Contents

List of Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

PART I

Revolution, 1917-21 7

1 Repressed Memory: Bolshevik Accounts of

the Ukrainian Revolution 9

PART II

Stalin’s “Second Revolution,” 1929-34 27

2 Fabrication of Nationalist Plots by the Secret

Police in Ukraine, 1929-34 29

Myroslav shkandrij and olga bertelsen

3 Ukrainization, Terror, and Famine: Coverage in

Lviv’s Dilo and the Nationalist Press of the 1930s 42

4 Call to Violence: Red Terror of 1918-22 and

Literary Rhetoric of 1932-34 68

PART III

Nationalist Revolution, 1938-45 85

5 The Cult of Strength: Khmelnytskyi in the Literature

of Ukrainian Nationalists During the 1930s and 1940s 87

6 The War for Carpatho-Ukraine in 1938-39 and

the Contemporary Retrospective 99

7 The Ukrainian Underground of the 1940s in Today’s

Memory Wars 112

PART IV

Euromaidan and War, 2013-17 133

8 The Archival Revolution and Contested Memory:

Changing Views of Stalin’s Rule in the Light of

New Evidence 135

9 Ukrainian Intellectuals on the Euromaidan, Revolution,

and War With Russia: A Snapshot From 2015 146

10 Living With Ambiguities: Meanings of Nationalism

in the Russian-Ukrainian War 162

11 The Landscape of Contemporary Memory 174

Index 197

Illustrations

Figures

11.1 Commemorative Garden outside Kharkiv dedicated

to the Second World War dead 175

11.2 Entrance to Bykivnia 175

11.3 Rail carriage at the entrance to Bykivnia 176

11.4 Personal shrines on the grounds of Bykivnia 176

11.5 Monuments on the grounds of Bykivnia 177

11.6 Remnant of Lenin’s statue on Kharkiv’s main

square, 2015 180

11.7 Image of Maria Oranta from the mosaic in Kyiv’s

St. Sophia Cathedral as a temporary screen in front

of the remains of Lenin’s statue in Kharkiv, 2015 181

11.8 Pedestal shortly after removal of Lenin’s statue on

Kyiv’s Basarabka Market, 2015 182

11.9 Shrine on Independence Square, 2015.

11.10 Shrines on Instytutska Street to victims shot by

snipers, 2015 184

11.11 Photo exhibition on Independence Square, 2015 185

11.12 Photo exhibition on Independence Square, 2015 186

11.13 Photo exhibition on Independence Square, 2015 187

11.14 Wall painting of Shevchenko portrayed as a

partisan, 2015 188

11.15 Installation in Kharkiv’s Main Square on

Independence Day, 24 August 2015 189

11.16 Photographic exhibition on the Ilovaisk tragedy,

Kyiv’s Taras Shevchenko Museum, August 2015 190

11.17 “Liberty” Euromaidan poster by Andriy Yermolenko 191

11.18 “Shevchenko Superman” by Andriy Yermolenko’s

collective 192

11.19 “Mother Anarchy” by Andriy Yermolenko’s collective 193

11.20 Image of Cossacks and Soldier by Andriy Yermolenko

from the “Recalling the Maidan” series 194

viii Illustrations

Table

1.1 Population in thousands of cities in Ukraine, according to

the census of 17 December 1926 21