 Navel problems in young calf, 52-7 intestinal prolapse, 56 joint ill, 56-7 navel ill, 53-4

prevention, 54

treatment, 53-4 navel structure, 52-3 umbilical hernia (navel rupture), 54-6 Navicular bone, 283

Necrosis after salmonellosis, 68 Necrotic cellulitis, 110, 337 Necrotic dermatitis of udder, 224-5 Necrotic enteritis, weaned calf, 69 NEFAs, 166, 168

Nematodes, 4 Nematodirus, 4, 85 Neospora, 3

causing abortion, 275 Neospora caninum, 7 Nerve injuries

causing lameness, 322 during calving, 140-1

Nervous diseases, weaned calf, 78-81 Net to lift a cow, 145

Neutrophils, 11

in milk, 181-2 New Forest eye, 105-7 cause, 105-6 prevention and control, 107 treatment, 106-7 ulceration, 106

Nitrate poisoning, 449

Nitrogen fertiliser and hypomagnesaemia, 162

Nitroxynil, 19

in liver fluke, 410

Non-esterified fatty acids, 166, 168 Nosegrips (bulldogs), applying, 442

Notifiable diseases, 347-66

anthrax, 347-8

bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 361-6

brucellosis, 351-2

enzootic bovine leucosis, 355 foot-and-mouth disease, 348-50 tuberculosis, 355-61

warble flies, 352-4

Nursing, 20

in lameness, 318

Nutrition

effect on fertility, 269-72 energy balance, 270-1 minerals and trace elements, 271-2 protein balance, 271 and lameness, 306-7

Nutritional deficiency and excess, 4-5 Nymphomania, 242

Nystagmus in young calf, 57

Oak leaf poisoning, 446

Obstruction see Intestinal: Oesophagus (oesophageal)

Obturator paralysis during calving, 141 Ochratoxin A causing kidney damage,

449

Oesophagostomum, 4

Oesophagus (oesophageal)

groove, 30

groove closure reflex, 30-3 achieving good closure, 31-3 consequences of poor groove closure, 32-3

poor drinkers and non-drinkers, 32 groove failure, 64 obstruction, 395

tumours caused by bracken, 447 Oestrogen, 234, 238

Oestrone sulphate in pregnancy detection, 248

Oestrus cycle, 233-43

action of fertility cycle drugs, 238-40 cystic ovaries, 241-3

embryo transfer, 240-1

failure to cycle, 243 hormonal changes, 236-7

physical changes, 233-5 recognition of pregnancy, 237-8

Oestrus synchronisation, 254-5, 256-60 effective, 258-60

use in heifers, 259-60

Omasum, 30, 393

Opsonisation, 12

Orchitis, 420

Orf, 226

Organo-phosphates, poisoning, 448 Organo-phosphorus compounds, 19

Organochlorines, poisoning, 448 Osteomyelitis causing lameness, 324-5

Ostertagia, 4

Ostertagia, dairy heifers, 85-92 anthelmintics, 88-9

clinical signs, 86

control, 87-91

delay turnout, 90

dose and move, 90

dosing gun injuries, 91

housing and other dosing strategies,

90-1

life cycle of worm, 85, 86-7 prolonged activity anthelmintics, 88-9

pulse release boluses, 89-90 rotational grazing, 90

slow release boluses, 90 three-weekly anthelmintic dosing, 87-8

type I ostertagiasis, 86-7 winter ostertagiasis (type II), 92 worms in older stock, 92

Ostertagia ostertagi, 85

Ovary(ies)

changes in oestrus cycle, 233-4 cystic, 241-3

Overeating syndrome (acidosis), 5, 397-8

clinical signs and treatment, 398 Overmilking and mastitis, 197 Ovulation, 232-3

Oxfendazole, 4

pulse release bolus, in ostertagia, 89

Oxyclozanide in liver fluke, 410 Oxytetracycline, in tick-borne fever, 416

Oxytocin

release, 177, 178 second stage of labour, 122

Pain grunt, 399, 400

Pannus formation, 106

Panting

in IBR, 98

in lungworm, 93, 94

Paraffin poisoning, 447

Parakeratosis, 382

Parasites causing disease, 4

Parasitic bronchitis see Lungworm

Parasitic causes of skin diseases, 329-34

Parathyroid hormone in milk fever, 155, 156

Paratuberculosis, 406

Parrot mouth, 6

Particles, atmospheric, and calf pneumonia, 73

Pasteurella haemolytica in calf pneumonia, 70-1

Pasteurisation of milk, 370

Pasture levels and mineral and trace element supplementation, 371-2

Pea in teat, 229

Pedal arthritis, 317-18

Pedal bone, 283, 285

changes associated with, 294-6 disorders causing lameness, 310 fracture, 316-17

tip necrosis, 317

Pedometers, 256

Pelvis (pelvic) dislocation (rotation) during calving, 142

fracture (knocked down pin bone), 322 hernia, 405-6

injuries causing lameness, 321

Penicillin

in blackleg, 112

in malignant oedema, 337

in mastitis, 185

for summer mastitis, 218 in tetanus, 111

Penis

corkscrew, 421 fracture, 421

Peptococcus indolicus causing summer mastitis, 217

Pericarditis, 417

from wire, 400

Peritonitis

from bloat, 396

from wire, 400

Permeable micropore plaster, 219

Peroneal nerve paralysis during calving, 142

Pessaries, in retained placenta, 146

Petrol poisoning, 447 pH

rumen, 397 silage, 391 soil, effect of trace elements, 383

Phagocytosis, 11

Pharynx tumours caused by bracken, 447

Phosphorus, 375-6 calcium:phosphorus ratio, 375 deficiency, symptoms, 375-6 dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373

and fertility, 375 requirements, 375 supplementation, 375 Photosensitisation, 339-40

clinical signs and treatment, 339-40 Phylloerythrin, 339

Physical barriers against disease, 10-11

Physical injuries, examples, 5 PUobulus and lungworm larvae spread, 95

Pin bone, knocked down, 322

Pine, 380

Pink eye, 105

Piperonyl butoxide, 19 Pithomyces, toxicity, 339 Pituitary gland, 177

Placenta, 118-19

at calf resuscitation, 129 cotyledons, 118 disposal, and salmonella, 370 expulsion, 123 removal from cow, 123 retained, 146-8

Pneumonia see Calf pneumonia Poisoning, 1

bracken, 418 copper, 379-80 symptoms and treatment, 5 dealing with, 446-52

see also names of poisons Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), 80-1 Poloxalene in bloat, 396 Polyps, vaginal, 418 Post calving complications, 146-52 Pot-bellies, weaned calves, 63 Potassium

dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373

and magnesium uptake, 376 requirements, 376

PPH syndrome (pruritus, pyrexia and haemorrhage), 425

Pregnancy detection, 243-8 bovine pregnancy associated glycoprotein, 247 methods, 243-4

milk progesterone tests, 244-6 oestrone sulphate, 248 rectal palpation, 248 ultrasound scanning, 246-7 Pregnancy, recognition, 237-8 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

(PMSG), 240

Prepuce, damage, 420

PRID (progesterone releasing intravaginal device), 238, 239-40

Production diseases see Metabolic disorders (diseases)

Progesterone, 235 Progesterone releasing devices

(PRDs), 238-40, 258

Progesterone tests, milk, 244-6 see also Milk progesterone tests

Prolactin, 177

Prolapsed uterus causing post-calving complications, 149-52 characteristics, 149 management, 150-2

with vagina and cervix prolapse, 150-2

Propionate in acetonaemia, 165, 167

Prostaglandin (PG), 235, 238, 240 oestrus synchronisation, 257-8 in pyometra, 266

Protein balance, 271

Protein Processing Order (1981), 369

Protozoa, definition, characteristics and treatment, 3

Pruritus, pyrexia and haemorrhage syndrome, 425

Pseudocowpox, 225-6, 370

Pseudomonas, uncommon cause of mastitis, 221

Psoroptes ovis, 333

Pulmonary alveolar emphysema, 411

Pulmonary haemorrhage, 412

Pulsation during milking, 194-5

Pulse release boluses in ostertagia, 89-90

Pyaemia, 416

Pyelonephritis, 419

Pyloric stenosis, 400

Pyometra, 266-7

Pyrethroids

against flies, in mastitis, 219

as fly repellants, 19 for lice treatment, 19

Pyrexia, 425

Q fever, 370, 454

causing abortion, 275

Quaternary ammonium compounds in teat disinfection, 199

Radial nerve paralysis causing lameness, 326-7

Rafoxanide, 19

in liver fluke, 410

Ragwort poisoning, 450

Rape poisoning, 448

Rats, tuberculosis, 361

Recessive genes, 6-7

Records of all treatments, 429

Records, use in herd management, 277

Rectal palpation in pregnancy detection, 248

Rectovaginal fistula causing post-calving complications, 149

Redwater, 3, 414-15

clinical signs, 414-15 control, 415

drugs, 415

reducing tick population, 415 treatment, 415

Repeat breeder cow, 272-3 use of embryos, 273 use of GnRH, 272-3

Reproductive tract, cow, 233-4

Respiratory disease, 410-12 and IBR, 98

MCF, 103 4

Respiratory syncytial virus causing calf pneumonia, 70, 72, 73

Respiratory system as disease defence, 10, 11

Resuscitation, calf, 129-31

Retained placenta, 146-8, 277, 278 causes and control, 147-8 and selenium deficiency, 383 treatment, 146-7

Reticulitis, traumatic see Wire

Reticulo-omasal stenosis, 400

Reticulum, 30, 393

Reuff’s method for casting a cow, 442-3

Rhododendron poisoning, 392, 450

Rickets, and vitamin D deficiency, 386

Right-sided abomasal dilation and torsion, 403

see also Abomasum (abomasal) Ringing a bull, 443-4 Ringworm, 1,4, 329-31, 370

prevention, 330-1

treatment, 330

Roaring breathing in IBR, 98

Rotavirus causing scouring in young calf, 42 4 prevention, hygiene, and vaccination, 43-4

Rough handling and lameness, 309 Rubber ring in castration, 437-8 Rumag-Aqua dispenser, 164

Rumen, 30

acidosis see Acidosis

anatomy, 393

anatomy and development, 61-2 bloat, weaned calves, 64-6 impaction, 399

pH, 170, 397

Rumenitis, 397

Rumenotomy, 398

Ruminal atony, 64

Ruminal tympany see Bloat

Rumination and acidosis, 170-1

Rumination decrease and coriosis, 301-2 Rusty coat colour, 377

Ryegrass staggers, 113

S-methyl-cysteine sulphoxide

(SMCO), 448-9

Safe disposal, 429

St John’s wort

poisoning, 450 toxicity, 339

Salmonella, especially

5.

Salmonella agama, 46

Salmonella arizona, 46

Salmonella binza, 46

Salmonella dublin, 67, 68, 367

scouring in young calves, 46

Salmonella enteritidis, scouring

in young calves, 46

Salmonella kedougou, 46

Salmonella typhimurium, 67, 68, 367, 370

scouring in young calves, 46 Salmonella typhimurium DT104, 369 Salmonella typhimurium DT204C,

resistant to chloramphenicol, 47-8 Salmonellosis, 366-70

causing scouring in young calf, 45-8 clinical signs, 367

control measures, 368-9

in man, 370

progress of a herd outbreak, 368-9 sources of infection, 369-70 strains, 366-7

treatment, 368 weaned calf, 67-9

causes, 67-8

clinical signs, 68 treatment and control, 68-9

wild animal carriers, 369-70

Sandcracks, 311

Sarcoptes scabei, 333

Schistosomus reflexus, 138

Scouring, 3

in BVD, 102

effects on skin, 341

in ostertagiasis, 86

weaned calves, 63-4

treatment, 63-4

Scouring, young calf, 37-52

acidosis, 40, 49-50

and adequate colostrum, 25 antibiotic use, 50 causes, 41-2

coronavirus, 44

costs, 37 cryptosporidium, 44 dehydration, 37, 38 40, 48-9

E. coli, 45 incidence, 37 intensive intravenous therapy, 50 loss of electrolytes, 40 normal fluid balance, 37-8 prevention and control, 51-2 reduced digestive capacity, 40-1 rotavirus, 42-4 salmonellosis, 45-8 septicaemia, 41 supportive therapy, 51 treatment, 48-51

Scrapie in sheep, 362 and BSE, 363

Screw-worm, 334 Selenium

association with vitamin E, 383 deficiency

causing retained placenta, 147 clinical signs, 383

dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 374

and muscular dystrophy, 76, 77, 78 supplementation, 385

Self-sterilising multidose syringe, 434 Semen quality, 269

Septicaemia

effects on skin, 340 in young calf, 41 and adequate colostrum, 25

Sewage and salmonella spread, 369 Sheep-head fly, 217

‘Shivering’ in milk fever, 157 Silage and mineral deficiencies, 375 grass, 375

kale and lucerne, 375 maize, 375, 385

Silage, pH, 391 Simmental, and dystocia, 115 Skin diseases, 3

infectious causes, 335-9 parasitic causes, 329-34 toxic causes, 339-41 traumatic injuries, 341-6

Skin disorders causing lameness, 310 Skin as protection against disease, 10-11

Skin TB, 338-9

Skin ‘tenting’ dehydration test, 39 Skin tumours, 338

Slow drinkers, calves, 21, 32 Slow fever see Acetonaemia Slow release boluses in ostertagia, 90 Slug bait poisoning, 450 Slurry heel, 310-11 Snails see Liver fluke ‘Soda grain’ feeding, 349

Sodium

deficiency, 376 dietary requirements, pasture levels, 371, 373

excess, effects, 376 and fluid balance, 376 potassium blocking uptake, 376 requirements, 376

Sodium bicarbonate, 398 ‘Soft sole’ syndrome, 309 Soil, pH, effect of trace elements, 383 Sole

haemorrhage and bruising, 293-4 overgrowth, 286

Sole ulcers, 293-8, 301-9 causes and control, 301-9 formation and treatment, 296-8 internal changes, 298

Somatic cell counts in mastitis, 212-14

South Devon bull, effect on dystocia, 115

Spastic paresis causing lameness, 327

Spina bifida, 6

Spinal abscess causing lameness, 324-5

Spine injuries causing lameness, 321

Split H bones causing lameness, 323

Squamous cell carcinoma and bracken poisoning, 418

Squamous cell carcinoma of third eyelid, 109

Staggers, ryegrass, 113

Standing, excessive, causing foot

problems, 302-3

Staphylococcal mastitis, response to,

184

Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis, 175, 186 poor response to treatment, 208-9 response to dry cow therapy, 201

Staphylococcus epidermidis,

uncommon cause of mastitis, 220

Staphyloma, 106

Starch, feeding in acidosis, 173

‘Steaming up’, 159

Sterigmatocystin poisoning, 449

Sterile abscesses, 344-5

Steroids, 167

Stifle ligament rupture, causing

lameness, 325

‘Stillbirth and perinatal weak calf’

syndrome, 380

Stillborn calves, 275-6

causes, 275-6

Stomach tube in bloat, 395

Storage of medicines, 427

Strabismus, 104

congenital, 8

Strangulated hernia, young calf, 55

Straw feeding in rumen acidosis, 171,

173

Straw for weaned calves, 62

Straw yards, design to prevent mastitis,

205-6

Streptococcal mastitis, response to, 184

Streptococcus agalactiae

mastitis, 186

poor response to treatment, 208 response to dry cow therapy, 201

Streptococcus aureus, causing

mastitis, 175

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

causing mastitis, 175, 186

causing summer mastitis, 217

poor response to treatment, 208 response to dry cow therapy, 201

Streptococcus uberis

in endocarditis, 417

mastitis, 187, 202-3

poor response to treatment, 208

response to dry cow therapy, 201

Stress

and conception rate, 268-9 effects, 15

and the immune system, 15-16

and salmonella excretion, 46 transport, 15-16

String halt causing lameness, 327

Strychnine poisoning, 450

Subcutaneous injections, giving, 430

Sucking fly, 217

Sucking lice, 331

Sulphonamides

in colic, 67

injections in New Forest eye, 107

for scouring, 64

Sulphur, 5

effect on copper absorption, 377

Summer mastitis, 217-20

cause, 217

dry cow therapy, 218

fly control, 219-20

permeable micropore plaster, 219

prevention, 218-20 treatment, 217-18

‘Super foul’, 313 Superinfection husk, 94 Supernumerary teats, removing, 436-7 Superovulation, 240

Surfactants in bloat, 396 Sweating sickness, 413 Synchronisation of oestrus, 254-5, 256-60

Syringes automatic, 433-4 filling, 429-30 self-sterilising multidose, 434

T lymphocytes, 12 in MCF, 104

Tail

genetic defect, 6 injuries, 346

Taking a temperature, 438-9 Tapeworms, 4

Teat(s) chaps, 227 cut, 223-4 defences against mastitis, 179-80

teat closure and mastitis, 180 disinfection, post milking, 198-201 barrier dips, 199

chemicals used, 199 dipping or spraying, 199-200 potential disadvantages, 200-1 pre and post dipping compared, 200 end damage, 194-5 end impacts, 192-3 fly control, 219 permeable micropore plaster, 219 pea in, 229 preparation, 187-9

and mastitis, use of gloves, 189 for milk let-down, 187 shields, 193-4 structure, 176 supernumerary, removing, 436-7 and udder disorders, 222-9 warts, 226-7

Teeth, 389-91 abscesses, 390 ages of eruption, 389 and BSE crisis, 389 anatomy, 389, 390 fracture of the jaw, 390-1 misaligned molars, 391 severe incisor wear, 391 undershot jaw, 391

Temperature, taking, 438-9 Tendon injuries causing lameness, 322 Tendon rupture, weaned calf, 78 Tendons, contracted, causing lameness, 327-8

Tenesmus, 67

Teratogenic defects, 7-10 Teratogens, 5

Testicular swellings, 420

Tetanus, 110, 111 bacterial cause, 2 clinical signs, 111 prevention, 111 treatment, 111 in weaned calf, 78 Theileria, 3, 414 Thelazia, 4

Thermometer, using, 438-9 Thiabendazole, 19

Thiamine deficiency, 387 Thiocyanates, 381

Thioglycosides, 381

Third eyelid, tumour, 109 Thrombocytopenia, 447 Thyroid hormone (thyroxine), 380-1 deficiency, 380-1 requirements, 380 supplementation, 381-2

Tick-borne diseases, 412-14

life cycle of the tick, 413-14 Tick-borne fever, 415-16

Ticks, 4

Toe, overgrowth, 285

Toe ulcers, 298

Toltrazuril, in colic, 67

Tongue

swollen, 125

wooden, 392

prevention and treatment, 336 Total bacterial count (TBC) of milk, 214-15

Bactoscan, 215

Toxaemia, bacterial cause, 2

Trace elements

dietary requirements, 371-2 status, ways of improving, 383-5 oral supplementation, 385 parenteral supplementation, 385 soil and herbage, 383-5 supplementations, 371-2

see also Minerals and trace elements

Tractor bucket to lift cow, 144 Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), 362

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 362-3

Transport stress, 15-16

young calves, 46, 47

Traumatic injuries causing skin conditions, 341-6

Traumatic reticulitis see Wire

Treatment principles, 17-20 nursing, 20

specific drug treatment, 18-19 supportive therapy, 19

Trichophyton verrucosum, 329 Trichothecene poisoning, 449 Triclabendazole in liver fluke, 410

Trocar and cannula in bloat, 396 Trypanosoma, 3

Tuberculosis in badgers, 358-61 elimination of infected setts, 359 gassing, 359 incidence, 358

practical ways to keep cattle away, 360-1

reactor herds in Gloucestershire and

Avon, 359

road accident death of badgers, 359 transmission to cattle, 358

trials, 360

Tuberculosis in deer, 361

Tuberculosis in foxes, 361 Tuberculosis, notifiable disease,

355-61, 370

cause, 355

eradication, 356

skin swellings, 338-9

testing, 356-8

false negatives, 357

false positives, 357-8

Tuberculosis in rats, 361

Tumours, skin, 338

Twins, causing retained placenta,

147

Twisted gut, 66, 404-5

Tylomas, 316

Udder

defences against mastitis, 181-4, 182-3

response to staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis, 184 disorders, 222-9 impetigo, 226 infections, E.

Ultrasound scanning for pregnancy detection, 246-7

Umbilical cord, structure and function, 118-19

Umbilical hernia (navel rupture), 6, 54-6

Undershot jaw, 391

Undulant fever (brucellosis), 351 Urea poisoning, 451

Urine, red, see Redwater

Urogenital system disorders, 417-19 Urolithiasis (bladder stones), 81-2 prevention, 82 treatment, 81-2

Urticaria (blaine), 340

Uterus (uterine), 120 hydrops, 417-18 inertia, 128, 133 infections, E. coli, 2 prolapsed, causing post-calving complications, 149-52 characteristics, 149 management, 150-2 with vagina and cervix prolapse, 150-2

torsion, 133

Vaccination against black disease, 113 brucellosis, 352 BVD, 103 calf pneumonia, 75-6 calf scouring, 43-4 E. coli, young calf, 45 foot-and-mouth disease, 350

IBR, 99

Johne’s disease, 407 leptospirosis, 422 louping ill, 416 lungworm, 96-7 redwater, 415 salmonellosis, 368 tetanus, 111 warts, 338

Vagina and cervix, prolapse, 151, 152 Vaginal infections causing post-calving complications, 148-9

Vaginal polyps, 418

Vagus indigestion, 400

Vertical fissures (sandcracks), 311 Viral diseases, dairy heifers, 97-104 Virus pneumonia see Calf pneumonia Viruses, 3

causing congenital defects, 7 characteristics, 3 crossing placenta, 119 structure, 3

Vitamin A, 385-6 in BVD, 102 daily requirements, 374 deficiency, 386, 4, 5 and blindness, 424 source, 385

Vitamin B

by injection after overeating syndrome, 398

daily requirements, 374 deficiencies, 387 as supportive therapy, 19

Vitamin C, 387

daily requirements, 374

Vitamin D in BVD, 102 daily requirements, 374 deficiency, 386 and milk fever, 386

Vitamin D3 and milk fever, 160-1

Vitamin E

daily requirements, 374

deficiency, causing retained pla­centa,

147

and muscular dystrophy, 76, 77 Vitamin K, 386

Vitamins, 385-7

Vomiting, 392

Vulva, swollen, 148

Warble fly, 334

damage caused by, 352M∙

eradication, 354

legislation, 354

life cycle, 352

notifiable, 352M∙

treatment and control, 354 Warfarin poisoning, 386, 451 Warm water bath to assist stand­ing,

145

Warts, 338

hairy, 314-16

description and treatment, 314-16

teat, 226-7

Water, 387-8

access, 388

daily drinking patterns, 387-8 for drinking, adding magnesium, 164

intakes, 387-8

requirements, 387

for sick animals, 388

Water dropwort poisoning, 451

Waterbag, 118, 123

Weaned calf, 61-82

calf pneumonia, 69-76

deficiency diseases, 76-8 digestive problems, 61-9 nervous diseases, 78-81 urolithiasis (bladder stones), 81-2

Weight loss in lungworm, 96

Weil’s disease, 423

White line diseases, 298-309 abscesses, 298-9

block treatment, 319-20

causes, 298-9

causes and control, 301-9

White muscle disease, 76-8

in calves, and selenium defi­ciency, 383

see also Muscular dystrophy

Williams reflex, 399

Winter dysentery, 406

Winter ostertagiasis (type II), 92 Wire (traumatic reticulitis), 399-400,

417

Wooden tongue, 392

prevention and treatment, 336 ‘Wool-sorter’s disease’, 348 Wopa box, 287

Worms

causing disease, 4

life cycle, 4

Worms, stomach and intestinal, heifers, 85-97

see also Lungworm (husk):

Ostertagia

Wounds, treatment, 440-1 bleeding, 440 cleaning, 441 dressing, 441

ointment or spray?, 441

stitching, 440

Yeasts

causing infections, 4 uncommon cause of mastitis,

220

Yew, poisoning, 451-2

Yoghurt for scouring, 64

Zinc

daily requirements, 382 deficiency, 382

dietary requirements, pasture levels,

371, 373

Zinc methionine and hoof condi­tion,

306

Zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZST), on

colostrum, 24

Zoonoses, 370