Historical surveys and sources
The literature on these war years includes some general studies, some Soviet writings on the period of Communist rule, and several works on the OUN and military operations in the region.
As with the interwar period, the historical literature consists primarily of memoirs or personal histories by participants in one of the numerous political factions, or of highly partisan accounts defending a Ukrainian nationalist, Nazi German, Soviet, or Polish viewpoint.The only attempt at an objective account of this period is found in John Armstrong’s history of Ukrainian nationalism between 1939 and 1945. Although he deals with the Ukrainian problem in general, much of his account focuses on Galicia and the activity of the OUN.2 Also of value is a two-volume study by Roman Ilnytzkyj, whose analysis of German-Ukrainian relations between 1934 and 1945 contains much information on Galicia.3
Besides several works on the initial two years of Galicia’s existence as part of the Soviet Ukraine (1939-1941),4 Soviet writers have also prepared a collection of documents5 and histories of the peasantry and the underground Communist party during the years 1941 to 1944.6 Their views are straightforward and unchanging: Galician Ukrainians who sympathized with the two factions of the OUN, with the German administration, or with political, cultural, and religious movements that stemmed from the interwar period, all these are dastardly traitors who for their own “bourgeois-nationalist” ends allied with Hitler’s fascists in a barbaric exploitation of the working classes.7
Other general works that reflect an understanding of events from various and often conflicting perspectives are contemporary German handbooks on the Gene-
2 John Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 1939-1945, Studies of the Russian Institute (New York: Columbia University Press 1955), 2nd rev.
ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963; reprinted Littleton, Colorado: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980).3 Roman Ilnytzkyj, Deutschland und die Ukraine 1934-1945: Tatsachen europäischer Ostpolitik, 2 vols (Munich: Osteuropa-Institut 1955-56), 2nd ed. (1958).
4 See notes 15 to 22 below.
5 Borot’ba trudiashchykh L’ vivshchyny proty nimets’ko-fashysts’kykh zaharbnykiv (1941-1944 rr.): zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv (L’viv: Vil’na Ukraina 1949).
See also the appropriate documents in note 15 below, and M.K. Ivasiuta et al., eds, Z istorii kolektyvizatsii sil’s’koho hospodarstva zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrai'ns'koi' RSR: zbirnyk dokumentiv (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1976); Radians’kyi L’viv, 1939-1955: dokumenty i materialy (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd. 1956); and M.P. Hlyns’kyi and Μ.Μ. Nesterets’, comps, Radians’ka Ternopil’shchyna 1939-1958: dokumenty i materialy (L’viv: Kameniar 1971).
6 M.K. Ivasiuta, “Stanovyshche selianstva zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrains’koi RSR pid chas tymchasovoi nimets’ko-fashysts’koi okupatsii i ioho borot’ba z zaharbnykamy ta ikh naimytamy (cherven’ 1941-zhovten’ 1944 roku),” Z istorii zakhidnoukrai'ns’kykh zemeT, vol. V (Kiev: AN URSR 1960), pp. 168-186; Volodymyr O. Zamlyns’kyi, Z viroiu u peremohu: komunistychna partiia na choli partyzans'koi' borot’by proty nimets’ko-fashysts’ kykh zaharbnykiv u zakhidnykh oblastiakh Ukrdiny 1941-1944 (Kiev: Vyshcha shkola 1976).
7 V. Rudniev, Ukratns’ki burzhuazni natsionalisty-ahentura mizhnarodnoi reaktsii' (Kiev: Derzhpolitvydav URSR 1955); Volodymyr O. Zamlyns’kyi, Shliakh chornoho zradnytstva: zlochyny ukrai'ns'kykh burzhuaznykh natsionalistiv v zakhidnykh oblastiakh Ukrai'ny naperedodni i v roky Velyko'i Vitchyznianoi viiny (L’viv 1969); Klym le. Dmytruk, Pid shtandartamy reaktsii i fashyzmu: krakh antynarodnoi diial’ nosti uniats’koi' ta avtokefal’not tserkov (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1976). See also the earlier polemics: B. Dudykevych and la. Vitoshyns’kyi, Ukratns’ki burzhuazni natsionalisty-naimantsi mizhnarodnykh imperialistiv (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1952); O.
Poltorats’kyi, Ukratns’ki burzhuazni natsionalisty-nailiutishi vorohy ukralns'koho narodu (Kiev: Derzhpolitvydav URSR 1953). ralgouvernement? a comparative view of German policy toward Galicia and Slovenia;[578] [579] detailed descriptions of the period by Kost’ Pan’kivs’kyi (1897— 1974), who had served as general secretary of the Ukrainian National Council (1941) and head of the Ukrainian Land Committee (1942-1944) in L’viv;[580] studies of the impact of Soviet, German, and again Soviet rule upon Poles especially in L’viv;[581] and letters and decrees of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts’kyi, the influential Greek Catholic hierarch who tried with some success to limit the extreme actions of the Germans and various factions of the Ukrainian leadership.[582]