Notes

Jeffrey Brodd

California State University, Sacramento

Layne Little

University of California, Davis

Bradley Nystrom

California State University, Sacramento

Robert Platzner

California State University, Sacramento

Richard Shek

California State University, Sacramento

Erin Stiles

University of Nevada, Reno

1.

2. See especially Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, trans. Theodore M. Greene and Hoyt H. Hudson (New York: Harper & Row, i960).

3. ¨øÏå Durkheim, Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. J. W. Swain (1912; repr., New York: Free Press, 1965), 62.

4. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902; repr., London: Penguin Books, 1985), 31.

5. Paul Tillich, Theology of Culture, ed. Robert C. Kimball (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), 7-8.

6. Jonathan Z. Smith, ed., HarperCollins Dictionary of Religion (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 893.

7. Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 5-7·

8. Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 175.

9. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, trans. James Strachey (1927; repr., New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), 55.

10. Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” in On Religion (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1964), 41-42.

11. The term transtheistic is used for Jainism by Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India, ed. Joseph Campbell (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 182.

12. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Willard Trask (London: Harcourt Brace, 1959), 11.

13. Matthew 7:12. New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.

14. Lincoln, Holy Terrors, 95.

15. See especially Smart’s Dimensions of the Sacred: An Anatomy of the World’s Beliefs (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999) and his earlier and very popular Worldviews: Crosscultural Explanations of Human Belief (New York: Scribner’s, 1983), which details six of the dimensions (Smart later separated out the material dimension as a seventh).

16. Barna Group, “Number of Female Senior Pastors in Protestant Churches Doubles in Past Decade,” September 14, 2009, https://www.barna.com/research/number-of-female-senior-pastors-in-protestant-churches-doubles-in- past-decade/

17. October 12, 2020, https: //eileencampbellreed.org/state-of-clergy/.

18. Rice University Office of Public Affairs, “Misconceptions of Science and Religion Found in New Study,” news release, February 16,2004, https://news.rice.edu/2o14/o2/16/misconceptions-of-science-and-religion-found-in- new-study/.

19. This analogy is drawn from Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1964), 7.

1. Denise Lardner Carmody and John Tully Carmody, Native American Religions: An Introduction (New York: Paulist Press, 2003).

2. Dennis Tedlock, trans., Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985).

3. Sam Gill, Native American Religions: An Introduction (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2005).

4. Sam Gill, Sacred Worlds: A Study of Navajo Religion and Prayer (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 54-55.

5. John D. Loftin, Religion and Hopi Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 110.

6. Richard Erdoes and Alfonso Ortiz, American Indian Myths and Legends (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 346.

7. Gill, Native American Religions, 64.

8. Ibid., 96.

9. Tedlock, Popol Vuh.

10. John Neihardt and Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks: Being an Account of the Life of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), 1.

11. Erdoes and Ortiz, American Indian Myths and Legends, 85.

12. Joseph Epes Brown, Teaching Spirits: Understanding Native American Religious Tradition (London: Oxford University Press, 2001), 87.

13. Keith Basso, Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996).

14. Brown, Teaching Spirits, 36.

15. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2O2o/sep/i6/california-wildfires-cultural-burns-indigenous- people

16. Ibid., 13.

17. Ibid., 15.

18. Ibid., 49.

19. Robert Franklin and Pamela Bunte, “Animals and Humans, Sex and Death: Toward a Symbolic Analysis of Four Southern Numic Rituals,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 18, no. 2 (1966): 178-203.

20. Forrest S. Cuch, “A History of Utah’s American Indians” (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2003).

21. Alexandra Witze, “Religion and the Rise of Cahokia,” American Archaeology 20, no. 1 (2016): 18-25.

22. Thomas J. Nevins and M. Eleanor Nevins, ‘“We Have Always Had the Bible’: Christianity and the Composition of White Mountain Apache Heritage,” Heritage Management 2, no. 1 (2009): 11-34.

23. Ibid.

24. Helen McCarthy, “Assaulting California’s Sacred Mountains: Shamans vs. New Age Merchants of Nirvana,” in Beyond Primitivism: Indigenous Religions and Modernity, ed. Jacob Olopuna (New York: Routledge, 2004), 172- 178.

25- Arlene Hirschfelder and Paulette Molin, An Encyclopedia of Native American Religions (New York: Facts on File, 1992), 176.

26· Greg Sarris, Mabel McKay: Weaving the Dream (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).

27. Annemarie Shimony, “Iroquois Religion and Women in Historical Perspective,” in Women, Religion and Social Change, ed. Y. Haddad and E. Finley (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985), 412.

28. Hirschfelder and Molin, Encyclopedia of Native American Religions, 130,328.

29. Gill, Native American Religions, 98.

30. Ibid., 72.

31.

32. Carmody and Carmody, Native American Religions, 73.

33. Hirschfelder and Molin, Encyclopedia of Native American Religions, 287.

34. Loftin, Religion and Hopi Life, 37.

35. Gill, Native American Religions.

1. Tepilit Ole Saitoti, Worlds of a Maasai Warrior: An Autobiography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 67.

2. Ibid., 69.

3. Ibid., 71.

4. Bilinda Straight, Miracles and Extraordinary Experience in Northern Kenya (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 56.

5. Marcel Griaule, Conversations with Ogotemmeli (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).

6. Rowland Abiodun, “Hidden Power: Osun, the Seventeenth Odu,” in Osun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas, ed. Joseph M. Murphy and Mei-Mei Sanford (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 17-18.

7. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion (London: Oxford University Press, 1971).

8. John S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy (New York: Praeger, 1969), 85-86.

9. Ibid., 89-90.

10. Ibid., 84-85.

11. Ibid., 92.

12. Graham Connah, Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology (New York: Routledge, 2004), 31-32.

13. Benjamin C. Ray, African Religions: Symbol, Ritual, and Community (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000), 170-171.

14. Beverly B. Mack and Jean Boyd, One Woman’s Jihad: NanaAsma’u, Scholar and Scribe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000).

15_Ä Ibid., 61.

16. Ibid., 171.

17. Ibid., 184-191.

18. Cynthia Hoehler-Fatton, “Christianity: Independent and Charismatic Churches in Africa,” in Encyclopedia of Africa, ed. K. A. Appiah and H. L. Gates (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 273-274.

19. Brigid M. Sackey, New Directions in Gender and Religion: The Changing Status of Women in African Independent Churches (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006), 30-32.

20. Hoehler-Fatton, “Christianity,” 273.

21. Ibid., 85-88.

22.

23. Adeline Masquelier, Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).

24. Ibid.

25. For example, Marion Kilson, “Women in African Traditional Religions,” Journal of Religion in Africa 8, no. 2 (1976): 133-143·

26. Paula Girshick Ben-Amos, “The Promise of Greatness: Women and Power in a Benin Spirit Possession Cult,” in Religion in Africa: Experience and Expression, ed. T. D. Blakely, W. E. A. Van Beek, and D. L. Thomson (London: James Currey, 1994): 118-134.

27. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among theAzande (London: Oxford University Press, 1976).

28. Ray, African Religions, 58-59, citing Edith Turner, Experiencing Ritual (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992).

29. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy, 113.

30. Ibid., 114-115.

31. Ibid., 120.

32. Margaret Drewal, Yoruba Ritual: Performers, Play, Agency (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 53.

33^ Ellen Gruenbaum, The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000).

34. Ifi Amadiume, Male Daughters and Female Husbands: Gender and Society in a West African Town (London: Zed Books, 1987).

35. Jack Goody, Death, Property and the Ancestors: A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the LoDagaa of West Africa (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962), 239.

36. Ray, African Religions, 102-103.

37. Jacob Olupona, “Religion and Ecology in African Cultural and Society,” in The Orford Handbook of Religion and Ecology, 2009. DOI:io.iO93/oxfordhb/978oi95i78722.oo3.ooi2

38. Ibid, 11.

39. Bolaji Bateye, “Rethinking Women, Nature, and Ritual Purity in Yoruba Religious Tradition,” in African Traditions in the Study of Religion, Diaspora and Gendered Societies, ed. E. Chitando, A. Adogame, and B. Bataye (New York: Routledge, 2013), 147-161

40. Ibid., 198.

1.

2. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore, A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 77.

3. Bhagavad Gita 4.6-8. In Barbara Stoler Miller, trans., The Bhagavad-Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War (New York: Bantam Books, 1986), 52.

4. David Μ. Knipe, Hinduism: Experiments in the Sacred (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 44-45. The passage appears repeatedly in the Chandogya Upanishad 6.9-6.6.13.

5. Bhagavad Gita 2.71. In Radhakrishnan and Moore, Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, 112.

6. Bhagavad Gita 5.11-12. In Miller, Bhagavad-Gita, 60.

7. Bhagavad Gita 12.6-8. In Miller, Bhagavad-Gita, 110.

8. Bhagavad Gita 4.38-39. In Miller, Bhagavad-Gita, 56.

q. Laws of Manu II.36. In Radhakrishnan and Moore, Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, 177.

10. Thomas J. Hopkins, The Hindu Religious Tradition (Belmont, CA: Dickenson, 1971), 139. Cited in Arvind Sharma, “Hinduism,” in Our Religions, ed. Arvind Sharma (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 13.

11. An oft-quoted line from Major-General Charles Stuart’s (1758-1828) Vindication of the Hindoos, which was published in 1808.

12. Diana Eck, Darsan: Seeing the Divine Image in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).

13. Laws of Manu III.56. In Radhakrishnan and Moore, Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, 189.

14^ The ensuing discussion is much indebted to the scholarship of David L. Haberman, who authored the Overview Essay on Hinduism for the Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology, September 30, 2020, https://fore.yale.edu/World-Religions/Hinduism/Overview-Essav.

15. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project: Data Explorer, September 30, 2020, http://globalreligiousfutures.Org/explorer#/?

subtopic=i5&chartType=bar&year=2Q2o&data type=number&religious affiliation=all&destination=to&countries= Worldwide&age group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false.

16. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project: Countries: Hindus, September 30, 2020, http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/religions/hindus.

1. “The Global Religious Landscape,” December 18, 2012, Pew Research Center: Religion and Public Life, www.pewforum.org/2o12 /12/18 / global-religious-landscape-exec.

2. Juan Mascaro, trans., The Dhammapada: The Path of Perfection (London: Penguin Books, 1973), 35.

3. Stephen Beyer, The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 92.

4^ The conference, sponsored by the World Wildlife Fund, produced The Assisi Declarations. The Buddhist declaration was delivered by the Venerable Lungrig Lamgyal Rinpoche, abbot of Gyuto Tantric University. The full text can be found at www.arcworld.org.

1. Acarangasutra 1.4.1.1-2, trans. Hermann Jacobi, in Sacred Books of the East, vol. 20, ed. Friedrich Max Muller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1884).

2. Yogendra Jain, Jain Way of Life: A Guide to Compassionate, Healthy, and Happy Living (Boston: Federation of Jain Associations of North America, 2007), i.

3. Tattvarthadhigama Sutra, Chapter II, 22-23, trans. J. L. Jaini, in A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 254.

4. Heinrich Zimmer uses this term for Jainism in Philosophies of India, ed. Joseph Campbell (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 182.

5. Paul Dundas, The Jains (New York: Routledge, 1992), 47; the text referenced here is the Sthananga 171.

6. Avashyakasutra 32; cited in Dundas, The Jains, 171.

7. Dundas, The Jains, 55-56; the text referenced here is the Kalpasutra.

8. Padmanabh S. Jaini, The Jaina Path of Purification (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 196-197.

9. L. M. Singhvi, “The Jain Declaration on Nature,” in Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life, ed. Christopher Key Chapple (Cambridge, MA: Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School, 2002), 224. (Article originally published in 1990).

10. Consideration of both Declarations and much more with regard to Jain environmentalism is provided by Christopher K. Chapple in his overview article on Jainism for the Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology, October 10, 2020, https://fore.yale.edu/World-Religions/Jainism. The full text of the Declaration is accessible through the JAINA website, October 10, 2020: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.iaina.org/resource/resmgr/iaindeclarationonclimatechange/Update Jain Declaration

on C.pdf.

11. October 10, 2020, https: //www.jaina.org/.

1. Gurinder Singh Mann, Sikhism (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall), 14.

2. Hew McLeod, Sikhism (London: Penguin, 1997), 219.

3. Mann, Sikhism, 14.

4. Adapted from a quotation in W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi, The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and. Practices (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), 9.

5. Quoted in ibid., 10.

6. Quoted in Khushwant Singh, “Sikhism,” Encyclopedia of Religion (New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995), 13:316.

7. Quoted in ibid., 316.

8. From Puratan Janam-sakhi, cited in W. H. McLeod, ed. and trans., Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism (Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1984), 25.

9. Khushwant Singh, “Sikhism,” 319.

10. Cited in McLeod, Sikhism, 271.

11. Ibid., 272.

12. Ibid., 98.

13- Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People (New Delhi, India: World Sikh University Press, 1979), 263-264.

14. Teja Singh and Ganda Singh, A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One (1469-1765), 3rd ed. (Patiala, India: Punjabi University, 1999), 67.

15^ Mann, Sikhism, 14.

16. Ibid.

17. Cited in McLeod, Textual Sources, 79-80.

18. Cited in McLeod, Sikhism, 216.

19. October 10, 2020,

20, October 10, 2020, sikhism b 2884402.

https://www.bbc.co.Uk/bitesize/guides/znnv87h/revision/3·

https://www.huffr>ost.com/entrv/sikh-environment-day-the-ecological-roots-of- 21. Asä ki Vär 19:2, Adi Granth, 473. Cited in McLeod, Textual Sources, 109.

22. Mann, Sikhism, 106.

23. McLeod, Sikhism, 203.

1. This term is not found in the Book of Changes itself but is in fact a later Daoist rendition of the idea of the primordial one.

2. See Tu Wei-ming, “Li as a Process of Humanization,” Philosophy East and West 22, no. 2 (April 1972): 187-201.

3. See Herbert Fingarette’s Confucius: The Secular as Sacred (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972), 7.

4. See Xinzhong Yao, An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 46.

5. See the highly nuanced discussion of the topic by Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee, in her Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006). See also Chenyang Li, ed., The Sage and the Second Sex: Confucianism, Ethics, and Gender (Chicago: Open Court, 2000). Deborah Achtenberg’s “Aristotelian Resources in Feminist Thinking,” in Feminism and Ancient Philosophy, ed. Julie K. Ward (London: Routledge, 1996), 97, is also very suggestive.

6. See Robert C. Neville, Boston Confucianism (New York: SUNY Press, 2000). Prominent members of this group include Robert Neville, John Berthrong, and Wei-ming Tu.

7. Summary based on Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed., Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1993), 157-163·

8. This summary of the jiao liturgy is based on a composite description of two separate ceremonies conducted, respectively, in 1994 and 2005 in Hong Kong. A DVD depicting the rites and explaining their religious meaning was produced in 2009 by the Center for the Study of Daoist Culture of the Department of Culture and Religion, Chinese University of Hong Kong.

9. Several recent publications address the issue of Chinese religions and ecology. See Mary E. Tucker and John Berthrong, eds., Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and Humans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); N. J. Girardot, James Miller, and Xiaogan Liu, eds., Daoism and Ecology: Ways Within a Cosmic Landscape (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); James Miller, China’s Green Religion: Daoism and the Quest for a Sustainable Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020).

1. Quoted in William Theodore de Âàãó et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 1:259.

2. Quoted in ibid., 2:498,512.

3. October 12, 2020, https: //www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/other-religions/.

1. Maiy Boyce, ed. and trans., Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1984), 35.

2. Ibid., 48.

1. Richard Rubenstein, The Cunning of History (New York: Harper and Row), 90-97.

2. Martin Buber, The Eclipse of God: Studies in the Relation Between Religion and Philosophy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957), 13-24.

3. See Roger Kamenetz, Stalking Elijah: Adventures with Today’s Jewish Mystical Masters (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1998), for an engaging first-person perspective on the Renewal movement in Judaism. A more scholarly approach can be found in George W. Wilkes, “Jewish Renewal,” in Modem Judaism: An Oxford Guide, ed. Nicholas de Lange and Miri Freud-Kandel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 114-125.

4. Stephen Hodge, The Dead Sea Scrolls Rediscovered (Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 2003), 158-210.

5. Paula Fredricksen, From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 160-176.

6. Wayne A. Meeks and Robert L. Wilken, Jews and Christians in Antioch: In the First Four Centuries of the Common Era (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1978), 85-126.

7. Ignaz Maybaum, “The Face of God after Auschwitz,” in Holocaust Theology: A Reader, ed. Dan Cohn-Sherbok (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 96-98.

8. Richard Rubenstein, After Auschwitz: History, Theology, and Contemporary Judaism (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 171-174.

Q. Eliezer Berkovits, “Free Will and the Hidden God,” in Holocaust Theology, 153-156.

10. Abraham Joshua Heschel, “No Religion Is an Island,” in Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity, ed. Susannah Heschel (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997), 235-250.

11. Emil L. Fackenheim, The Jewish Return into History (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 129-143. See also God’s Presence in History (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 67-79, for Fackenheim’s reflections on the significance of the Shoah as the pivotal event in modem Jewish history.

12. Arthur Hertzberg, ed., The Zionist Idea (New York: Atheneum, 1984), 103-114.

13. Theodor Herzl, “The Jewish State,” in The Zionist Idea, 204-230.

14. Theodor Herzl, The Old New Land, trans. Lotta Levensohn (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2000).

15_ä “The Balfour Declaration,” in The Jew in the Modem World, ed. Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995), 582. See also Jonathan Schneer, The Balfour Declaration (New York: Random House, 2010).

16. See Dan Ephron, Killing a King: the Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the Remaking of Israel (New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 2015) for a full account of both the killing and the political/cultural context of this crime.

17. See Judith Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990) for a groundbreaking feminist critique of male dominance in Jewish thought and religious practice. To date, the most radical attempt at re-writing the Siddur from a feminist perspective is Marcia Falk’s The Book of Blessings (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.

18. Ellen Bernstein and Dan Fink, “Blessings and Praise” and “Bal Tashchit” in This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment, ed. Roger S. Gottlieb (New York: Routledge, 2004), 525-526. See also Ellen Bernstein, ed. Ecology and the Jewish Spirit: Where Nature and the Sacred Meet (Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000).

19. Michael Lerner, Jewish Renewal: A Path to Healing and Transformation (New York: Harper, 1994), 251. 20. See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, The Devil that Never Dies: The Rise and Threat of Global Anti-Semitism (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013).

All translations from the New Testament are from the New Revised Standard Version of the

Bible.

1. Augustine, Confessions 1.1. Author’s translation.

2. Timothy (Kallistos) Ware, The Orthodox Church (New York: Penguin Books, 1997), 261.

3. Declaration on Non-Christian Religions, no. 2, quoted in Anthony Wilhelm, Christ among Us, 2nd ed. (New York: Paulist Press, 1975), 396.

4. Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.5.28. Author’s translation.

5. Maximus the Confessor, Book of Ambiguities 41, quoted in Vladimir Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (London: James Clarke, 1957), 214. The idea that Christians participate in the divine nature is found in the New Testament (e.g., 2 Peter 1:4) and is supported by the doctrine that the Holy Spirit is at work in every believer (e.g., Romans 8).

6. Julian of Norwich, Revelations of Divine Love 4 (short text), in Julian of Norwich: Showings, trans. E. Colledge and J. Walsh (New York: Paulist Press, 1978), 131.

7. “The Religious Composition of the United States,” Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life/U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, at https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-studv/.

8. Quoted in Ware, The Orthodox Church, 305.

9. See Orazio Marucchi, Christian Epigraphy, trans. J. Willis (Chicago: Ares Press, 1974), 153-155.

10. The conference, sponsored by the World Wildlife Fund, produced The Assisi Declarations. The Christian declaration was delivered by Father Lanfranco Serrini, a Roman Catholic priest. The full text can be found at http://www.arcworld.org.

11. “Majority of Public Favors Same-Sex Marriage, But Divisions Persist,” Pew Research Forum, at pewresearch.org.

1. All translations from the Qur’an are from Ahmed Ali, trans., al-Qur’an (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993)· Pew Research Center, http://pewresearch.org.

2. Ibid.

3· Ali, al-Qur’an.

4. Frederick Mathewson Denny, An Introduction to Islam (New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), 174-175.

5. Ali, al-Qur’an.

6. Ibid.

7. Denny, An Introduction to Islam, 110-111.

8. William A. Graham, Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam (The Hague: Mouton, 1977), 157.

9. John R. Bowen, Muslims Through Discourse (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).

10. Denny, An Introduction to Islam, 110-111.

11. Abdallah al-Shiekh, “Zakat,” in Orford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 366-370.

12. Sherman A. Jackson, Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

13- Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley (New York: Ballatine Books, 1965).

14. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Islamic Solidarity, in Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives, eds. John J. Donohue and John L. Esposito (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007), 16-19.

15. MathnawW, 411-414. In The Rumi Collection, trans. Kabir Helminski (Boston: Shambala Press, 2005), 165.

16. Ali, al-Qur’an.

17. Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).

18. Scott Siraj a-Haqq Kugle, “Sexuality, Diversity, and Ethics in the Agenda of Progressive Muslims,” in Progressive Muslims on Gender, Justice, and Pluralism, ed. Omid Safi (Oxford, Oneworld Publications, 2003), 190-234.

19. Scott Kugle and Stephen Hunt, “Masculinity, Homosexuality and the Defense of Islam: A Case Study of Yusuf al- Qaradawi’s Media Fatwa,” Religion and Gender 2, no. 2 (2012): 254-279.

20. Yasin Dutton, “The Environmental Crisis of Our Time: A Muslim Response.” In Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust, Richard C. Folz, ed. (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2003), 323-340.

21. http://www.ifees.org.uk.

1. The cult controversy has engaged the attention of religious studies scholars and journalists alike for several decades. One of the best accounts of this controversy—from a sociological and legal perspective—can be found in James R. Lewis, ed., Odd Gods: New Religions and the Cult Controversy (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2001).

2. Stephen Stein, Communities of Dissent: A History of Alternative Religions in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

3. Roy Wallis, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984).

4. Peter B. Clarke, ed., Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements (London: Routledge, 2006).

5. Gary Lachman, Madame Blavatsky: The Mother of Modem Spirituality (New York: Penguin Group, 2012), 134.

6. Christopher Partridge, ed., New Religions: A Guide (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004), 184.

7. To date, the fullest account of the origins and teachings of Falun Gong can be found in Maria Hsia Chang’s Falun Gong: The End of Days (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).

8. See Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 94.

Q. See Janet Treitman, Inside Scientology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011). Treitman’s study of the organizational history and dynamics of Scientology is the most complete to date.

10. See James E. Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). Lovelock’s penultimate chapter, entitled “God and Gaia,” may well have inspired Reuther’s later attempt to correlate theism and earth science.

11. Rosemary Radford Reuther, Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992).

12. Peter B. Clarke, ed. Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements (London: Routledge, 2006), 189-190.

13. See Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God (New York: Ballantine Books, 2001), 199.

14^ Thomas J. J. Altizer and William Hamilton, Radical Theology and the Death of God (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), 95·

15. Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 164-165.

16, See William A. Stahl, “One-Dimensional Rage: The Social Epistemology of the New Atheism and Fundamentalism,” in Religion and the New Atheism: A Critical Appraisal, ed. Amamath Amarasingam (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010), 97-108.