Notes

1 S. Rudnytskyj, Ukraine: Land und Volk (Berlin: Soiuz Vyzvolennia Ukrainy, 1916), 27.

2 The term Trypillia derives from the village of the same name in the Kiev region where, in the final decade of the 19th century, V.

3 Istoriia Ukrainskoi RSR (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1979) I: 126.

4 T. Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (London: Thames and Hudson, 1972), 28.

5 G. Rawlinson, ed., History of Herodotus (New York: Appleton, 1882) III: 82.

6 Sulimirski, The Sarmatians, 32. Chapter 1

1 S. Cross, ed. and trans., The Russian Primary Chronicle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), 144–5.

2 O. Pritsak, The Origin of Rus’ (Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1981), 8–33.

3 See R. Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Scribner’s, 1974), 31.

4 M. Hrushevsky, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, new edition (New York: Knyhospilka, 1954) I: 458.

5 Ibid., I: 459.

6 N. Polonska-Vasylenko, Istoriia Ukrainy (Munich: Ukrainske Vydavnytstvo, 1972) I: 148.

7 S. Tomashivsky, Istoriia Ukrainy: Starynni viky i seredni viky (Munich: UVU, 1948), 72. Chapter 2

1 G. Vernadsky and M. Karpovich, in their work Kievan Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948) II: 102–5, estimate that the population of Kievan Rus’ might have been 7.5 million. However, many Western scholars consider this figure to be too high.

2 M. Tikhomirov, Drevnerusskie goroda (Moscow: Vysha Shkola, 1950).

3 M. Pogodin, “Zapiska o drevenem iazike Russkom,” Izvestiia otd. russkogo iazika i slov. Akad. Nauk (St Petersburg, 1856) V: 70–92.

4 For an English translation of Hrushevsky’s famous article see “The Traditional Scheme of ‘Russian’ History and the Problem of a Rational Organization of the History of the Eastern Slavs,” Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States (henceforth: Annals) 2 (1952): 355–64.

5 V. Mavrodin, Obrazovanie drevnerusskogo gosudarstva i formirovannie drevnerusskoi narodnosti (Moscow: Vysha shkola, 1971). Chapter 3

1 See Hrushevsky, “The Traditional Scheme,” 357.

2 Tomashivsky, Istoriia Ukrainy, 78.

3 K. Sofronenko, Obshchestvno-politicheskii stroi Galitsko-Volinskoi Rusi XI–XIII (Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1955), 36.

4 The Lay of the Warfare Waged by Igor (Moscow: Progress Press, 1981), 65. Chapter 4

1 Hrushevsky, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, IV: 98.

2 Ibid., IV: 99.

3 Hrushevsky, “The Traditional Scheme,” 358–60. This point is also forcefully argued by the Russian historian M. Liubavsky, Ocherk istorii litovskogo-russkogo gosudarstva (Moscow, 1910), 1–3.

4 See D. Doroshenko, Narys Istorii Ukrainy (Warsaw: Ukrainskyi Naukovyi Instytut, 1932), 104–5. Chapter 5

1 See A. Jablonowski, Zrodta Dziejowe (Warsaw, 1889) XIX: 73. Soviet Ukrainian historians have challenged these figures as being far too low. They argue that Jablonowski underestimated the size of the native population in order to make the Polish role in the colonization of the area appear more impressive. See A. Baranovich, “Naselenie predstepnoi Ukrainy v XVII v.,” Istoricheskie zapiski 32 (1950): 198–232, and O. Kompan, “Do pytannia pro zaselenist Ukrainy v XVII st.,” Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal 1 (1960): 65–77.

2 The word szlachta derives from the German Geschlect (family, lineage). Chapter 6

1 Hrushevsky, Istorii Ukrainy-Rusy, VI: 458.

2 H. Luzhnytsky, Ukrainska tserkva mizh skhodom i zakhodom (Philadelphia: Providence Association, 1954), 307.

3 Hrushevsky, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, VI: 238.

4 I. Isaevych, Bratstva ta ikh rol v rozvytku ukrainskoi kultury XVI–XVII st. (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1966), 153. Also see Polonska-Vasylenko, Istoriia Ukrainy, I: 399. Chapter 7

1 I. Berezovsky, ed., Istorychni pisni (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1961), 63.

2 See J. Pelenski, “The Cossack Insurrections in Jewish-Ukrainian Relations,” in P. Potichnyj and H. Aster, eds., Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1988), 41.

3 Hrushevsky, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, VII: 302.

4 Ibid., VII: 218.

5 Ibid., VII: 538.

6 Ibid., VII: 539. Chapter 8

1 N. Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982) I: 444.

2 I. Dzyra, ed., Litopys Samovydtsia (“Eye Witness Chronicle”) (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1971), 52.

3 Estimates of Jews killed in the uprising have been greatly exaggerated in the historiography of the event. According to B. Weinryb, the total of losses reported in Jewish sources is 2.4 million to 3.3 million deaths, clearly a fantastic figure. Weinryb cites the calculations of S. Ettinger indicating that about 50,000 Jews lived in the area where the uprising occurred. See B. Weinryb, “The Hebrew Chronicles on Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossack-Polish War,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 1 (1977): 153–77. While many of them were killed, Jewish losses did not reach the hair-raising figures that are often associated with the uprising. In the words of Weinryb (The Jews of Poland, 193–4), “The fragmentary information of the period – and to a great extent information from subsequent years, including reports of recovery – clearly indicate that the catastrophe may not have been as great as has been assumed.”

4 Z. Wojcik, Dzikie Pola w ogniu. O kozaczyznie w dawnej Rzeczpospolitej, 3rd rev. ed. (Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968), 187.

5 The various interpretations of the Pereiaslav Agreement are summarized in J. Basarab, Pereiaslav 1654: A Historiographical Study (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1982).

6 Ibid., 180.

7 See M. Braichevskyi, Annexation or Reunification, ed. and trans. by G. Kulchycky (Munich: Ukrainisches Institut für Bildungspolitik, 1974).

8 I. Kholmsky [I. Krypiakevych], Istoriia Ukrainy (New York-Munich: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1949), 208.

9 Hrushevsky, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, IX (2): 1417.

10 Kholmsky, Istoriia Ukrainy, 216. Chapter 9

1 S. Soloviev, Istoriia Rossii (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Sotsialno-Ekonomichnoi Literatury, 1961) VI: 113.

2 Hrushevsky, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, IX (2): 977.

3 Ibid., 968. Chapter 10

1 O. Ohloblyn, Hetman Ivan Mazepa ta ioho doba (New York: ODFFU, 1960), 135.

2 Ibid., 176.

3 Letter of Pylyp Orlyk to Stefan Iavorsky in Osnova (St Petersburg) 1862 no.11, p. 5. The letter of Mazepa’s chancellor, Pylyp Orlyk, is the most informative source available regarding Mazepa’s decision to go over to the Swedes. For an English translation of this fascinating document, see O. Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early 18th Century (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1981), 178–205.

4 Ohloblyn, Mazepa, 261.

5 Orlyk to Iavorsky, Osnova, 14.

6 B. Krupnytsky Hetman Danylo Apostol i ioho doba (Augsburg: UVAN, 1948), 28.

7 Ibid., 28.

8 Ibid., 49.

9 Doroshenko, Narys, 423.

10 Z. Kohut, “The Abolition of Ukrainian Autonomy (1763–1786): A Case Study in the Integration of a Non-Russian Area into the Empire” (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1975), 85.

11 B. Nolde, “Essays in Russian State Laws,” Annals 4 (1955): 889–90.

12 Kohut, “Abolition of Ukrainian Autonomy,” 111.

13 Ibid., 110.

14 See T. Hunczak, Russian Imperialism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1974), ix.

15 See V. Golobutsky, Zaporizka sich v ostanni chasy svoho isnuvannia, 1734–1775 (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo Akademii Nauk URSR, 1961), 410.

16 V. Rich, trans., Taras Shevchenko: Song out of Darkness (London: Mitre Press, 1961), 11. Chapter 11

1 E. Hobsbawn, Bandits (New York: Dell, 1969), 16.

2 D. Myshko, “Borotba trudiashchykh mas Pravoberezhnoi Ukrainy na peredodni Koliivshchyny,” in Koliivshchyna (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1970), 47–8.

3 See D. Doroshenko, A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography, a special issue of the Annals 5–6 (1957): 48.

4 Ibid., 49. Chapter 12

1 See S. Pushkarev, The Emergence of Modern Russia (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), 21.

2 D. Von Mohrenschildt, Toward a United States of Russia (Rutherford: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981), 13.

3 Rich, Song out of Darkness, p. 71.

4 See N. Storozhenko, “K istorii malorossiiskikh kozakov v kontse XVIII i v nachale XIX vv.,” Kievskaia starina 11 (1897): 145.

5 V. Lypynsky, Lysty do brativ-khliborobiv (Vienna: Hermann, 1926), 418.

6 M. Slabchenko, Materiialy do ekonomichno-sotsialnoi istorii Ukrainy XIX st. (Odessa, 1925–27), 98.

7 F. Iastrebov, Narysy z istorii Ukrainy (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo Akademii Nauk URSR, 1939), 106.

8 Ibid., 107.

9 C. Macartney, The House of Austria (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978), 1.

10 I.L. Rudnytsky, “Observations on the Problem of ‘Historical’ and ‘Non-Historical’ Nations,” HUS 5 (1981): 358–68. Chapter 13

1 H. Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism (New York: Macmillan, 1961), 429.

2 See D. Miller, “Ocherki iz istorii i iuridicheskogo byta staroi Malorossii: Prevrashchenie malorusskoi starshiny v dvorianstvo,” Kievsfaia starina 1 (1897): 26.

3 O. Ohloblyn, ed., and V. Davydenko, trans., Istoriia Rusiv (New York: Visnyk, 1956), 134.

4 N. Kostomarov, Avtobiografiia: Literaturnoe nasledie (St Petersburg: Stasiulevich, 1890), 28.

5 J. Herder, “Journal meiner Reise im Jahre 1769,” Herders Samtliche Werke (Berlin, 1878) IV: 402.

6 A. Mickiewicz, “Literatura slowian,” Dzieta (Warsaw, 1955) X: 109.

7 See G. Luckyj, Between Gogol and Sevcenko (Munich: Fink Verlag, 1971), 26.

8 Ibid., 33–4.

9 H. Kohn, Idea of Nationalism (New York: Macmillan, 1944), 432.

10 Hulak, quoted in Luckyj, Between Gogol and Sevcenko, 44.

11 Metlynsky, quoted in ibid., 63.

12 Luckyj, Between Gogol and Sevcenko, 36.

13 Ibid., 137.

14 W. Kirkconnell, trans., The Poetical Works of Taras Shevchenko: The Kobzar (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964), 62.

15 Rich, Song out of Darkness, 85.

16 Ibid., 36.

17 Cited in Luckyj, Between Gogol and Sevcenko, 165.

18 G. Luciani, trans, and ed., Le Livre de la Genèse du Peuple Ukrainien (Paris: Institut D’Etudes Slaves, 1956), 140- 2.

19 Luckyj, Between Gogol and Sevcenko, 186.

20 J. Kozik, Ukrainski ruch narodowy w Galicji w latach 1830–1848 (Cracow: Wydaw nictwo Literackie, 1973), 103.

21 Ibid., 106. Chapter 14

1 J. Kozik, Miedzy Reakcja a Rewolucja: Studia z Dziejow Ukraińskiego Ruchu Narodowego w Galicji w latach 1848–1849 (Warsaw: PWN, 1975), 37.

2 M. Bohachevsky-Chomiak, The Spring of a Nation: The Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia in 1848 (Philadelphia: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1967), 44–5.

3 L. Bazylow, Dzieje Rosji, 1801–1917 (Warsaw: PWN, 1970), 207.

4 See Revoliutsionnaia sytuatsiia v Rossii v 1859–1861 gg. (Moscow: Izdatelstovo Akademii Nauk SSR, 1960–72) vols 1–6.

5 A. Rieber, The Politics of Autocracy: The Letters of Alexander II to Prince A.I. Bariatinskii, 1857–1864 (The Hague: Mouton, 1966), 94–7.

6 B. Pares, History of Russia, 3rd ed. (New York: Knopf, 1926), 341–66. Chapter 15

1 W. Blackwell, The Beginnings of Russian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), 26.

2 See I. Hurzhyi, Ukraina v systemi vserosiiskoho rynku 60–90kh rokiv XIX st. (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1968), 168–78.

3 See M. Iavorsky, Ukraina v epokhu kapitalizmu (Kiev: Derzhavne Vydavnytstvo Ukrainy, 1924).

4 R. Serbyn, ed., “Lenine et la question ukrainienne en 1914: le discours ‘separatiste’ de Zurich,” Pluriel, no. 25 (1981): 83.

5 M. Volobuev, “Do problemy ukrainskoi ekonomiky,” in Dokumenty ukrainskoho kommunizmu (New York: Prolog, 1962), 132–250.

6 B. Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth Century Ukraine (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1985), 13. Chapter 16

1 V. Antonovych, “Moia ispoved,” Osnova 1 (St Petersburg 1862): 85.

2 A. Voloshchenko, Narysy z istorii suspilno-politychnoho rukhu na Ukraini (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1974), 114–15.

3 See I. Krevetsky, “Ne bylo, net i byt ne mozhet!” Literaturno-Naukovyi Visnyk 26 (1906): 138–9. This notorious slogan was originally formulated by Colonel Gribovsky of the Kiev police. See F. Savchenko, Zaborona Ukrainstva 1876 r. (Kiev: Derzhavne Vydavnytstvo, 1930), reprinted in Harvard Series in Ukrainian Studies, vol. 14 (1970), 186.

4 For a description of the membership of the Kiev branch see Savchenko, Zaborona, 97. Because the membership of the Kiev branch overlapped to a great extent with the Old Hromada, data about the former are a good indicator of who belonged to the latter. The membership of the Kiev branch included, in part, 21 professors, 8 members of scholarly societies, 41 high-level bureaucrats, 3 generals, 21 county and zemstvo officials, 10 landowners, 5 physicians, and 24 engineers and lower-level bureaucrats. The vast majority were from Kiev and the Kiev region, although the Poltava, Chernihiv, and Volhynia regions were also well represented.

5 Cited in Iu. Okhrymovych, Rozvytok Ukrainskoi nationalno-politychnoi dumky (Lviv: Novitnia Biblioteka, 1922), 71.

6 I.L. Rudnytsky, ed., Mykhaylo Drahomanov: A Symposium and Selected Writings in Annals 2 (1952): 115.

7 See V. Zhuchenko, Sotsialno-ekonomichna prohrama revoliutsiinoho narodnytstva na Ukraini (Kiev: Vydavnytsvo Kievskoho Universytetu, 1969), 156.

8 Ridnyi Krai, no. 37, cited in Y. Boshyk, “The Rise of Ukrainian Political Parties in Russia, 1900–1907” (PhD dissertation, Oxford University, 1981), 366.

9 W. Serczyk, Historia Ukrainy (Wroclaw: Ossolenium, 1979), 300.

10 In general, the reaction of the Russian intelligentsia to the Ukrainian movement was a combination of surprise, confusion, and hostility. Thus, the noted Russian historian and philosopher G. Fedotov wrote: “The awakening of the Ukraine, and especially the separatist character of the Ukrainian movement, surprised the Russian intelligentsia, and remained incomprehensible to it to the very end. We loved the Ukraine, its land, its people, its songs – and considered all this our very own” (G. Fedotov, Novyi grad [New York: Izd. imeni Chekhova, 1952], 191). In his famous article “Obshcherusskaia kultura i ukrainski partikularizm” (Russkaia mysl [January 1912], 85), P. Struve wrote: “Should the intelligentsia’s ‘Ukrainian idea’… strike the national soil and set it on fire… [it will lead to] a gigantic and unprecedented schism of the Russian nation that, I firmly believe, will result in a veritable disaster for the [Russian] state and for the people.”

11 V. Doroshenko, Ukrainstvo v Rossii (Vienna: SVU, 1917), 91. Chapter 17

1 V. Budzinovsky, “Ahrarni vidnosyny Halychyny,” Zapysky Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka 4 (1894): 47.

2 I. Vytanovych, Istoriia ukrainskoho kooperatyvnoho rukhu (New York: TUK, 1964), 75. According to W. Najdus (Skice z historii Galiciji [Warsaw: Ksiazka i Wiedza, 1958] I: 71), in 1900 the Ukrainian intelligentsia in Galicia numbered about 10,000–12,000.

3 Ivan Franko, cited in Istoriia selianstva (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1967) I: 441.

4 S. Szczepanowski, Nadza Galicji w cyfrach… (Lviv, 1888), 68.

5 Egan quoted in L. Rothkirchen, “Deep-Rooted Yet Alien: Some Aspects of the History of the Jews of Subcarpathian Ruthenia,” Yad Vashem Studies 12 (Jerusalem, 1977): 163.

6 J. Perenyi, “Iz istorii zakarpatskich ukrajincev,” Studia Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae 14 (Budapest, 1957): 136.

7 K. Levytsky, Istoriia politychnoi dumky halytskykh ukraintsiv, 1814–1914 (Lviv, 1926), 71.

8 M. Mykolaievych [M. Stakhiv], Moskofilstvo. Ioho batky i dity (Lviv: Hromadskyi Holos, 1936), 45.

9 Levytsky, Istoriia politychnoi dumky, 105.

10 I.L. Rudnytsky, “Polish-Ukrainian Relations: The Burden of History,” in P. Potichnyj, ed., Poland and Ukraine: Past and Present (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980), 15.

11 Levytsky, Istoriia politychnoi dumky, 90.

12 Ibid., 90.

13 Mykolaievych, Moskofilstvo, 52.

14 Drahomanov, cited in M. Yaremko, Galicia (New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1967), 151.

15 W. Feldman, Stronnictwa i programy polityczne w Galiciji, 1846–1906 (Cracow: Ksiazka, 1907) II: 316.

16 F. Bujak, Galicja (Lviv: Altenberg, 1909–10) I: 94. Chapter 18

1 Levytsky, Istoriia politychnoi dumky, 722.

2 Sazonov, quoted in Serczyk, Historia Ukrainy, 319.

3 T. Hunczak, ed., The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1977), 382. This volume contains translations into English of all four “universals.”

4 D. Doroshenko, Istoriia Ukrainy 1917–1923 rr. (Uzhhorod 1932; reprinted New York, 1954) I: 127.

5 Ibid., 150.

6 N. Popov, Ocherki kommunisticheskoi partii (Bolshevikov) Ukrainy, 5th ed. (Kharkiv, 1933), 13.

7 B. Dmytryshyn, Moscow and the Ukraine 1918–1953 (New York: Bookman, 1956), 25.

8 Cited in ibid., 42.

9 R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954), 68.

10 V. Lenin, “Kritichiskie zamitki po natsionalnomu voprosu,” Sochineniia, 4th ed. (Moscow: Politicheskaia Literatura, 1941–50) XX: 16–17.

11 Pipes, Formation, 125.

12 O. Pidhainy The Formation of the Ukrainian Republic (Toronto: New Review Books, 1966), 597.

13 J. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920: A Study in Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 142.

14 V. Vynnychenko, Vidrodzhennia natsii (Vienna, 1920) I: 258. Chapter 19

1 Istoriia Ukrainskoi RSR, III: 355.

2 V. Lypynsky, Lysty do brativ-khliborobiv (Vienna, 1926), 755–80.

3 According to S. Baron, The Russian Jews under the Tsars and the Soviets (New York, 1964), 184, about 50,000 Jews died in the pogroms. J. Pelenski in his “The Cossack Insurrections in Jewish-Ukrainian Relations,” in P. Potichnyj and H. Aster, eds, Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1988), 41, citing “reliable Jewish sources,” states that the Jewish fatalities numbered about 35,000. Of these, about 27,000 were killed by the Whites. Approximately 6000 Jews died at the hands of the anarchistic and largely Ukrainian partisan forces of Makhno, Zeleny, and Hryhoriiv. And between 1500 and 2000 Jews died in pogroms staged by Ukrainian military units.

4 P. Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1917–1920: (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977) II: 166. The Soviet historians I. Rybalka and V. Dovhopol briefly note that during their short stay in Ukraine, the Whites staged 400 pogroms. See their Istoriia Ukrainskoi RSR: Epokha Sotsializmu (Kiev: Vyshcha Shkola, 1982), 118.

5 For conflicting views on Petliura’s responsibility for the pogroms, see T. Hunczak, “A Reappraisal of Simon Petliura and Jewish-Ukrainian Relations, 1917–1920,” and Z. Szajkowski, “A Reappraisal of Simon Petliura and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917–1920: A Rebuttal,” in Jewish Social Studies (July 1969): 163–213. B. Wolfe noted that, traditionally, Jews sided with “the Great-Russian culture as against the Ukrainian peasants and the handful of Ukrainian intellectuals who were striving to create a Ukrainian language and literature, and beginning to aspire to autonomy for their culture and their land… Thus, almost unconsciously most of the Jews in the cities of Poland, Lithuania, and the Ukraine tended to become opponents of the national separation movements that arose during the breakup of the empire.” See his Three Who Made a Revolution (New York: Dial, 1964), 182–3.

6 Hunczak, The Ukraine, 1917–1920, 182–3.

7 M. Lozynsky, Halychyna v rr. 1918–1920 (Vienna: Institut sociologique ukrainien, 1922), 144.

8 Kenez, Civil War, 173.

9 See J. Borys, The Sovietization of Soviet Ukraine 1917–1923, rev. ed. (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980), 249–50.

10 Lenin, quoted in ibid., 254.

11 See Borys, Sovietization, 256.

12 Ibid., 257.

13 Trotsky, quoted in ibid., 295. Chapter 20

1 R. Serbyn argues that although the 1921 famine in Russia was caused by natural calamities, in Ukraine it was caused primarily by Soviet economic and political policies. See his “The Famine of 1921–1923: A Model for 1932–1933?” in R. Serbyn and B. Krawchenko, eds, Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986), 147–78.

2 Lenin, Sochineniia, XXXIII: 335.

3 Kaganovich, quoted in Krawchenko, Social Change, 101.

4 Tolstoi, quoted in Krawchenko, Social Change, 92.

5 B. Antonenko-Davydovych, Zemleiu ukrainskoiu (Lviv, 1942; reprinted Philadelphia, 1955), 148.

6 See Mace, Communism, 42–3.

7 G. Lapchynsky, “Gomelskoe soveshchanie (vospominaniia),” Letopis revoliutsii (Kharkiv, 1926), 41.

8 See Iu. Lavrinenko, ed., Rostriliane vidrodzhennia: Antolohiia 1917–1933 (Paris: Instytut Literacki, 1959), 827–8.

9 Ibid., 830–1.

10 See Dmytryshyn, Moscow and the Ukraine, 106.

11 Ibid., 104.

12 Ibid., 112.

13 See G. Luckyj, Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), 38.

14 Mace, Communism, 130.

15 See Lavrinenko, Rostriliane vidrodzhennia, 789. Chapter 21

1 N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 494.

2 For an analysis of Stalin’s views on the peasantry, see M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968).

3 J. Stalin, Sochineniia (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1952–55) XIII: 40–1.

4 According to recent statements by semiofficial Soviet sources, during the 1930s about 5 million peasant families were deported to Siberia and a total of 17 million Soviet citizens passed through the gulags. See Christian Science Monitor, 16 June 1987.

5 See R. Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 143.

6 For a vivid description by a Communist activist of collectivization in Ukraine, see L. Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).

7 Pravda 2 March 1930.

8 Stalin, Sochineniia XIII: 221.

9 Ibid., 216–17.

10 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 221–2.

11 P. Grigorenko, The Grigorenko Memoirs (New York: Norton, 1982), 36.

12 See Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 245.

13 V. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (New York, 1946), 118.

14 Ibid., 130.

15 M. Maksudov in “Ukraine’s Demographic Losses 1927–1938” in Famine in Ukraine, 27–44, argues that no less than 4.4 million people perished in Ukraine between 1927 and 1938. According to V. Kozlov, Nationalnosti SSSR: Etnodemograficheskii obzor (Moscow, 1975), 249, in the period between 1926 and 1939, the population of Russia rose by 28% and that of Belorussia by 11.3%. During that same period the population of Ukraine dropped by 9.9%.

16 The Five-Year Plan for Agricultural Construction, 3rd ed. (Moscow 1930) III: 127.

17 V. Holubnychy, “The Causes of the Famine of 1932–1933,” Meta, no. 2 (1979): 23.

18 Krawchenko, Social Change, 125

19 V. Grossman, Forever Flowing (New York, 1972), 148.

20 Stalin, Collected Works, VII: 71.

21 Proletarska Pravda, 22 January 1930, cited in D. Solovey, “On the Thirtieth Annivesary of the Great Man-Made Famine in Ukraine,” The Ukrainian Quarterly 19 (1963): 7.

22 Recently Soviet authorities have begun to admit that the Famine of 1932–33 was largely the result of Stalin’s policies. See, for example, the speech of V. Shcherbytsky in Pravda Ukrainy, 26 December 1987.

23 M. Carynnyk, L. Luciuk, and B. Kordan, eds, The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933 (Kingston: Limestone Press, 1988), 397.

24 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 321.

25 Kopelev, The Education, 277.

26 Postyshev, cited in Krawchenko, Social Change, 131.

27 Postyshev, quoted in Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 271–2.

28 Postyshev, cited in Krawchenko, Social Change, 145.

29 L. Trotsky, The Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1939–1940 (New York, 1969), 72.

30 A. Ulam, A History of Soviet Russia (New York: Praeger, 1976), 130–1.

31 Cited in R. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917–1957 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 226.

32 Cited in ibid., 229.

33 Ibid., 229–30.

34 Cited in ibid., 230.

35 Postyshev, cited in Krawchenko, Social Change, 147. Chapter 22

1 J. Tazbir, ed., Dzieje Polski (Warsaw: PWN, 1976), 736.

2 M. Drozdowski, Spoteczenstwo, Panstwo, Politycy II Rzeczpospolitej (Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1972), 24.

3 A. Motyl, The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919–1929 (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1980), 153.

4 Ibid., 144.

5 I.L. Rudnytsky, Mizh istorieiu i politykoiu (New York: Suchasnist, 1973), 239.

6 A. Motyl, “Ukrainian Nationalist Political Violence in Inter-War Poland, 1921–1939,” East European Quarterly 1 (1985): 53. Chapter 23

1 M. Rudnytska, ed., Zakhidna Ukraina pid Bolshevykamy (New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1958), 454.

2 Ibid., 456.

3 A. Dallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941–1944: A Study in Occupation Policies (London: Macmillan, 1957), 107.

4 I. Kamenetsky, Hitler’s Occupation of Ukraine, 1941–1944: A Study of Totalitarian Imperialism (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1956), 35.

5 Dallin, German Rule, 67.

6 Ibid., 123.

7 Ibid., 127.

8 Ibid., 141.

9 Quoted in E. Hesse, Der sowjetrussische Partisanenkrieg 1941 bis 1944 im Spiegel deutscher Kampfanweisungen und Befehle (Gottingen: Musterschmidt, 1969), 189.

10 Quoted in M. Cooper, The Phantom War: The German Struggle against Soviet Partisans, 1941–1944 (London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1979), 25–6.

11 J. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 1939–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), 172.

12 Ibid., 156.

13 P. Potichnyj and Y. Shtendera, eds, Political Thought of the Ukrainian Underground 1943–1951 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986), 342.

14 A. Szcesniak and W. Szota, Droga do nikad (Warsaw: Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, 1973), 170.

15 N. Starozhilov, Partizanskie soedinenniia Ukrainy v Velikoi Otchestvennoi Voine (Kiev: Vyshcha Shkola, 1983), 67.

16 V. Zamlynsky, “Ukrainska radianska istoriohrafiia pro partyzanskii rukh na Ukraini v roky Velykoi Vitchyznianoi Viiny,” Ukrainskyi Istorychnyi Zhurnal 1 (1971): 133 argues that previous estimates of 220,000 Soviet partisans in Ukraine were too small and that actually the figure was about 500,000 with 1 million men in reserve. Meanwhile, the authoritative Sovetskaia istoricheskaia entsiklopediia (Moscow, 1967) X: 878 states that there were about 62,000 Soviet partisans in Ukraine.

17 Rybalka and Dovhopol, Istoriia Ukrainskoi RSR, 366.

18 Borotba trudiashchykh zakhidnykh oblastei URSR (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1984), 200, and B. Ananiichuk, Vyzvolennia zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrainy (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo Kievskoho Universytetu, 1969), 121.

19 P. Pirogov, Why I Escaped (New York: Duell Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 232. Cited in Y. Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1964), 10. Chapter 24

1 Rybalka and Dovhopol, Istoriia Ukrainskoi RSR, 442.

2 Bilinsky, Second Soviet Republic, 282.

3 See A. Szcesniak and W. Szota, Droga do nikad, and I. Blum, Z – dziejow Wojska Polśkiego w latach 1945–1948 (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Oberons Narodowei, 1960).

4 Istoriia Ukrainskoi RSR, VIII: 83.

5 Cited in D. Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, 4th ED. (Chicago: Rand McNally 1976), 442.

6 Cited in Bolinsky, Second Soviet Republic, 12.

7 See Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, I: 896.

8 B. Lewytzkyj, Die Sowjet Ukraine, 1944–1963 (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Kitsch, 1964), 70. Chapter 25

1 B. Lewytzkyj, Politics and Society in Soviet Ukraine, 1953–1980 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1984), 5.

2 Ibid., 5.

3 Radianska Ukraina, 7 December 1957.

4 Robitnycha Hazeta, 10 November 1962, quoted in Lewytzkyj, Politics and Society, 55.

5 Quoted in ibid., 59.

6 Komunist Ukrainy, no. 6 (1963): 53.

7 Lewytzkyj, Politics and Society, 65. Chapter 26

1 Krawchenko, Social Change, 251.

2 I. Dzyuba, Internationalism or Russification (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1968), 213.

3 A. Motyl, Will the Non-Russians Rebel? (Ithaca-London: Cornell University Press, 1987), 133–4.

4 Krawchenko, Social Change, 251–3 and W. Isajiw, “Urban Migration and Social Change in Contemporary Soviet Ukraine,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, 1 (March 1980): 56–66.

5 I.L. Rudnytsky, “The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissent,” Journal of Ukrainian Studies, no. 6 (1981): 11.

6 D. Shumuk, Za skhidnim Obrien (Paris-Baltimore: Smoloskyp, 1974), 423–4.

7 Rudnytsky, “The Political Thought,” 11.

8 Dziuba, Internationalism, 95.

9 Vasyl Stus (b. 1938), one of the most gifted Ukrainian poets of the 20th century, died in a Soviet gulag in 1986.

10 R. Szporluk, “Russians in Ukraine and Problems of Ukrainian Identity in the USSR,” in P. Potichnyj, ed., Ukraine in the Seventies (Oakville, ON: Mosaic Press, 1975), 212.

11 V. Pokshishevsky, “Urbanization and Ethnographical Processes,” Soviet Geography, no. 2 (1972): 119.

12 Ibid., 118–19.

13 See I. Koropeckyj, ed., The Ukraine within the USSR: An Economic Balance Sheet (New York: Praeger, 1977), 11.

14 Ibid., 311.

15 Ibid., 54 and 263–4.

16 V. Bigulov, et al., “Materialnoe blagosostoianie i sotsialnoe blagopoluchie,” Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, no. 4 (1984): 92, quoted in Motyl, Non-Russians, 60.

17 Literaturna Ukraina, 12 March 1987.

18 Ibid. Chapter 27

1 Iu. Bachynsky, Ukrainska immigratsiia v zedynenykh derzhavakh Ameryky (Lviv: Balytsky & Harasevych, 1914), 253.

2 P. Magocsi, Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns and Their Descendants in North America (Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1984), 32.

3 M. Kuropas, To Preserve a Heritage: The Story of Ukrainian Immigration in the United States (New York: Ukrainian Museum, 1984), 9.

4 J. Petryshyn, Peasants in a Promised Land: Canada and the Ukrainians 1891–1914 (Toronto: Lorimer, 1985), 21.

5 O. Martynowych and N. Kazymyra, “Political Activity in Western Canada 1896–1923,” in M. Lupul, ed., A Heritage in Transition: Essays in the History of Ukrainians in Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982), 89. Chapter 29

1 Ukrainian Weekly, 24 November 1991.

2 Financial Times, 27 January 1993.

3 David Lane, Soviet Society under Perestroika (London and New York: Unwin Human, 1992), 172, and Susan Senior Nello, “The Food Situation in the Ex-Soviet Republics,” Soviet Studies 44 (1992): 857.

4 David Marples, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report, 4 October 1991.

5 Svoboda, 23 January 1993.

6 Ukrainian Weekly, 29 November 1992. Chapter 30

1 Z. Brzezinski, “The Premature Partnership,” Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (March-April 1994): 80.

2 T. Kuzio, “The Polish Opposition and the Ukrainian Question,” JUS 12, no. 2 (1987): 26.

3 B. Krawchenko, “From Commonwealth to Democracy: The Challenge of Public Service Reform in Ukraine,” Ukraine-Canada Policy and Trade Monitor 2 (1993): 33–40.

4 T. Kuzio, Ukraine: State and Nation Building (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), 17.

5 la. Dashkevych cited in A. Motyl, Dilemmas of Independence: Ukraine after Totalitarianism (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993), 83.

6 la. Hrytsak, “Ukraine: A Special Case of National Identity?” Ukrainian Weekly, 26 January 1992, 7.

7 T. Kuzio, Ukraine, 173.

8 T. Kuzio, R. Kravchuk, and P. D’Anieri, eds., State and Institution Building in Ukraine (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999), 234.

9 P. D’Anieri, R. Kravchuk, and T. Kuzio, Politics and Society in Ukraine (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), 166.

10 I. Marushkina and I. Tanchyn, “Stan doslidzhen suchasnoi politichnoi elity v Ukraini,” Studii Politolohichnoho Tsentru “Geneza,” no. 2 (1995): 132–5.

11 S. Makeev and N. Kharchenko, “The Differentiation of Income and Consumption in Ukraine,” International Journal of Sociology 29, no. 3 (1999): 22–3.

12 O. Malynovska, Mihratsiina sytuatsiia ta mihratsiina polityka v Ukraini (Kiev: Natsionalny Instytut Stratehichnykh Doslidzhen, 1997), appendix 3.

13 Vechirnyi Kyiv, 7 April 2000, 1.

14 S. Pavlychko, “Progress on Hold: The Conservative Faces of Women in Ukraine,” in M. Buckley, ed., Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 219–34.

15 A. Karatnycky, A. Motyl, and B. Shor, Nations in Transit, 1997: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 615.

16 D’Anieri, Kravchuk, and Kuzio, Politics and Society, 71–89. Chapter 31

1 See Taras Kuzio, ed., Democratic Revolution in Ukraine: From Kuchmagate to Orange Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2009).

2 For Ukraine’s relations with the European Union and NATO, see Razumkov Center, National Security and Defence, no. 9 (2006), and no. 5 (2007).

3 Unian, 7 April 2008, 1.

4 For an overview of Ukrainian-Russian relations, see Razumkov Center, National Security and Defence, no. 5 (2006).

5 Razumkov Center, National Security and Defence, no. 10 (2007): 21 ff.

6 Vse-Ukrainskyi perepys naselennia 2001 / English version. Also see Razumkov Center, National Security and Defence, no. 7 (2006): 4.

7 Razumkov Center, National Security and Defence, no. 9 (2007): 19.

8 USDA, Ukraine: Agricultural Overview, 16 December 2004.

9 Mark Resnicoff, “Ukraine’s Middle Class,” http://www.suite101.com, 17 July 2007, 1. Also see Razumkov Center, National Security and Defence, no. 7 (2008).

10 The World Bank, “Ukraine Poverty Assessment,” http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/UKRAINEEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20810635~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:328533,00.html.

11 Jan Neutze and Adrian Karatnycky, “Corruption, Democracy and Investment in Ukraine,” Atlantic Council of the United States (October 2007). See also Nations in Transition: Ukraine 2005.

12 See Olena Malynovska, “Caught between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy,” Migration Information Source, January 2006.