Notes

Note For translations of archival sources and citation details, see the Bibliography­

Introduction

1 Examples of this approach include Pipes, Formation of the Soviet Union, Carrere d’Encausse, Great Challenge, idem, End of the Soviet Empire, Conquest, Nation Killers, idem, Stalin

2 See, especially, Suny, Revenge of the Past, Kaiser, Geography of Nationalism, Slezkine, ‘The USSR as a Communal Apartment ’

3 See Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, Hirsch, ‘The Soviet Union as a Work in­Progress ’

4 The literature on ‘nativization is voluminous For an up to-date, comprehensive treatment, see Martin, Affirmative Action Empire

5 See Timasheff, Great Retreat, Dunham, In Stalins Time, Fitzpatrick, Cultural Front

6 Slezkine, ‘The USSR as a Communal Apartment,’ 442-7

7 Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 2

8 This argument is made by Sheila Fitzpatrick in ‘Ascribing Class,’ where, referring to the tsarist social estate system in the last sentence of the article, she suggests ‘an intriguing possibility that the shadow of soslovnost hung over the construction of national as well as social identity in the Stalin period ’ This vision of‘class’ was originally articulated in Fitzpatricks 1988 article, ‘The Bolshevik’s Dilemma,’ with critical comments by Ronald Grigor Suny and Daniel Orlovsky on pp 614-23 In his later work, Suny describes the same process, while retaining class analysis as an analytical tool and stressing the role of the masses as a historical agent During the 1920s and 1930s ‘the artificial manipulation of class categories and official restric tions on autonomous class activity undermined identification with and loyalty to class ’ He then concludes that ‘with the emergence of an articulated civil society in the Soviet Union in the post-Stalin decades, identification with the nationality was for most non-Russians a far more palpable touchstone than the eroded loyalty to social class’ (Suny, Revenge of the Past, 120-1)

Francine Hirsch has shown that the Soviet authorities always employed colonial (political and cultural, including ethnic classification) technologies in governing their multinational state (‘The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress’ and ‘Toward an Empire of Nations’) What interests me here is the difference between the two projects in which these colonial technologies were used, the permeable border between which was located somewhere in the mid-1930s

On ethnicization of the Stalinist social imagination and the invention of ‘enemy peoples,’ see Weiner, ‘Nature, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia’ and Martin, ‘Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism’’

See, most recently, Baberowski, ‘Stalinismus als imperials Phänomen’, Lieven, ‘The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union’, Motyl, ‘From Imperial Decay to Imperial Collapse’, Suny, ‘Ambiguous Categories’, idem, Revenge of the Past·, Szporluk, ‘The Fall of the Tsarist Empire and the USSR ’

For current discussion, see Hfoffman], ‘The Soviet Empire’, Michaels, ‘Medical Propaganda and Cultural Revolution’, Northrop, ‘Languages of Loyalty’, Hirsch, ‘Toward an Empire of Nations’, Slezkine, ‘Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Socialism ’

Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization, Martin, ‘The Soviet Union as Empire ’ See Pavlyshyn, ‘Post-Colonial Features in Contemporary Ukrainian Culture’, Shkandnj, Russia and Ukraine

Stoler and Cooper, ‘Between Metropole and Colony,’ 11-12, Partha Chatterjee, Nation and Its Fragments

See, for example, lurchuk, Kultume zhyttia v Ukraini u povoienni roky, Zamlynska, ‘Ideolohichnyi teror ta represn proty tvorchoi intehhentsn u pershi povoienni roky’, Shevchenko, ‘Kultura Ukrainy v umovakh stalinskoho totahtaryzmu ’

On the socialist polities’ need for ‘national ideology’ and the role of intellectuals in its production, see Verdery, National Ideology under Socialism, where she insightfully points out that such ‘national ideology,’ in fact, ‘disrupted Marxist discourse’ (4) More generally on intellectuals and nationalism in eastern Europe, see Kennedy and Suny, ‘Introduction,’ in Kennedy and Suny, Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation

Dovzhenko, Hospody, poshly meni syly, Sosiura, ‘Tretia Rota ’

With some reservations, I share the understanding of the Stalinist subject that Igal Halfin and Jochen Hellbeck first formulated in their 1996 review article ‘Rethinking the Stalinist Subject ’ See also Hellbeck, ‘Speaking Out’, Krylova, ‘The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies ’ My principal objection is that this concept ignores a significant proportion of Stalinist citizens who came of age under tsarism (or, in the case of Western Ukrainians, in pre-war Poland) and never internalized Soviet ideol­ogy - as well as those relatives and peers who might have been influenced by their unorthodox views

See Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication, Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Hobsbawm and Ranger, Invention of Tradition, Anderson, Imagined Communities

Gellner, Nations and Nationalism 57

See especially H[artley], ‘Nation’, Bhabha, Nation and Narration

Appadurai, ‘The Past as a Scarce Resource ’

Thus, I share Anthony Smiths and Rudy Koshar s criticisms of the ‘constructivist’ argument See Smith, Ethnic Origins of Nations·, idem, ‘The Nation’, Koshar, Germany's Transient Pasts, 8-10

Duara, Rescuing History from the Nation, 8

Ibid, 9

See Gedi and Elam, ‘Collective Memory ’

Halbwachs, Collective Memory, idem, On Collective Memory

Halbwachs, Collective Memory, 50-87, here 78

Nora, Les lieux de memoire, idem, ‘Between History and Memory’, Wood, ‘Memory Remains’, Yerushalmi, Zakhor

Funkenstein, ‘Collective Memory and Historical Consciousness’, Crane, ‘Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory ’

I also use the term ‘national memory’ in reference to historical memory that is centred around the narrative of a nation There is no assumption that this story is necessarily shared by all or even by the majority of the nation’s members

Lowell Tillett was the first to analyse the ‘friendship’ paradigm in his attentive reading of the then available Russian-language publications See Tillett, Great Friendship See ‘Archival Sources in the Bibliography for a complete list of these archives and the documents used

See, for example, Kostiuk, Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine, Sulhvant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, Lewytzkyj, Die Sowjetukrame, Bihnsky, Second Soviet Republic, Kraw­chenko, Social Change and National Consciousness·, Liber, Soviet Nationality Policy, Marples, Stalinism in Ukraine

See, in particular, Basarab, Pereiaslav 1654, Szporluk, ‘National History as a Political Battleground’, idem, ‘The Ukraine and Russia’, Velychenko, ‘The Origins of the Official Soviet Interpretation of Eastern Slavic History’, idem, Shaping Identity tn Eastern Europe and Russia

See Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror in the Donbas, Weiner, Making Sense of War, Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, Liber, Alexander Dovzhenko

Smolu, U leshchatakh totalitaryzmu, Slyvk i Kulturne zhyttia v Ukratm

39 See Shapoval, Ukratna 20-50-kh rokiv, idem, Liudyna i systema, Kozhukalo, ‘Vplyv kultu osoby Stalina na ideologichni protsesy na Ukraini’, Rublov and Cherchenko, Stalinshchyna i dolia zakhidnoukrainskoi mtelihentsu, Shevchenko, ‘Kukurno- ideolohichm protsesy v Ukraini u 40-50-kh rr, idem, ‘Kukura Ukrainy v umovakh stahnskoho totalitaryzmu’, Zamlynska, ‘Ideolohichm represn uhaluzi kukury v Ukraini u 1948-1953 rr’, idem, ‘Ideolohichnyi teror ta represn proty tvorchoi intehhentsu ’

1: Soviet National Patriots

1 Marx and Engels, ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party,’ 488, 473 Following the 1888 translation by Samuel Moore, edited by Engels, Die Arbeiter haben kein Vaterlandis traditionally rendered in English as ‘The working men have no country’ I have slightly modified this sentence so that the subsequent translations of Russian and Ukrainian references to it will be clear

2 See Barber, Soviet Historians in Crisis

3 Stalin, ‘O zadachakh khoziaistvenmkov,’ 445

4 For a selection of revealing examples, see Oberlander, Souijetpatriotismus und Gescbichte, 56-62

5 Pravda, 16 May 1934, 1 This and all the subsequent translations in this book are the author’s unless otherwise indicated

6 See Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, chaps 3 and 5, Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades, chap 5

7 lavorsky, Korotka istorua Ukrainy, 13

8 Idem, Istorua Ukrainy è styslomu narysi, 55 (Khmelnytsky), idem, Korotka istorua Ukrainy, 63 (Mazepa) and 75 (Shevchenko), idem, Narysy z istoru revoliutsunoi borotby na Ukraini 1 179 (Shevchenko)

9 Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas, 253-9

10 Recently, several Ukrainian scholars have studied the campaign against Hrushevsky, using the newly available archival materials Pynh, Zhyttia Mykhatla Hrushevskoho, chaps 4-7, Prystaiko and Shapoval, Mykhailo Hrushevsky i HPU-NKVD, 79-105

11 Kostiuk, Stalinist Rule tn the Ukraine, 93

12 Istorua Ukrainy, vol 1 Peredkapitahstychna doba

13 Petrovsky, Narysy istoru Ukrainy XVII, 129, Sokolovsky, Bohun, Bertram, ‘(Re-)Writing History’

14 K[rut],‘Khmelnitsky, Bogdan Zinovii Mikhailovich,’vol 59 816,818 This striking entry has long attracted scholarly attention Lowell Tillett quotes it in his Great Friendship, 46, as does John Basarab in his Pereiaslav 1654, 164—5

15 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 757, ark 96 (monument), Krawchenko, Social Change, 141 (museums), Soroka, ‘Zinaida Tulub,’ in Musuenko, Zporoha smerti, 426-9 (Tulub)

Pravda, 24 October 1937, 6, Stanishevsky, Ukramskyi radianskyi muzychnyi teatr, 160-2

TsDAHO, f 1, op 6, spr 409, ark 24, Santsevich and Komarenko, Razvitie istoncheskoi nauki vAkademu nauk Ukratnskoi SSR, 34

Smolii, Uleshchatakh totalitaryzmu 1 65, see also 37, n 21 Ibid, 1 49, Koval and Rublov, ‘Instytut istoru NAN Ukrainy,’ 52-3 Smolii, U leshchatakh totalitaryzmu 1 63—4

Kevin M F Platt and David Btandenberger show that the rehabilitation of Ivan the Terrible by Russian intellectuals followed the same model See ‘Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic ’

Pravda, 22 August 1937, 2 Nechkina, ‘K itogam diskussu o penodizatsii sovetskoi istoricheskoi nauki,’ 74, idem, ‘Vopros î M N Pokrovskom v postanovlennakh partii i pravitelstva,’ 241 The ex­pression ‘lesser evil’ appears in the internal memos of the party apparatus and the Ministry of Education as early as December 1936 See Btandenberger and Dubrov­sky, “‘The People Need a Tsar,’” 878, 889, nn 46, 47

Shestakov, Kratku kurs istoru SSSR, 50-2

Although Korniichuk’s biographer later maintained that he had started working on the play in 1935 and even had spent some time doing research in archives (Gorbu­nova, Dramaturgua A Korneichuka, 133), the writer’s personal archive does not support this claim The first draft of the drama, entitled Bohdan Khmelnytsky Heroica Ukraine in the Seventeenth Century, survived among other materials from 1938 Neither the play’s content nor Korniichuk’s notebooks reveals any serious work with historical sources The secret of the play’s success was, rather, the result of a novel interpretation of familiar facts See TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 33 Picheta was a Belarusian historian of Serbian background who was denounced during the late 1920s as a ‘Belarusian bourgeois nationalist’ before being exiled from Minsk to Viatka in the early 1930s as a ‘Russian monarchist ’ In 1935 he returned to Mos­cow and successfully continued his academic career there See Lindner, ‘Nationalhis- toriker im Staltnismus, 199—201

The minutes of the discussion are held in the archives of the Malyi Theatre Museum and were nor available to me Quoted in Gorbunova, Dramaturgua, 135, 137, Kobyletsky, Kryla krecheta, 133—4

RGASPI, f 17, op 120, d 348,11 63-7lob and 76-7 I am grateful to Karen Petrone and David Brandenberger for the reference

Visti, 5 March 1939, 1, 4, Komunist, 1 April 1939, 3, Kobyletsky, Kryla, 149-51 Syrotiuk, Ukramska istoryihna proza za 40 rokiv, 254-5, 154 (Panch and Kachura), Mykhailov, Konstiantyn Fedorovych Dankevych, 15 (Dankevych), Stanishevsky, Ukrainskyi radtanskyi, 177 (Shostakovich)

31 On the pre-war debates at the Institute of Ukrainian History, seeTsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 753, ark 121, spr 121, ark 12 (These are the later references to a discussion of which no documentary traces survive ) Osipov’s book appeared in the prestigious ‘Lives of Distinguished People’ series at the Komsomol publishing house Molodaia gvardua Osipov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky

32 Petrovsky, Vyzvolna vnna ukrainskoho narodu, 4 A priest’s son, Petrovsky (1894— 1951) received his education before the revolution, worked briefly with Hrushevsky during the 1920s, and was never admitted to the party During 1942-7 he served as director of the Institute of Ukrainian History, during 1944-7 he was also chair of Ukrainian history at Kiev University See NAIIU, op IL, spr 115, and Smolu, Vcheni Instytutu istorn Ukrainy, 245-50

33 Baraboi, Review of Vyzvolna vuna ukrainskoho narodu

34 RGALI, f 1992, op l,dd 75, 76 (correspondence between Savchenko and Kornuchuk and variants of script), TsDAMLM, f 435, op l,spr 2137, ark 3 (Petrovsky), Zak, Parfenov, and lakubovich-Iasnyi, Igor Savchenko, 252 (Savchenko’s quote)

35 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 66, ark 6-7 (production records), RGALI, f 1992, op 1, d 78 11 8, 15, 16 (discussion minutes)

36 RGALI, f 1992, op 1, d 80 (Savchenko’s collection of newspaper clippings), here

11 1—3, Holynsky, Heroichna tema u tvorchosti IA Savchenka, 50 (use as war propa­ganda movie)

37 TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 1959, ark 23, 35 (Diadychenko), f 661, op 1, spr 130, ark 4, 9, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1875, ark 72, spr 2775, ark 58, 67

38 Visti, 6 March 1939, 1-3, 8 March 1939, 1-2, 9 March 1939, 1, Shevchenko, Povne zibrannia tvoriv

39 Rudenko, Naibilshe dyvo - zhyttia, 51

40 Bilousov et al, Istoriia Ukrainy, 39-40, 52-4 (Danylo), 90-2 (Khmelnytsky), 113 (Mazepa), 146 (Shevchenko), 388-94 (reunification of Ukrainian lands)

41 Yaroslav Bilmsky and Roman Szporluk have long argued that the addition of thor­oughly ‘nationalistic’ Western Ukrainians actually strengthened Ukrainian identity and national consciousness in the Ukrainian SSR See Bilmsky, ‘The Incorporation of Western Ukraine’, Szporluk, ‘West Ukraine and West Belorussia ’

42 Komunist, 18 September 1939, 1, Pravda, 19 September 1939, 1 Timoshenko’s proclamation is reproduced in Picheta, Osnovnye momenty, 128-9

43 Bielousov [Bilousov] and Ohloblyn, Zakhidna Ukraina, Picheta, Osnovnye momenty, 3

44 On the Russians’ official elevation to the ‘great people,’ see Simon, Nationalism and the Policy toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union, 149-50, Velychenko, Shaping Identity, 55

Komunist, 15 November 1939, 1, 16 November 1939, 1

Petrovsky, Voennoe proshloe ukrainskogp naroda, 78

See Kulturne zhyttia v Ukraini 1 52-136, Rublov and Cherchenko, Stahnshchyna i dolia zakhidnoukramskoi intelihentsu, 184-210, Kondratiuk and Luchakivska, ‘Zakhidnoukrainska intelihentsna u pershi roky radianskoi vlady ’ To be sure, Krypiakevych already had a PhD degree from Lviv University (1911)

Pravda, 23 June 1941, 1 (Molotov), 27 December 1941, 3 (laroslavsky), 8 November 1941, 1 (Stalin)

Komumst, 24 June 1941, 3, 28 June 1941, 1, 4 July 1941, 4, Literatuma hazeta,

28 June 1941, 2

Komunist, 4 July 1941, 1

Komumst, 2 July 1941, 3 (Petrovsky), 28 June 1941, 1 (series)

Komunist, 7 July 1941, 1

‘Do ukrainskoho narodu,’ 1 6 Petro Sahaidachny a Cossack hetman in the early seventeenth century, Vasyl Bozhenko and Mykola Shchors Soviet heroes of the Civil War in Ukraine

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 1154, ark 15

Radianska Ukrama, 2 June 1943, 1 (great Ukrainian people), 8 May 1943, 3 (Rylsky) The first attempt to study the meetings is made in Safonova, 'Antyfashystski mitynhy predstavnykiv ukrainskoho narodu ’

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 48, ark 6-7 See Huslysty, Danylo Halytsky, idem, Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny, Petrovsky, Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Voblyi et al Narys istoru Ukrainy, 3 (great Ukrainian people), 42-5 (Danylo), and 67-71 (Khmelnytsky), lushkov, review of Narys istoru Ukrainy

lushkov et al, Istorua Ukrainy, vol 1, esp 38—97 on Kievan Rus and 183—313 on the Cossacks The archives of the KP(b)U Central Committee preserved the ad­vanced copy with the publication date‘1942’(TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 50) The remaining three volumes were never completed and the authors used their drafts during the preparation of the two-volume History of Ukrainian SSR (published in 1954-5)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 441, ark 5zv The Ukrainian composer Kost Dankevych would write the opera Bohdan Khmelnytsky during 1948—53

Dmytrenko, Ukramskyi radianskyi istorychnyt zhyvopys, 56—7, Istorua ukrainskoho mystetstva, vol 6, 46

Bazhan, ‘Danylo Halytsky,’ Ukrainska hteratura, 52, 53 In all post-1946 editions, ‘Ukraine’ is changed to ‘Slavic lands’ and ‘Ukrainian fields’ are changed to the ‘field at Drohochyn’ (Bazhan, ‘Danylo Halytsky,’ in Virshi ipoemy 206, 208) Stalin Prize winners for 1945 were announced in Literatuma hazeta, 4 July 1946, 1

Kondufoi, cd, Kulturne budivnytstvo v Ukratnsku RSR, 27, 32, 54, 64 (celebrations);

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 441, ark 5zv (Academy), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 7, spr 345, ark 85-6 (opera)

63 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 451, ark 1-3 (wartime publications), Radianska Ukraina, 5 June 1943, 4 (review of Kobzar}

64 Leonid Vladych, Vasyl Kasuan, 75, 80

65 TsDAHO, f l,op 23, spr 2858, ark 22-3 (typescript copy of newspaper publica­tion) Sviatoslav (ruled 962-72) and Volodymyr (Vladimir, ruled 980-1015) grand princes of Kiev Ivan Mazepa the hetman of Ukraine in 1687—708, who in 1708 allied himself with King Charles XII of Sweden against Tsar Peter I Ivan Franko (1856-1916) the leading Western Ukrainian writer and political thinker of the time Mikhnovsky, Petliura, and Konovalets twentieth-century nationalist leaders

66 See K[rypiakevych], Mala istorua Ukrainy, 47-8 Krypiakevych’s publishing activities during the war are discussed in Dashkevych, ‘Ivan Krypiakevych - istoryk Ukrainy, 5-21 On the Ukrainian Publishing House, see Kulturne zhyttia v Ukraini, 1 208-9

67 Radianska Ukraina, 9 July 1943, 4

68 GARF, f 6646, op 1, d 4,11 9-10 (Slavic Committee), Radianska Ukraina, 16 May

1943, 2-3 (Tychyna)

69 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 68, ark 29zv

70 See Chakrabarty, ‘Postcolomahty and the Artifice of History ’

2: The Unbreakable Union

1 Kulturne budivnytstvo v Ukrainsku RSR vol 2, 17 (Ukrainian competition), RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 300 (competitions in other republics), TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 1608, ark 6 and 8 (Tychyna and Bazhan)

2 TsDAHO, fl, op 23, spr 2782, ark 2 (Aleksandrov), Literaturna hazeta, 24 July 1948, 1 (anthem inaugurated)

3 Simon, Nationalism and Policy, 189-90

4 See Htynevych, ‘Utvorenma Narkomatu oborony URSR u 1944 r’, idem, ‘Utvorenma Narodnoho komisariatu zakordonnykh sprav Ukrainskoi RSR’, Radianska Ukraina,

8 February 1944, 1 (editorial on state-building), ibid, 6 February 1944, 1, 5 March

1944, 1 (ministers appointed)

5 TsDAVOV, f 4750, op l,spr 3959, ark 50 As a secretary of the Central Commit­tee, Georgn Malenkov supervised the party’s organizational work, but since the party authority on ideology, Andrei Zhdanov, spent most of the war in besieged Leningrad, Malenkov also extended his influence to ideological matters Aleksandrov, himself Zhdanov’s former protege, worked closely with Malenkov, the rising heir apparent See Hann, Postwar Soviet Politics, 19-66

6 Radianska Ukraina, 15 November 1944, 1 (aims of encyclopedia), TsDAVOV, f 4750, op l,spr2, ark 1-2, spr 13, ark 13-14 (number of volumes, schedules, and editorial board), spr 17, f 2, op 7, spr 2747, ark 20, spr 3927, ark 54-5 (work accomplished by 1947)

Dovzhenko, Hospody, 191 Compare the decrees on establishing the orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov, and Nevsky in Pravda, 30 July 1942, 1 Dovzhenko belonged to a small group of leading Ukrainian writers who were drafted into the army as senior political officers to produce propaganda materials

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 355, ark 21-2

Ibid, spr 463, ark 11, spr 355, ark 20

The sketches of the Kharkiv-based artists are in TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 355, ark 26-42, the spelling is specified on ark 12 On an additional competition in Moscow and Pashchenko’s success, see Dmytrenko, Ukrainskyi radianskyi istorychnyi zhyvopys, 56

Whether he made this suggestion in writing or over the phone is not clear Stalin’s telegrams to Khrushchev, if they survived, are not available, and Stalin’s role is de­duced from Khrushchev’s subsequent enquiries on when to announce the renaming ‘that you [Stalin] proposed’ (TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 355, ark 15)

Ibid, spr 328, ark 15

Pravda, 11 October 1943, 1

Radianska Ukraina, 12 October 1943, 3

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 328, ark 1-7

Pravda, 13 October 1943, 1, Radianska Ukrama, 13 October 1943, 1

Kolesnikov and Rozhkov, Ordena i medali SSSR, 71

Radianska Ukraina, 24 September 1943, 3, 25 September 1943, 4, 29 September

1943, 3 The quotation is from the title of Petrovsky’s article in the 24 September issue

Radianska Ukraina, 31 October 1943, 3, Petrovsky, Nezlamnyi dukh velykoho ukrainskoho narodu, 4, 6, 10 The opening statement is on p 3

Radianska Ukraina, 18 November 1943, 1, Dovzhenko, Hospody, 195

Radianska Ukraina, 10 December 1943, 3-4

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 91, ark 44, the list of the planned festivities is on ark 45-7

See Radianska Ukraina, 18 January 1944, 1, and Radianske mystetstvo, 18 January

1944, 1-2

Radianska Ukraina, 9 July 1944, 2

Radianska Ukraina, Y7 October 1944, 3, 13 November 1944, 2

Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin'

The classic account of the developments around the History of Kazakh SSR is in Tillett, Great Friendship, 70-83 The archives of the VKP(b) Central Committee confirm that the book was nominated for a Stalin Prize, but the reviewer, Aleksei Iakovlev, objected to MM¹ glorification of anti-Russian uprisings in Kazakhstan as heroic anti-colomal struggles The book’s co-editor, Anna Pankratova, complained to Agitprop, but its head, Georgn Aleksandrov, only condemned the work even more vigorously as ‘anti-Russian ’ See RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 224,11 4, 23-5, and 36—43 For a recent, archive-based analysis of the Stalinist politics of history in Kazakhstan and other Soviet Asian republics, see Bhtstein, ‘Stalin’s Nations,’ chap 2 RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 190,11 26-7 Dovzhenko noted in his diary that the same group of Ukrainian writers headed by Turn lanovsky prepared the letter (Hospody, 195) The text of Stalin’s comments has recently been published as Stalin, ‘Ob antilenm- skikh oshibkakh ’ The novel’s initial negative assessment by Agitprop is in RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 212,11 1-3

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 68, ark 26-7 (Petrovsky to Lytvyn), spr 46, ark 117 (Lytvyn) Lytvyn’s note has been published in Smoln, U leshchatakh totalitaryzmu, 1 116

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 153, ark 1-272 Bazhan’s review is on ark 1-3, the underlined sentence is on ark 8

Petrovsky, ‘Vossoedinenie ukrainskogo naroda v edinom ukrainskom sovetskom gosudarstve’, Radianska Ukraina, 29 February 1944, 4, 1 March 1944, 3-4, Petrov­sky, Vozziednannta ukrainskoho narodu, idem, Vossoedinenie The Russian-language pamphlet earned a laudatory review in Istonchesku zhurnal, Grekov, Review of Vossoedinenie ukrainskogo naroda

Petrovsky, Vossoedinenie, 31,33

Petrovsky, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the quotations displaying the analogy with Stalin are on pp 9, 13, 26, 29 (‘terrorist act’), 38, 40 (‘crushed the oppositional group’), 56-7 (‘suppressed any opposition’)

Pashuto, ‘Daniil Gahtskii’, lugov, Daniil Galitsku, 55, Grekov, ‘Sudby naselenna galitskikh kmazheskikh ’ lugov would eventually publish an acclaimed historical novel about Aleksandr Nevsky and Danylo of Halych, The Warriors (lugov, Ratobortsy)

A copy of the review, dated 7 January 1944, is preserved in Kornuchuk’s personal archives TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 508, ark 1-3

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 388, ark 4

Radianska Ukraina, 11 January 1944, 4, 8 April 1944, 4 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 1621, ark 64-6 (Kornuchuk’s complaint), Radianska Ukraina, 18 August 1945, 2 (Moscow’s critics)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 837 (first draft), TsDAVOV, f 4669, op 1, spr 124, ark 1-3 (Manuilsky’s notes)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 836, ark 1-6, 42, 54, 58 (the Varangian theme edited out), 41, 93 (Kiev), 77 (‘the people’s wisdom’)

Literatura i mystetstvo, 23 November 1944, 3, Radianska Ukraina, 14 March 1945, 4; 16 March 1945, 2 (excerpts), 23 March 1945, 3 (positive review), Radtanske mystetstvo, 17 September 1946, 1 (premiere), Kyryliuk, Istorua ukrainskoi literatury, vol 7, 314-16

Istorua ukrainskoho mystetstva, 6 27-9 (images of Shevchenko and Khmelnytsky), 46 (Shulha and Derehus), Dmytrenko, Ukrainskyi radianskyi istorychnyi zhyvopys, 56, 75 Radianske mystetstvo, 20 November 1945, 1—2 (review of the exhibition), 13 Novem ber 1945, 1 (editorial)

Radianska Ukraina, 12 October 1943, 3, Petrovsky, ‘Pnsoedineme Ukrainy k Rossu,’ 52 The text of volume 9, parts 1 and 2, of History of Ukraine-Rus' does not support Petrovsky’s assertion See Hrushevsky, Istorua Ukrainy-Rusy, vol 9, 1 720, 784, part 2, 1492-1508 Hrushevsky says that, for Khmelnytsky, the Pereiaslav Treaty was simply a military union, valuable in given circumstances, one more [agreement] in addition to unions with the Tatars, the Turks, and Moldavia’ (2 149-5)

Radianska Ukraina, 8 August 1944, 2, 23 August 1944, 4, Literatura i mystetstvo, I August 1944, 3-4

Ivan Pilhuk, ‘Mykola Kostomarov,’ Ukrainska literatura, no 4-5 (1945) 122 Radianska Ukraina, 4 April 1944, 3

Kulturne budivnytstvo v Ukrainsku RSR, Literatura i mystetstvo, 25 January 1945, 1 (government decree), Radianska Ukraina, 21 March 1945, 3 (the laudatory article quoted) The expression 'u svou vlasnu khati (in our own house) had long been used by Ukrainian patriots as a metaphor for independent statehood

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 1604, ark 1-3

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 387, ark 18 (Panch), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 7, spr 818, ark 5, 9 (book trade)

Radianska Ukraina, 19 February 1943, 2, Pravda, 20 February 1943, 2 Izvestna and Krasnaia zvezda reprinted the article on 21 February, as subsequently did many other papers and magazines The original manuscript in Ukrainian and the clippings are in Korniichuk’s archives inTsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 496

Radianska Ukraina, 6 March 1944, 1 (Ukrainian history), 2 (reunification) The cities that Khrushchev named are currently known by their Polish names Chelm, Hrubieszdw, Zamosc, Tomaszow, and Jaroslaw For an introduction to the history of the Kholm/Chelm region, see Kubijovyc, ‘Kholm Region,’ 480-5 Curzon Line was the eastern boundary of Poland proposed by the British foreign secretary, Lord Curzon, after the First World War and presumably marking the eastern border of the ethnically Polish settlement The Treaty of Riga in 1921 moved the Soviet-Polish border east of the Curzon Line

Radianska Ukraina, 30 April 1944, 2 See also Mykola Tkachenko, ‘Kholmshchyna, Hrubeshiv, laroslav ’

See Boiechko, Hanzha, and Zakharchuk, Kordony Ukrainy, 80-5

Radianska Ukraina, 8 August 1944, 2 (article), TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 937, ark 58-61 (Khrushchevs correspondence with Stalin), spr 787, aik 3-288 (petitions)

58 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 788, ark 1-5, 10-12, Radianska Ukraina, 23 December 1944, 4

59 Radianska Ukraina, 1 July 1945, 3

60 Kulturne budivnytstvo, 2 86-7, Tunanytsia, ‘Rozvytok kultury u Zakarpatti’, Magocsi, Shaping of a National Identity, 255-71

61 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 1652, ark 103 (teachers), op 70, spr 326, ark 74-6 (Lmtur)

62 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 703, ark 23-36, spr 1060, ark 1-18 (Khrushchevs letters to Stalin), spr 780, 889, and 890 (the authorities’ concerns during 1944) See also Serhnchuk, Desiat buremnykh lit, 10-184

63 Rublov and Cherchenko, Stalinshchyna, 211-41 (the number 44,000 is given on p 211)

64 Manuilsky, Ukrainsko-nemetskie natsionalisty, 5-7, 9

65 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 385, ark 212, spr 539, ark 6, op 23, spr 1652, ark 83,

87 (Mazepa), 84 (the Ukrainian Galician Army), spr 1605 (the affair of Halan’s article) The report to Khrushchev on the articles effect was recently published in Slyvka, Kulturne zhyttia v Ukraini, 1 267-76 For a comprehensive analysis of the Soviet anti-Umate campaign of 1945—6, see Bociurkiw, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 102-47

66 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 399, op 23, spr 860 (lectures), Petrovsky, Zakhtdna Ukraina 3, 4, 17

67 TsDAVOV, f 4669, op 1, spr 47, ark 7

68 During the late 1940s, Ukraine had two Central Committee secretaries supervising the ideological domain the secretary for ideology, Kost Lytvyn, and the secretary for propaganda, Ivan Nazaranko Nazarenko also headed the republic s Agitprop

69 RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 340,11 19-25, TsDAHO, f l,op 70, spr 326, ark

64—73zv

70 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 394, ark 1-5, Smolu, Uleshchatakh totalitaryzmu, 2

4-6 Although the report is written in Russian, one should assume that Petrovsky conversed with Krypiakevych and others in Ukrainian The note on ark 1 of the archival copy reads,‘Comfrade] Khrushchev read 27 02 [1945]’

71 Radianska Ukraina, 6 August 1944, 4 (pilgrimage), Mezentseva, Muzei Ukratny, 162-3 (museums), Radianske mystetstvo, 4 December 1945, 3 (the play)

72 See Himka, Galician Villagers, Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism

3: Reinventing Ideological Orthodoxy

1 Dmytro Manuilsky (1883-1959) belonged to a small group of well-educated ‘old Bolsheviks’ who survived the Great Purge But even within this handful of people, he was probably the only Lenin appointee still enjoying a position of authority after the Second World War Manuilsky studied at St Petersburg University and received a law degree from the Sorbonne (1911) After briefly serving as the Ukrainian Communist Party’s general secretary in 1921-2, he moved to Moscow as secretary of the Comin­tern’s Executive Committee In 1944-50 Manuilsky served as the Ukrainian repub­lic’s minister of foreign affairs, deputy premier, and head of the Ukrainian delegation to the United Nations

TsDAVOV, f 4669, op 1, spr 23, ark 5, emphasis in the original Ibid, ark 5, 7

I Martyniuk, ‘Rozvyvaty i kultyvuvaty radianskyi patriotyzm’, idem, ‘Do trydtsia- tynchchia Ukrainskoi Radianskoi Sotsiahstychnoi Respubhky,’ ibid, no 12 (1947) 1—9, Literaturna hazeta, 15 January 1948, 3 (luriev)

The most recent, detailed discussion of this episode is in Liber, Alexander Dovzhenko, 196-206

RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 293,11 7, 14, 17

Stalin, ‘Ob antileninskih oshibkakh,’ 90, 93 Although the meeting was not pubh cized, the Ukrainian participants were allowed to take notes, and, during the ensuing ideological campaign in the republic, some of them publicly referred to Stalin’s cri­tique (TsDAMLM, f 590, op l,spr 39, ark 20-2 [Kornuchuk]) The archives of the KP(b)U Central Committee preserved an unfinished record of Stalin’s speech, probably made by one of the republic’s dignitaries (TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 282, ark 200-3) Dovzhenko’s widow and Rylsky (who participated in the meeting) later shared their accounts with family and friends, who subsequently published these stories (Literaturna Ukraina, 4 January 1990, 3, 21 June 1990, 4) Finally, the text of Stalin’s comments was discovered and published as ‘Ob antileninskikh oshibkakh ’ See Koval, ‘Sprava Oleksandra Dovzhenka ’

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4504, ark 1

Ibid, ark 39-40 See also the first uncensored publication of the novel in Dovzhenko, Hospody, 451

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 266, ark 1

Ibid, ark 10, 12

In his memoirs, Khrushchev credits himself with saving Rylsky from persecutions, although he seems to be talking about an unrelated incident during the late 1930s (‘Memuary Nikity Sergeevich Khrushcheva,’ 88)

RGASPI, f 17, op 125, d 224,11 102-46ob (displeasure with Pankratova’s letters and her repentance), 1-10 (Pankratova to Zhdanov), 66-75ob (Pankratova to Stalin, Zhdanov, Malenkov, and Shcherbakov) See also Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 125-9

Voprosy istoru has recently published the conferences minutes ‘Stenogramma soveshchanua po voprosam istoru SSSR v TsK VKP(b) v 1944 godu,’ Voprosy istom, no 2 (1996)· 55-86; no.

no 9 47-77 An insightful introduction by lu N Amiantov, in no 2 47-54, provides a road map to the confusing proceedings See also Konstantinov, ‘Nesostoiavshaiasia rasprava’, Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 129 Aleksandrov, ‘O nekotorykh zadachakh obshchestvennykh nauk,’ 17 TsDAHO, f l,op 23, spr 1652, ark 1, op 70, spr 385, ark 1 Ibid, spr 1652, ark 146 (memo), 1-56 (minutes) The memo was recently pub­lished in Smolu, U leshchatakh totahtaryzmu, 2 16-22

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 1652, ark 73

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 385, ark 210 (Diadychenko), op 23, spr 1652, ark 50 (Los)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 385, ark 147 (heroic past), spr 388, ark 4 (Danylo) Ibid, spr 387, ark 1-6 (Kyryhuk), op 23, spr 1652, ark 28-31 (Senchenko), op 70, spr 385, ark 181 (Slavin)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 1652, ark 91 (shout), 102-5 (Skrypnyk)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 387, ark 59, spr 388, ark 130 (Lytvyn), spr 390, ark 1-2 (draft resolution)

Ibid, spr 564, ark 4-93 (minutes) For a more detailed discussion of the incident’s background, see Rublov and Cherchenko, Stalinshchyna, 215-19

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 564, ark 52, 57

TsDAHO, f l,op 70, spr 570, ark 10—12 (halting the campaign), spr 571, ark 14-15 (recommendations) Mykhailo Koval and Oleksandr Rublov incorrectly presume that the initial conference of the department was organized according to the Central Committees instructions’ (‘Instytut istoru Ukrainy,’ 62) Recent Russian works on the Zhdanovshchina include Aksenov, ‘Poslevoennyi stahnizm’, Dobrenko, ‘Sumerki kultury’, Zubkova, Russia after the War, chap 12 Hahn, Postwar Soviet Politics, 48 Unfortunately, Hahn does not attempt to follow the course of the Zhdanovshchina campaign in Ukraine or any other non-Russian republic

See an excellent recent work on this topic Burds, The Early Cold War in Soviet West Ukraine, 1944—1948

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 436, ark 10-13 (the worsening ideological climate), 25—35 (Hrushevsky), 47-60 (escapism into the past)

Ibid, 35-9 (Lviv incident), 52-3 (textbook)

Kultura i zhizn, 20 July 1946, 2

The text of the speech is not available because, before leaving Ukraine for Moscow in 1949, Khrushchev removed most of the politically sensitive documents from his files The archival copy of the session’s minutes contains a note ‘The record of Comrade Khrushchev’s speech has been withdrawn into [his] personal archive 2 December 1949 (TsDAHO, f 1, op 1, spr 729, ark 3) The content of Khrushchev’s report is deduced from references to it made by other participants and from its abridged publication as an editorial in a Ukrainian party journal ‘Rishuche polipshyty dobir, rozstanovku i vykhovannia kadnv,’ 8

TsDAHO, f 1, op 1, spr 729, ark 6, 7-8

Ibid, ark 10-11 (Nazarenko) and 141 (Lytvyn) Lytvyn overreached himself in this statement, since Soviet historiography postulated the ethic unity of Eastern Slavs, not of all Slavs, until the thirteenth century

Ibid, ark 138-41

Ibid, ark 74 (Melnikov and Khrushchev), 214 (Bazhan and Khrushchev) Mykola Rudenko, who in the late 1940s edited the Ukrainian komsomol journal Dnipro, later testified that ‘Melnikov did not know the Ukrainian language at all, understood nothing about literature, and generally lacked culture’ (Rudenko, Natbilshe dyvo - zhyttia, 188)

TsDAHO, f l,op 70, spr 514, ark 25-6

Ibid, ark 34

Kulturne budivnytstvo v Ukratnskn RSR, 266—9

Rublov and Cherchenko, Stalmshchyna, 219 (closures and Korduba), TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 540, ark 90—4 (Krypiakevych)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 459, ark 15 (no studies of the revolutionary struggle), 16-17 (Historical Museum), 18 (brigade and pamphlets)

Pravda, 2 September 1946, 2 (decree), McCagg, Stalin Embattled, 251 (interpreta­tion)

In fact, in 1947 the most prolific Russian historical playwright, Vladimir Solovev, was awarded a Stalin Prize for his verse drama about Ivan the Terrible, The Great Sover­eign

Literaturna hazeta, 12 October 1946, 2 Emphasis in the title added

TsDAMLM, f 573, op I, spr 46 (contemporary critical discussion), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3653, ark 165—70 (later comments on the causes of the 1946 fiasco), Radianske mystetstvo, 4 December 1946, 3 (dismissive review)

Ibid, 8 October 1946, 4

Ibid, 17 September 1946, 4 (Shulha), 22 October 1946, 1 (Svitlytsky and Derehus) TsDAMLM, f 590, op l,spr 57, ark 107—8 Significantly, this passage was edited out of the version of his speech published in Literaturna hazeta, 18 December 1948, 3

Radianske mystetstvo, 17 September 1946, 1 (premiere), Literaturna hazeta, 12 De­cember 1946, 4, Radianske mystetstvo, 12 March 1947, 2 (reviews), Literaturna hazeta, 12 June 1947, 1 (Stalin prize), 4 (credit)

Romitsyn, Ukramske radianske kmomystetstvo, 78

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2426, ark 73 (Pashchenko), Pashchenko, IX ukramskata khudozhestvennaia vystavka, 27, 32, 36, Radianske mystetstvo, 12 November 1947, 3 (exhibition)i Literannmi hazeta, 22 April 1948, 1 (Stalin Prizes for 1947) See also an interesting analysis of Mehkhov’s painting in Hrabovych [Grabowicz], ‘Sovietska albomna shevchenkiana,’ 27-8

54 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2041, ark 36-8

55 Literaturna bazeta, 30 January 1947, 1 (announcement), TsDAVOV, f 4763, op 1, spr 85, ark 20-2 (the jury’s deliberations), Radians ke mystetstvo, 11 February 1948,

1 (decision announced) The jury awarded the second prize to Liubomyr Dmyterko’s Second World War drama, General Vatutin, which the Kharkiv Drama Company subsequently staged

56 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4958, ark 27-31

57 Ibid, ark 34-44

58 Ibid, ark 45-7

59 On carnivahzation as a strategy of subverting authoritative social discourses, see Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World

4: The Unfinished Crusade of 1947

1 See Bilmsky, Second Soviet Republic, 234—5, Marples, ‘Khrushchev, Kaganovich and the 1947 Crisis,’ in his Stalinism in Ukraine tn the 1940s, Shapoval, Ukraina 20-50- kh rokiv, 265-7 In addition, Jeffrey Burds has speculated recently that Khrushchev’s failure to suppress nationalist guerrillas in Western Ukraine may have been another factor involved in Stalin’s decision {Early Cold War, 27)

2 The photograph of Kaganovich’s copy of the Pohburo decision is reproduced in Kaganovich, Pamiatnye zapiski, between pp 288 and 289 On Belarus and Stalin, see ‘OtvetPK Ponomarenko na voprosy G A Kumaneva,’148-9

3 Khrushchev Remembers, 242 Kaganovich’s account of his second appointment in Ukraine is in his Pamiatnye zapiski, 487-94

4 TsDAHO, f 1, op 6, spr 1036, ark 17 It is not clear just how Krypiakevych man­aged to continue his career under the Soviet power after the war A recent Ukrainian documentary publication suggests that, either before or during the war, he had been a Soviet secret police informant in Western Ukrainian ecclesiastical and intellectual circles and that m the autumn of 1944 the NKVD ‘re-established’ contact with him See Slyvka, Kulturne zhyttia v Ukraint, 1 217

5 NAIIU, op 1, spr 95, ark 3 (plan for 1947), spr 215, ark 1-13 (report for 1946— 50)

6 TsDAHO, f 1, op 8, spr 316, ark 27

7 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 763, ark 4-6 (Los), 14-27 (Petrovsky), 47 (Kagano- vych) Excerpts from the conference minutes (not including Petrovsky’s speech) recently have been published in Smolu, U leshchatakh totalttaryzmu, 2

31-72

8 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 753, ark 59-62, 82-3, 99, 166 (Petrovsky), 248-50 (Huslysty), 159-60 (Rubach), 113-15, 139, and 254 (references to wartime patrio­tism)

Ibid, ark 255 (Huslysty) and 139-52 (Bortnikov)

Ibid, ark 262—3, Smoln, U leshchatakh totalitaryzmu, 2 60

K Litvin [Lytvyn], ‘Ob istorn ukrainskogo naroda,’ 52

Ibid,51, TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 753, ark 260-2 and Smoln, U leshchatakh totalitaryzmu, 2 59

TsDAHO, f 1, op 16, spr 32, ark 47-8 and 49zv Manuilsky’s personal archives preserved what seems to be the first working draft of the lost anti-nationahst resolu­tion (TsDAVOV, f 4669, op 1, spr 44, ark 24-9 and 30-9)

Shapoval, Ukratna20—50—kh rokiv, 271-2, idem, Lazar Kahanovych, 40, Zamlynska, ‘Ideolohichnyi teror,’ 79-80 At the Twenty-Second Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1962, then Ukrainian first secretary, Mykola Pidhirny [Podgornyi], gave the following account of the abortive plenary session

A great master of intrigue and provocation, [Kaganovich] had entirely ground­lessly accused the republics leading writers and some top-rank party workers of nationalism On his directive, the press carried annihilating articles on the writers, who were devoted to the party and the people

But this did not satisfy Kaganovich He began pushing for a plenary meeting of the Central Committee with the agenda ‘The Struggle against Nationalism, the Main Danger within the KP(b)U,’ although such a danger did not exist at all And could not have existed, for, happily for us, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine had long been headed by the staunch Leninist Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, who educated the communists and the Ukrain­ian people in the spirit of internationalism [storm of applause], the friendship of peoples, and the selfless devotion to the great ideas of Leninism [Prolonged storm of applause ] IXXII sezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1 280)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 618, ark 1 and 34 In May, apparently at Kaganovich’s request, the Ukrainian Ministry of State Security submitted a lengthy report to him on ‘nationalistic attitudes’ among the Ukrainian intelligentsia See RGASPI, f 81, op 3, d 128, 129 I thank Jeffrey Burds for the reference

TsDAHO, f 1, op 8, spr 328, ark 6-7

TsDAHO, f l,op 6, spr 1073, ark 16-18

Ibid, ark 23

‘Do kintsia hkviduvaty burzhuazno-natsionahstychm perekruchennia istorn Ukrainy;’ Radianska Ukraina, 3 October 1947, 3-4

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 621, ark 166-208 TsDAHO, f.

Ibid, ark 76 Huslysty referred to the 1940 Short Course, not the new project under way in the mid- to late 1940s

Ibid, ark 170-1 (Huslysty and Nazarenko), op 30, spr 621, ark 166—74 (report to Kaganovich)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 744, ark 52-6, spr 621, ark 175—86, spr 1090, ark 1-10, spr 1494, ark 1-10, spr 1620, ark 1-11 (other institutes), Smohi, U leshchatakh totahtaryzmu, 2 104-8 (historians)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4525, ark 11-18, spr 4526, op 70, spr 620, ark 1—34, spr 761, ark 36-41, spr 1095, ark 1-11 (provinces), spr 761, ark 23-35, Smohi, Uleshchatakh totahtaryzmu, 2 93-100 (circular letter), Radianska osvita, 10 October 1947, 1-2

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4526, ark 22 (Zaponzhzhia), 37 (Uzhhorod), 46 (Kirovohrad), and 53 (Stalino)

Ibid, ark 25-6

TsDAHO, f 1, op 73, spr 398, ark 1—22, especially 12 and 19 on Western Ukraine

Ibid, op 8, spr 340, ark 13—14, Smohi, U leshchatakh totahtaryzmu, 1 119-20 TsDAHO, f l,op 70, spr 762, ark 1-20, spr 763, ark 1—35 (outlines) Kasymenko was appointed director on 25 October 1947 and remained at this post until 1964 He graduated from the Poltava Institute of Peoples Education in 1926 and before the war taught in Poltava and Zhytomyr During the war, Kasymenko worked in the apparatus of the KP(b)U Central Committee and, in 1945-7, in the republic’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs See Smohi, Vcheni Instytutu, 124—5 As usual, the immediate impulse for the campaign came from a timely denunciation, a letter sent to Kaganovich in August by two literary critics, levhen Adelheim and Ilha Stebun (TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4515, ark 3-12, Shapoval, Ukrama 20-50 kh rokiv, 269-70)

Literaturna hazeta, 3 July 1947, 3, 10 July 1947, 1-2 See also Shevchenko, ‘Kulturno- ideolohichm protsesy v Ukraim,’ 41

See Literaturna hazeta, 17 April 1947, 2, Syrotiuk, Ukrainska istorychnaproza za 40 rokiv, 257 Compare the original publication Panch, Zaporozhtsi, Ostap Buzhinsky’s phrase is on 23

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4512, ark 1-47 (Kornuchuk), 171-83 (Bazhan, particu larly ark 177-9 on Rylsky), 260-8 (Panch) The original minutes, with a slightly different pagination, are in TsDAMLM, f 590, op 1, spr 39, 40

TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4512, ark 267-8

Ibid, spr 4511, ark 1-88 Rybak’s statement is on ark 41-3

Rachanska Ukraina, 2 October 1947, 2-4 (lenevych), Literaturna hazeta, 11 Decem­ber 1947, 3 (Rylsky), 9 October 1947, 1, 4, 16 October 1947, 2, 23 October 1947, 1, 4 December 1947, 3, 8 January 1948, 4, 15 January 1948, 3

Literaturna Ukraina, 13 November 1947, 2, 20 November 1947, 4, Rublov and

Cherchenko, Stalinshchyna, 228-9 Highly unusual in the context of the 1947 ideological campaign, the attest of Patrus-Karpatsky was probably connected with his wartime past, rather than with his post-war activities as poet and editor During the war, he remained in Transcarpathia under German and Hungarian occupation, pos­sibly as a Soviet secret agent Later, he made his way to Moscow and served in the (pro-Soviet) Czechoslovak army as aide de-camp of the future Czechoslovak presi­dent, General Ludvik Svoboda See Musiienko, Andrn Patrus-Karpatsky,’ 345-7 and Slyvka, Kulturne zhyttia v Ukraini, 1 484-96

39 Literatuma hazeta, 8 April 1948, 1, 14 April 1949, 1-2 (Honchar and Riabokhach) For a comprehensive survey of the proliferation of contemporary subjects in post-war Ukrainian literature, see Kyryhuk, Lstorua ukramskoi literatury vol 8 On Rybak, see Literatuma hazeta, 6 December 1948, 3 (The Pereiaslav Council published), 9 March 1950, 1 (Stalin Prize), Rybak, Pereiaslavska rada

40 The offices of the first secretary and premier remained separated Khrushchevs client Demian Korotchenko became Ukraine’s new chairman of the Council of Ministers

41 Literatuma hazeta, 5 March 1949, 2, Kostiuk, ‘Vysoka patriotychna rol radianskoho mystetstva,’ 40-1, 43 Also compare Radianske mystetstvo, 16 February 1949, 4 and Literatuma hazeta, 24 February 1949, 1

42 Radianska Ukraina, 8 October 1947, 2-3 Unfortunately, the first series of anony­mous letters is missing from the folder in the archives of the Central Committee, having apparently been forwarded to the Ministry of State Security As more letters followed, the editor started making copies for his party superiors as well Symon Petliura one of the leaders of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-20 Dmytro Dontsov the leading theoretician of Ukrainian nationalism m the early twentieth century levhen Konovalets the pre-war head of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

43 TsDAHO, f l,op 23, spr 4957, ark 3

44 Ibid, ark 4-8

45 Ibid, ark 2 (the first letter) and 10-21 (the second letter)

46 TsDAHO, f 1, op 23, spr 4956, ark 6-7

47 Ibid, spr 5072, ark 13

48 Ibid, ark 24-5

49 Ibid, ark 26-8, 42

50 TsDAHO, f Lop 23, spr 4958, ark 22

51 Ibid, spr 5072, ark 46-8, 14

5: Writing a ‘Stalinist History of Ukraine’

1 Stalin, ‘Vystuplenic I V Stalina na pneme v Kremle,’ 197 For more analysis of this episode, see Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 130-1, 233-4

2 On the growth of the Russian leadership doctrine, sec Barghoorn, Soviet Russian

Nationalism, 26-66 Khmelko first presented his canvas at the Ninth Exhibition of Ukrainian Art in Kiev in November 1947 See Radianske mystetstvo, 12 November 1947, 3 (exhibition), Literaturna hazeta, 22 April 1948, 1 (Stalin Prize) Radianska Ukrama, 26 May 1945, 1 See also Radianska Ukraina, 16 September 1945, 2, 4 and Radianske mystetstvo, 28 May 1947, 2

Pankratova, Velykyi rosnskyi narod

XVI zizd Komumstychnot Partu (bilshovykiv) Ukrainy, 46 Khrushchev misnamed the Institute of Ukrainian Literature, but the editors apparently did not catch his error See RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 339 and op 133, d 4, as well as the reviews and chronicle sections in Voprosy istorn for 1945-54

RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 339,11 147-59, TsKhSD, f 5, op 30, d 39,11 11-21 Kim, Review of Istoma Kazakhskoi SSR s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei RGASPI, f 17, op 133, d 220,11 154-9, Dakhshleiger,‘V Institute istorn’, Tillett, Great Friendship, 148—54

RGASPI, f 17, op 133, d 303,11 14-19, 135-7 (Armenia), 81-4 (Georgia), and 85-7 (Uzbekistan)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 714, ark 9-10, op 30, spr 1832, ark 1-3 (reports to the Central Committee), NAIIU, op 1, spr 134 (the Institute’s report for 1948), spr 140 (minutes of the discussion at the Agitprop)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 985, ark 66 (troika), op 23, spr 5664, ark 6-7 (conclu­sion) Mykhailo Hrechukha served as the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Ukrainian SSR Supreme Soviet

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 1787, ark 197, Smolu, U leshchatakh totahtaryzmu, 2 129

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2030, ark 172 (limited edition) The June 1949 limited edition was entitled The History of Ukraine, and the title of the 1950 edition was The History of the Ukrainian SSR (NAIIU, op 1, spr 215, ark 4-8)

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 2806, ark 72 (Suslovs decision), RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 503,11 1-4 (IMEL’s review)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2360, ark 8, spr 2806, ark 72 (5 January), RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 503, 1 5 (11 January)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2360, ark 8 (proofs), spr 2806, ark 72 (printing halted); ark 74-109 (commission and its criticisms), 73 (new version ready in August), 37- 88a (minutes of the meeting), 85—7 (Nazarenko’s conclusion)

RGASPI, f 17, op 133, d 311,1 47

In subsequent chapters this campaign is discussed in greater detail

TsDAHO, f 1, op 1, spr 976, ark 88, Smolu, U leshchatakh totahtaryzmu, 2. 152-5

Untitled editorial, Voprosy istorn, no 1 (1945) 5

TsDAVOV, f.

Khrushchev personally composed this particular letter or that Stalin even read it, but the Ukrainian ideologues communicated with the apparatus of the VKP(b) Central Committee by addressing their letters to Stalin and having them signed by the first secretary

Ibid, ark 123-5, spr 553, ark 173-9

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2003, ark 112, Shovkophas, Arkheolohichnt dosltdzhennta na Ukratnt, 17-24

TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 1577, ark 3, 6, op 30, spr 1919, ark 26-8 Compare

O K Kasymenko, Istorua Ukratnskot SSR (1951), vol 1, 20

Kasymenko, Istorua (1953), 29-33

TsDAHO, f Lop 24, spr 1577, ark 1 (commission), op 30, spr 2339, ark 32 (Poida), Kasymenko, Istorua (1953), 20-1 (Trypilhans), 29 (Slavs)

See Smoln, Vcheni Instytutu tstoni Ukrainy, 376-7

NAIIU, op 1, spr 166, ark 4 (lushkov), spr 215, ark 1 (report), spr 216, ark 7 (pamphlet)

See Dovzhenok, Vtiskova sprava v Kytvsku Rust, Voronins review in Voprosy tstoni Kasymenko, Istorua (1953), 91-2

TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 784, ark 25

See Pashuto, Ocherktpo istom Gahtsko-Volynskoi Rust, Korohuks review in Voprosy tstoni

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 823, ark 16, NAIIU, op 1, spr 103, Kasymenko, Istorua (1951), 101-2, ‘Ob itogakh diskussn o penodizatsn istorn SSSR,’ Voprosy tstoni, 57, NAIIU, op 1, spr 355, ark 16a-17 (Nechkina)

The reference here is to the work of the Ukrainian dissident historian Mykhailo Braichevsky, Prytednannta chy vozztednannur' Krytychnt zauvahy z pryvodu odmtei kontseptsu, translated as Annexation or Reunification Critical Notes on One Concep­tion

Ukrainian emigre historians in the west often rendered prytednannta as annexation,’ but, in the Soviet Ukrainian official discourse of the time, pryiednannia meant ‘incorporation ’

See Kasymenko, Istorua (1951), 163-6, Grekov, Bakhrushin, and Lebedev, Istorua SSSR, 494-502 (pnsoedinente) John Basarab has explained the terminological confusion in the second edition of Osipov’s book by the hasty ideological editing ‘After a hurried re-editing of Osipov’s text, the revised edition substituted “reunion” (vossoedtnente) for “union” {soedineme} on the chapter’s title page, in the body of the chapter, however, it is unchanged’ [Pereiaslav 1654, 177) In fact, in both the first (1939) and the second (1948) editions of Osipov’s book, the chapter on the Pereiaslav Treaty is entitled ‘The Reunification’ (Vossoedmente) See Osipov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 347, 2d cd.

Osipov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2d cd, 385, 394

See, in particular, Kulish, Istoma vossoedinenna Rust For a more detailed treatment of imperial Russian views on Pereiaslav, see Basarab, Pereiaslav 1654, Velychenko, National History as Cultural Process, Sysyn, ‘The Changing Image of the Hetman ’ TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2034, ark 130 (Instutute), 138 (Boiko)

Shevchuk, ‘Nauchno-issledovatelskaia rabota Instituta istorn Ukrainy Akademn nauk Ukrainskoi SSR za 1950 god,’ 157

Pravda, 20 July 1951, 3—4 The Bohdan Khmelnytsky affair is examined in chapter seven I was not able to locate the Moscow historians’ original dispatch objecting to the term ‘incorporation However, Boiko referred to the incident as caused by something ‘the Institute of USSR History had sent us’ (TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3597, ark 19)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3597, ark 22-4 (Boiko), 28 (Kusheva), 30 (Ivanov), 33 (Pavlenko), 38 (Cherepnin reporting the opinion of the absent Druzhinin), 33 (Cherepnm)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1922, ark 1 (Nazarenko), 2-3 (Boiko), 8 (Kasymenko) Ibid, spr 1924, ark 2 (lenevych), 4 (comment from the audience, Nazarenko, and Koshyk)

Ibid, spr 1925, NAIIU, op 1, spr 353,354

See Nechkina, ‘K voprosu o formule “naimenshee zlo’ (Pismo v redaktsnu),’ and replies in no 9 97-118 and no 11 83-7, Maksimov, Ό zhurnale “Voprosy istorn,” 62, Pravda, 7 October 1952, 5 (Bagirov), Tillett, Great Friendship, 161-7 See Kasymenko, Istorna (1951), 164-5 and TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2339, ark 34-5

Kasymenko, Istorna (1953), 258

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1924, ark 185-90, Kasymenko, Istorna (1950), 191, (1953), 287

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1920, ark 1-4, Kasymenko, Istorna (1951), 209-11, (1953), 308-10

Kasymenko, Istorna (1951), 314-15

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1925, ark 127-8, spr 2339, ark 118, op 70, spr 1173, ark 14 (reviews), op 30, spr 1902, ark 4 (commission)

Maksimov, Ό zhurnale “Voprosy istorn,”’ 63-64, the article in question is Kovalenko, ‘Istoncheskie vzghady revoliutsionera-demokrata T G Shevchenko ’ Kasymenko, Istorna (1953), 429-30

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 1926, ark 94-7

Ibid, spr 1902, ark 5 Established during the early 1860s, hromady were the clan­destine cultural organizations of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in the Russian Empire.

Ibid, op 24, spr 2714, ark 10-14, here 10

Ibid,op 30, spr 1916-19, 1921,2806, 2811, NAIIU, op 1, spr 363 (parts 1 and 2) TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1902, ark 7, Smolu, U leshchatakh totalitaryzmy, 2 160 Kasymenko, Istorna The imprimatur date is on 783 The first Ukrainian edition had a print run of 70,000

Ibid, 5, 84, 258-9

Boiko, 300 rokiv vozziednannia Ukrainy z Rosneiu, 1, idem, 300-letie vossoedmenna Ukrainy s Rossiei, 1 See also Kasymenko, Vikovtchna druzhba rosnskoho i ukrainskoho narodiv, Diadychenko, Kasymenko, and Shevchenko, Vyzvolna vnna 1648—1654 rr i vozziednannia Ukrainy z Rosneiu, Myshko, ‘Pereiaslavskaia rada 1654 goda, Golobutsky [Holobutsky], ‘Rossna i Osvoboditelnaia voina ukrainskogo naroda ’ Ivanov, ‘Istorychne znachenma vozziednannia Ukramy z Rosneiu,’ 22—3

Zimin, Mochalov, and Novoselsky, ‘Tsennyi trud po istoru Ukrainskoi SSR’, Bilan et al, ‘Knyha pro slavne mynule ukrainskoho narodu, Pravda, 18 April 1954, reprinted in Radianska Ukraina, 20 April 1954, 2-3 (reviews), XVIIIzizdKomunistychnoi partn Ukrainy, 156 (Nazarenko)

Before the war Petro Vershyhora (1905-63) worked as an actor and assistant film director in Ukraine The fortunes of war brought him into a large partisan detach­ment, where he unexpectedly rose through the ranks as a popular commander Major General and Hero of the Soviet Union at war’s end, Vershyhora turned to writing and earned a Stalin Prize for his novel People of Good Conscience (1946) Vershyhora, ‘Bratia po oruzhuu,’ 118

TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 470,11 171-84, here 172 and 177

Ibid, 1 169, for the reviews see n 64, above

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3652, ark 58, 60, Krypiakevych, Zviazky Zakhidnot Ukramy

Krypiakevych, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Boiko and Huslysty, ‘Monohrafua pro Bohdana Khmelnytskoho ’ The Kievan historian Fedir Shevchenko served as the book’s editor and added to the text some ideologically sound general statements See Isaievych, ‘Peredmova,’ in Krypiakevych, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 2d ed, 8

Santsevich and Komarenko, Razmtie istoncheskoi nauki, 62-3, TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 1788, ark 22 New units included the departments of world history, interna­tional relations, and the countries of people s democracy’ - all established in 1949 Given the widening scope of the Institute’s research, the Ukrainian government decreed in March 1953 that the institution’s name be changed to the Institute of History (TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 7730, ark 2)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 1788, ark 38-48

Ibid, spr 1494, ark 11 The functionary was apparently displeased with the word Ukraine in the title

TsDAHO, f 1, op.

76 See Vossoedineme Ukrainy s Rossiei, vols 1-3, and the following reviews I Boiko et al, ‘Sbornik dokumentov o vossoedinenn Ukrainy s Rossiei,’ and Kozachenko, ‘Tsennoe sobranie Istochnikov po istorn vossoedinenna Ukrainy s Rossiei ’ The numbers come fromTsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3599, ark 7

77 TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 427,11 173-4, NAIIU, op 1, spr 352, ark 1, 10-41

78 TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 470,11 125-8, Ltteratuma hazeta, 3 December 1953, 4 (2,500 pages), NAIIU, op 1, spr 478a, ark 13-20 (January), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3629, ark 1-13 (May)

79 RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 372,1 4 In December 1952 the KPSS Central Commit­tee finally discovered that the Armenian textbook contained numerous interpretive differences from the standard Russian textbook on USSR History (ibid, 11 59-60)

80 SeeTsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 2360, ark 129, 133—4 (data for 1951) In addition, the numerous Russian schools in Ukraine were using the texts published in Russian in Moscow

81 Shestakov, Istorna SSSR (1948, 1955), 62-3 The more sophisticated interpretation of Pereiaslav in the textbook for grade 8 also was changed along the same lines See Pankratova, Istorna SSSR, 5th ed, 184—97, and 14th ed, 189—203

82 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 1886 ark 38—40, 136, Radtanska osvita, 14 March 1947, 1

83 See TsDAHO, f 1, op 73, spr 585, ark 1-57, spr 592, ark 2-8, op 30 spr 2328, ark 1-130

84 TsDAHO, f 1, op 46, spr 6822, ark 53, 104

85 Ibid, op 24, spr 2677, ark 3-5

6: Defining the National Heritage

1 Literaturna hazeta, 8 March 1951, 1-2

2 Ibid, 1 (Kryzhamvsky), 15 March 1951, 1 (Malyshko)

3 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2325, ark 72-5 In 1951 the trip had to be postponed until early July because many participants went to Moscow to participate in the dekada (ten-day festival) of Ukrainian culture On the origins of the ritual pilgrimage, see Yekelchyk, ‘Creating a Sacred Place The Ukrainophiles and Shevchenkos Tomb in Kaniv (1861-ca 1900)

4 Slezkine, ‘The USSR as a Communal Apartment,’ 446-7

5 Ltteratuma hazeta, 28 February 1952, 1 (Gogol), 30 December 1948, 3 (Kotharevsky)

6 Ibid, 24 June 1948, 1

7 See lenevych, ‘Velykyi syn ukrainskoho narodu, idem, Amerykanskyi falsyfikator ideinoi spadshchyny Shevchenka’, Ltteratuma hazeta, 8 March 1951, 1-2

8 Shakhovsky, Suspilno pohtychm pohliady Lesi Ukrainky, Klymas, ‘Ivan Franko

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2357, ark 206-9

RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 232,1 47

Ibid, 1 49

Ltteraturna hazeta, 12 May 1949, 1 (editorial), 17 May 1951, 2 (monument un- veiled), Kulturne budtvnytstvo,!. 196—8, (decree) One could hardly imagine Myrny evolving towards Lemns version of Social Democracy, since the revolution had caught the writer in the position of head of the State Properties Office m Poltava province, with the title ‘His Excellency’

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2755, ark 53-61, here 59, Bezpalchy, ‘Suspilno- pohtychm pohhady PA Hrabovskoho, Ltteraturna hazeta, 11 December 1952, 3 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1990, ark 40-4 (1950), spr 2756, ark 69-74 (1952) Ibid, op 70, spr 1917, ark 22-3

RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 416, TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 8, ark 1-9 TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 1948, ark 1-5 (1950), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9504, ark 233-7 (1953)

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 3308, ark 68-70

Kondufor, Kulturne budtvnytstvo v Ukratnsktt RSR Cherven 1941-1950, 423 (1949), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9503, ark 153, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3662, ark 41, 228-9, Ltteraturna hazeta, Π December 1951, 4 (ten volume edition)

Ltteraturna hazeta, 11 May 1950, 4, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3662, ark 45 (incomplete)

On Lysenko, see Radtanske mystetstvo, 19 March 1947, 4, and TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2030, ark 36-8zv On Lesia Ukrainka, see Kulturne budtvnytstvo, 2 90-1, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1990, ark 168, spr 3662, ark 45 On other writers, ibid, spr 3662, ark 45, 231—2

TsDAHO, f l,op 70, spr 1334, ark l-2a, spr 1768, ark 7,15-16

Ibid, op 30, spr 3662, ark 46

Ibid, op 72, spr Lark 18-19 91-4 and op 30, spr 2357, ark 112-15

Ibid, op 72, spr 1, ark 95-100 (Biletsky) and op 30, spr 3662, ark 231 (vol 4 still not published m 1954)

Ibid, ark 191-3

Kulturne budtvnytstvo, 2 213-20

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2047, ark 54-63 The Museum of the Battle at Poltava opened in September 1950, but the pre-revolutionary monuments on the battle­field were still in need of repair in 1953 (ibid, ark 101, spr 3261, ark 11-13, TsDAVOV, f 4762, op l.spr 343, ark 1-150)

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 2047, ark 104 The Lenm Museum in Kiev reported 186,836 visitors during 1950, but the authorities were sending students and soldiers there by the tens of thousands foi obligatory homage (ibid, spr 1989, ark 36) Ibid, spi 2047, aik 145

Ibid, spr 2769, ark 158

Ibid, spr 2047, ark 37-46, 83-5, spr 3655, ark 144-52 Not much was accom­plished, though, since the renovations of this large complex of historical monuments were extremely costly In 1950 the authorities estimated that only the most urgent maintenance work would require 12 million rubles (TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 2040, ark 243)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2047, ark 145

TsDAVOV, f 5116, op 10, spr 20, ark 6-12

Pravda, 13 September 1951, 3 Odinets was relying on the results of a museum audit organized by the provincial party committee, but his article in Pravda made the state of Ukrainian museums a major political issue in the republic

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2769, ark 1 (decree), op 24, spr 1090, ark 42—5 (Kiev), 57-60 (Kherson), 72-5 (Vinnytsia), spr 1105, ark 86 (Drohobych), 124 (Chernivtsi)

Ibid, op 1, spr 972, ark 234

TsDAVOV, f 4762, op 1, spr 562, ark 1-12 (1951), spr 669, ark 4-6 (1952), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3655, ark 179-90 (1954)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2769, ark 26 In the process, the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad secured for itself a valuable collection of ancient Assyrian cuneiform writings held in the Lviv Historical Museum (ibid, ark 11-13)

TsDAVOV, f 5116, op 10, spr 20, ark 13-20 (Poltava), Rublov and Cherchenko, Stalinshchyna, 238 (Lviv)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2769, ark 16—19 This file also allows a glimpse into the attendance of smaller regional museums During 1951 the Rivne museum registered 9,046 visitors, including 3,480 schoolchildren (ibid, ark 21)

Ibid, ark 23-7 (March 1952), spr 3261, ark 87 (July 1952), 74-5 (1953) TsDAVOV, f 4763, op 1, spr 58, ark 27, 28zv (Ukrainian art), 16 (Russian art) TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2769, ark 64, 69, 88, Radtanske mystetstvo, 14 May 1952, 4

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2769, ark 85, 119

TsDAVOV, f 4762, op 1, spr 669, ark 6-7

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2047, ark 14-17, Kultume budivnytstvo, 2 221-2 (opened), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 2531, ark 12 (Kyrychenko)

TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9503, ark 139, 148 (Lesia Ukrainka), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2047, ark 56-63, op 24, spr 774, ark 11-12, Mezentseva, Muzei Ukrainy, 162 (Franko)

Literatuma hazeta, 28 April 1949, 2 (opened), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3674, ark 95 (number of visitors)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3261, ark 33

Ibid, spr 3674, ark 95-7

Ibid, spr 3640, ark 100-3 (museums and the tercentenary), 106 (Derehus’s paint­ing), TsDAVOV, f 5116, op 10, spr 16, ark 19 (Kiev), 20 (Chernihiv and Pereiaslav), 39-46 (Kharkiv), f 4762, op 1, spr 669, ark 11 (Chernihiv), f 2, op 8, spr 10237, ark 134 and Kulturne budivnytstvo, 2 219 (Pereiaslav)

TsDAVOV, f 4762, op 1, spr 669, ark 19 The list of monuments shrank dramati­cally during the late 1950s, when the authorities consolidated’ the wartime burials into a much smaller number of mass graves See Kot, Okhorona, vykorystanma, 119 TsDAVOV, f 2, op 7, spr 9527, ark 120

Ibid, spr 5568, ark 35 (St Cyrils Church), spr 5553, ark 98 (St Sophia), 21-9 (Zvirynets caves), spr 9527, ark 1-12 (Golden Gate), 45-53, 67 (St Andrew’s Church), 123-8 (Zvirynets caves)

TsDAVOV, f 4762, op 1, spr 566, ark 44, RGALI, f 2329, op 4, d 101,1 2 RGALI, f 2329, op 4, d 101,11 2-4 and the cover

TsDAVOV, f 5116, op 10, spr 19, ark 16,18—20

See Dunlop, Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism, Brudny, Reinventing Russia TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 2040, ark 233-5, here 235

Ibid, ark 237 The cross could have been erected to mark Potemkins 1783 conquest of what is now Southern Ukraine and the Crimea

TsDAVOV, f 4906, op 1, spr 35, ark 42, Kot, Okhorona, vykorystanma, 166 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2756, ark 80-2, spr 2768, ark 126-8, TsDAVOV, f 5116, op 10, spr 16, ark 31-3

TsDAHO, f I, op 24, spr 777, ark 165 Indeed, the head of the official commis­sion on the reconstruction of Kiev during the mid-1930s, the Ukrainian SSR com­missar of internal affairs, Vsevolod Balytsky, and many commission members during the Great Purge were executed as enemies of the people

TsDAVOV, f 4762, op 1, spr 164, ark 15

Ibid, ark 15zv (Petrovsky), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 7, spr 3078, ark 61-2 (Khrushchev)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1370, ark 1-7 (monuments), op 23, spr 6259, ark 205 (letter to Stalin) A similar purge, albeit on a lesser scale, apparently took place in other Western Ukrainian cities According to the 1953 audit of monuments there, the only representations of the Polish past were statues and busts of Mickiewicz (TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9496, ark 29-34)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1370, ark 9-12

Ibid, spr 2756, ark 158 Mykola Shchors a Soviet hero of the Civil War in Ukraine, who entered Ukrainian Soviet mythology as the local equivalent of Chapaev

Ibid, spr 1990, ark 81-107 (minutes of discussion in Lviv), 108 (Kiev’s reaction) RGALI, f 962, op 3, d 1995,11 29-62, TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 2757, ark 1-2, Literaturna hazeta, 24 January 1952, 2

TsDAHO, f Lop 30 spr 1990, ark 206-7

At the time of Stalin’s death in March 1953 major Ukrainian cities such as Kiev, Kharkiv, Lviv, and Staltno [Donetsk] had no monuments of the great leader In the spring of 1953 the republics authorities considered erecting such memorials, provid­ing that Moscow picked up the bill, but abandoned the plan later in the year See ibid, spr 3598, ark 2-6, spr 3597, ark 73-7

TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9486, ark 29, Kulturne budivnytstvo, 2 280 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1990, ark 154-6 (1950), op 72, spr l.ark 71-3(1951) TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 11406, ark 194, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3655, ark 108—11, Kulturne budivnytstvo, 2 314-15 The renovations at the museum and the construction of the monument began in 1954

TsDAHO, F 1, op 30, spr 3597, ark 52

Ibid, spr 3598, ark 2-6, spr 3597, ark 73-7 (original proposal), op 24, spr 3504, ark 163-7 (revised proposal) The Ukrainian Academy of Architecture originally suggested erecting a monument to Khmelnytsky (ibid, ark 43^4, 52) TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9486, ark 20-1 (Volhyn), 26-7 (Subotiv) This was not the original wooden church, but a later brick structure under the same name and m the same place Also, Khmelnytsky’s ashes had been missing for almost 300 years TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3640, ark 54-70 (list), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 11407, ark 4-5 (Khortytsia), spr 11406, ark 48-9 (Dnipropetrovsk), 228-32 (Hrushchynsky), f 5116, op 10, spr 16, ark 22-4 (Lviv), Literatuma hazeta, 3 December 1953, 3 (Le) In the end, Kiev downgraded the obelisk on Khortytsia to a memorial plaque and the monument to Sirko to a tombstone and a bust on his grave (TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9880, ark 29, 31)

TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 11406, ark 15-17 (Kirovohrad), TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 3628, ark 1-2 (Korsun), 91 (Krolevets), 102-12 (Uman)

Ibid, ark 114 (Stanyslaviv), op 24, spr 3503, ark 13—21 (Cherkasy)

Ibid, op 30, spr 3628, ark 97

Ibid, spr 3600, ark 74-7 (monument, tombstone, obelisks, and memorial plaques), 118 (statue in Chyhyryn), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9880, ark 29-31 (summary), spr 11408, ark 2—5 (tombstone and obelisks)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3627, ark 4-10, Radtanska Ukrama, 25 May 1954, 1 (dedication), Radianske mystetstvo, 14 July 1954, 1 (competition)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 3504, ark 173-82, op 30, spr 3672, ark 6-36, NAIIU, op 1, spr 407, ark 1-22

TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 10237, ark 38-9, 50-60, 88-90, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3600, ark 36—8

TsDAMLM, f 119, op l,spr 168, ark Izv (monument), TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 10237, ark 145-6 (cathedral), Apanovych, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytsky i who istorychni pamiatky, 112, 120 (Pereiaslav)

89 Radianska osvita, 19 December 1953, 1, Naulko, ‘Vyvchennia penodu Vyzvolnoi vuny ukratnskoho narodu,’ 16-17

90 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3640, ark 71-9 (Kiev), 80-6 (Pereiaslav, Chyhyryn, and the battlefields)

91 See Savchuk, Kraieznavchyi rukh v Ukraini, 11, Danyhuk, Zberezhemo tuiu slavu

7: Empire and Nation in the Artistic Imagination

1 Sec Pravda, 14-27 June 1951

2 [Volodymyr] Sosiura, ‘Love Ukraine,’ in The Ukrainian Poets, 1189—1962, ed and trans C H Andrusyshen and Watson Kirkconnell (Toronto, 1963), 423

3 Pravda, 2 July 1951, 2 On Stalins personal involvement, see Shepilov, ‘Vospomina' nua,’ 43-4

4 See Bilmsky, Second Soviet Republic, 15-17, Baran, Ukrama 1950-1960-kh rr 60-5

5 Simon, Nationalism, 206-9, Hann, Postwar Soviet Politics, 149-50

6 RGASPI, f 17, op 133, d 311,11 34-50, here 38-9, a draft in TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2423, ark 49-50 (2 August), ibid, op 24, spr 785, ark 61-7 (14 August)

7 TsDAHO, f 1, op 8, spr 330, ark 13-14 The Moscow edition was reviewed m Literatuma hazeta, 5 September 1946, 4 Compare Ilchenko, Sertse zhde and idem, Peterburgskaia osen

8 TsDAMLM, f 590, op 1, spr 163, ark 7, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2357, ark 242, Ilchenko, Peterburzka osin

9 Literatuma hazeta, 23 December 1948, 2

10 TsDAMLM, f 590, op l,spr 57, ark 107-8 This passage was not included in the abridged text of his speech that appeared in Literatuma hazeta

11 Literatuma hazeta, 1 August 1947, 2, 6 December 1948, 3

12 Rybak, Pereiaslavska rada 45

13 On different writers’ portrayals of Bohun, see Syrotiuk, Ukrainskyt radianskyi istorychnyi roman, 295-9 On 295 Syrotiuk announces, ‘ The Pereiaslav Council conclusively disproves the statement of some bourgeois historians and novelists about acute contradictions and conflicts between Ivan Bohun and Bohdan Khmelnytsky ’

14 L Dmyterko, ‘Ukrainska radianska literature, 74-5, Literatuma hazeta, 9 March 1950, 1 (award)

15 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1416, ark 8

16 Ibid, ark 1-3

17 Radianske mystetstvo, 13 July 1949, 2 (review), 12 November 1949, 3 (Sumy),

1 March 1950, 3 (Kharkiv), Literatuma hazeta, 14 July 1949, 2 (review) Dmyterko was a Western Uki unian who adapted well to Stalinist cultural life and made a career as a literary functionaiy in Kiev During a readers’ conference on his visit to Western Ukraine in 1950 Dmyterko received an anonymous note asking, What were you sick with when you wrote Together Forever⁷' See TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2042, ark 13 Radianske mystetstvo, 30 July 1952, 3

Ibid, 5 July 1950, 3, 19 July 1950, 2 (laroslav}, Korniichuk, Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1939), 31, 53, 59, 76, idem, Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1954), 23, 31, 33, 43, TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 1577, ark 1-5 {Bohdan)

Ltteraturna hazeta, 24 April 1952, 3 (conference), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3597, ark 71 (poem)

Ltteraturna hazeta, 24 December 1953, 3 (excerpts from Ukraine Was Humming), Petro Panch, Homonila Ukraina (Kiev, 1954J, XVIII ztzd, 157 (Nazarenko on the insufficient revisions), TsDAMLM, f 590, op 1, spr 204, ark 3 and Ltteraturna hazeta, 12 November 1953, 3—4 (Rybak)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 2247, op 30, spr 3681, esp ark 113 (Stanyslaviv province) and 124 (Vovkovyi)

Rybak, Pereiaslavska rada (1953), TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 454,1 1 (Moscow pub­lishers), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3631, ark 4, 8, Ltteraturna hazeta, 6 May 1954, 3 (radio)

Conveniently grouped together in a report to Moscow in TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 454,1 11

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3632, ark 22-33, op 70, spr 2247, ark 30 (Forever Together and Bohdan Khmelnytsky), Radtanska osvtta, 3 October 1953, 1, 9 January 1954, 2, 15 May 1954, 4, 22 May, 2, 14 August, 3 (school curriculum) Ltteraturna hazeta, 13 June 1945, 4 (1945), 22 January 1954, 4 (Lviv), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3618, ark 93 (Lviv), spr 3632, ark 26-33 (six other companies) TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3599, ark 46

TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 402,1 78, Ltteraturna hazeta, 22 May 1954, 4 (conference), TsDAMLM, f 590, op 1, spr 199, ark 23^1, Ltteraturna hazeta, 28 October 1954, 2 (congress)

TsDAMLM, f 687, op 1, spr 47, ark 23zv (anonymous note) and 29 (Zhytnyk) Ibid, 11-12

Ibid, 7, 9-9zv, 20-20zv, 21zv, 37-8 (Krykun), 54zv

Ibid, 18

Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society, 239-40

Dubenko, Taras Shevchenko ta toho herot na ekrant, 31-2

TsDAHO, f 1, op 70, spr 689, ark 1, 4, 9-10

Ibid, op 30, spr 1377, RGALI, f 1992, op l,d 129

TsDAHO, f Lop 30, spr 1850, ark 11 (Korniichuk), 13 (Petrytsky) A copy of the minutes is in RGALI, f 1992, op 1, d 124 Petrytsky was referring to Illia Repin’s famous painting The Zaporozhtans Writing a Letter to the Sultan (1880-91), the destruction of the Zaporozhian Host on the orders of Catherine II in 1774 and Semen Hulak-Artemovsky’s popular comic opera, The Zaporozhian Cossack beyond the Danube (1863)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1850, ark 18, 21, 24, 26, 33 (discussion), 36—46 (reviews) A copy is in RGALI, f 1992, op 1, d 125,11 1-6,14-17

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 1850 ark 55 (commission), spr 2056, ark 11-13 (Kyrychenko) and 20 (Melnikov)

Ibid, spr 1850, ark 55-88

RGALI, f 1992, op 1, d 124,11 44-72, RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 427,11 90-1 TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2056, ark 26-31 (Nazarenko to Bolshakov), 32-3 (Levada)

RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 427,11 90-1, RGALI, f 1992, op l,d 116,11 1-30, TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 1850, ark 90—100

TsDAHO, f l,op 24, spr 777, ark 101

Izvestna, 20 December 1951, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2056, ark 21-5 Radianske mystetstvo, 19 December 1951, 3, 26 December 1951, 2, Literaturna hazeta, 27 December 1951, 3, TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 9496, ark 131 (the studios’ report for 1951-3)

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 2347, ark 18, spr 3597, ark 73

TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 766, ark 1, spr 1846, ark 22-6, RGALI, f 2329, op 12, d 237,11 10, 35-6, 115-16, 124-6, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3657, ark 142 TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 3656, ark 8 The Kiev Film Studios eventually filmed Dmyterkos play in 1956-7 (ibid, ark 197)

TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 2137, ark 13, 15, 23-5, 40-5

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 3268, ark 107

Ibid, spr 2347, ark 18 (1953), spr 3633, ark 2-3, 10-11 (1954), Radianska osvita, 19 December 1953, 2

Lstorua ukramskoho mystetstva, 6 125-6, Dmytrenko, Ukrainskyi radianskyi zhyvopys, 80, 88, lukhymets, Ukrainske radianske mystetstvo, 96, 112, 140

Literaturna hazeta, 17 June 1954, 4, TsDAMLM, f 665, op 1, spr 167, ark 4 TsDAMLM, f 196, op l,spr 26, ark 19, Za novye uspekhi izobrazitelnogo iskusstva Ukrainy, Iskusstvo, no 4 (1954) 7, Vystavka izobrazitelnogo iskusstva Ukrainskoi SSR (1951), 17, Kholodkovskaia, Introduction, Mikhail Gordeevich Deregus, 19-22, 30-3

The painting was first displayed at the All-Union Artistic Exhibition in Moscow in December 1951 (Radianske mystetstvo, 26 December 1951, 1, 1 January 1952, 3) Literaturna hazeta, 31 January 1952, 4 (excessive splendour’), Radtanske mystetstvo, 14 December 1952, 2 (Popova), TsDAMLM, f 581, op 1, spr 343, ark 9 (Hryhonev)

Radtanske mystetstvo, 14 Januuy 1953, 4

Ibid, 25 Much 1953,3

TsDAHO, f l,op 70, spr 2247, ark 93, 140, TsDAMLM, f 119, op 1, spr 168, ark 1, Literaturna hazeta, 7 January 1954, 1

TsDAMLM, f 581, op 1, spr 440, ark 6-9, Radianske mystetstvo, 9 June 1954, 2 lukhymets, Ukrainske radianske mystetstvo, 100, Istoma ukrainskoho mystetstva, 6 229-30

TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 3599, ark 78-80, spr 3634, ark 11, spr 3643, ark 112, Vystavka izobrazitelnogo iskusstva, '5'1-71

NAIIU, op l,spr 550, ark 21

TsDAMLM, f 665, op 1, spr 169, ark 16, 30 (Khmelko), 18zv (Khmelnytsky’s clothing), 46 zv (Bilostotsky), 2, 7, 19 (Kryvenko)

For a more detailed discussion of Ukrainian historical opera under Stalin, see Yekelchyk, ‘Diktat and Dialogue in Stalinist Culture ’

RGALI, f 962, op 11, d 558,11 17, 21, 48 (decision to produce a historical opera), TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 297 (first draft of the libretto), Radianske mystetstvo, 28 July 1948, 3 (Dankevych)

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2041, ark 1, spr 2051, ark 1 (telegrams), Radianske mystetstvo, 15 February 1950, 3 (first audition), 23 August 1950, 3 (score ready) Radianske mystetstvo, 31 January 1951, 1, Literaturna hazeta, 8 February 1951, 3, RGALI, f 962, op 2, d 2336,1 13, op 3, d 2306,1 6

TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2428, ark 3-85, Dekada ukrainskoho mystetstva uMoskvi. Pravda, 16 June 1951, 1

Ibid, 20 July 1951, 3-4

Literaturna hazeta, 26 July 1951, 4, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2424, ark 13-14, op 1, spr 976, ark 12, 18-20, 227-9

TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 304, ark 1-8, spr 305, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 2747, TsDAVOV, f 4763, op 1, spr 357, ark 2-5, 44

TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 2012, ark 5-6, 8

TsDAVOV, f 4763, op 1, spr 357, ark 95 (concluding words), TsDAMLM, f 435, op 1, spr 1959, ark 15 (Composers’Union)

RGASPI, f 17, op 132, d 419,11 219-21

Ibid, 11 222-52, Radianske mystetstvo, 24 October 1951, 4

RGALI, f 962, op 11, d 613,11 1-47 (Shipov), TsDAMLM, f 146, op l.spr 192, ark 2 (Rylsky)

TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 445,11 35-8

TsDAMLM, f 573, op 1, spr 216, ark 5

See Yekelchyk, ‘Diktat and Dialogue in Stalinist Culture,’ 616-17

TsDAMLM, f 573, op 4, spr 17, ark 17, 25

Ibid, f 1106, op 1, spr 22, ark la, 9-10, 21 (script), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3268, ark 29 (released)

85 Radianske mystetstvo, 30 September 1953, 3, 14 October 1953, 3, Literaturna hazeta, 1 October 1953, 3, 29 October 1953, 2

86 TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 402,1 71,TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 3504, ark 24, op 30, spr 3632, ark 20-2, TsDAVOV, f 5116, op 4, spr 15, ark 44, spr 19, ark 1-2, spr 20, ark 1-7, 25

87 GARF, f 6903, op 26, d 39, TV program and transcripts for 10 May (no pagina­tion), TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 402,11 76-7 (all-Union radio), TsDAHO, f l,op 30, spr 3631, ark 25 (Ukrainian radio), spr 3633, ark 47—54 (gramophone disks), spr 3632, ark 180-6 (concert), Radianske mystetstvo, 17 November 1954, 4 (Dankevych’s accolade)

88 Novyt shliakh, 15 January 1954, 4 The reference to Bohdan’s ‘boring’ ana on the need for reunification seems to add some credibility to the story Indeed, two of the hetmans anas were devoted to this subject

89 GARF, f 6646, op l,d 356,11 14-18

90 RGALI, f 2329, op 3, d 168,1 35ob A real rarity, Puccini’s Tosca, surpassed Bohdans record average attendance 2,959 people showed up at a mere two perfor­mances of Tosca in Kiev

91 Ibid, d 111,11 1-3

92 TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 445,11 85-6 As an amusing sidelight, there is every likelihood that Hryshko met the bass Borys Hmyna (Colonel Kryvonis in the opera) regularly on Pasazh Street, where both men lived

93 TsDAMLM, f 435, op l,spr 1302, ark 1-2

Epilogue

1 TsDAHO, f 24, op 1605, ark 19,23 Demian Korotchenko at the time served as the chairman of Ukraine’s Council of Ministers

2 Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 247

3 TsKhSD, f 5, op 30, d 9,11 115-16, TsDAHO, f l,op 24, spr 3504, ark 186

4 TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 3504, ark 121-3, 163-7, op 30, spr 3597, ark 73-7, spr 3598, ark 2-6, 19-44, TsKhSD, f 5, op 30, d 9,11 51-64, d 52,11 96-9, 127-9

5 TsDAHO, f 1, op 24, spr 3504, ark 163-7 (Ukrainian initiative), TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 402,1 26 (Lykholat and others)

6 TsKhSD, f 5, op 30, d 9,1 55 (resolution) Much of this narrative is based on Lykholat s own recollections checked against the archival materials From 1961 until his death in 1993 he worked at rhe Institute of History of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, the institution I joined as a junior researcher in 1989 Andru Vasylovych was fond of sharing his reminiscences with younger colleagues Forty-five years after the events, however, his chronology was sometimes unreliable Stephen Velychenko interviewed Lykholat in 1988 and published a similar account of the preparation of the Theses, albeit he asserted that Suslov had ordered Lykholat to prepare this docu ment in mid-1952 and that the final draft had been ready by mid-1953 (Velychenko, Shaping Identity, 59) Because of archival materials unavailable to Velychenko at the time, such a dating cannot be supported

TsKhSD, f 5, op 30, d 52,11 1-29, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3642, ark 35-70 Yaroslav Bilmsky has rightly observed that, in the Theses, ‘even the “class” character of history is not stressed, the Ukrainian and the Russian people are essentially depicted as single units and not aggregates of warring classes’ (Second Soviet Republic, 205) Tezisy o 300-letn vossoedmenna Ukrainy s Rossiei, 11, 18, 23, 25

Pravda, 12 January 1954, 3, Radianska Ukraina, 12 January 1954, 3, 14 January 1954, 1, 15 January 1954, 1, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3600, ark 10 RGALI, f 2329, op 4, dd 245, 252, TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 98882, ark 96­101, 205, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3605, 3606, 3620 (medal), op 24, spr 3504, ark 37-8, op 30, spr 3607, ark 1-5 (badge), spr 3621, ark 6 (stamps) TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 10237, ark 65-85, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3601, ark 15-37 (list), Radianska Ukraina, 5 February 1954, 2 (beer)

Radianska Ukraina, 17 January 1954, 1 (renaming), 25 April 1954 (concert), GARF, f 7523, op 57, d 963,11 1-3, op 58, d 19,11 2-21 (Crimea), ‘lubileinye nauchnye sessu, posviashchennye 300-letnu vossoedmenna Ukrainy s Rossiei’ (sessions) On the dekady, see Pravda and Radianska Ukraina, 6-18 May 1954

Radianska Ukraina, 22 May 1954, 1, 23 May 1954, 2-4 (session), TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3608, 3611, 3612, TsDAVOV, f 2, op 8, spr 10238 (addresses) Some congratulations eventually were published in Radianska Ukraina, 27 May 1954, 2, 29 May 1954, 2

Vechirnu Kyiv, 24 May 1954, 1, 3, 20 May 1954, 3, TsDAHO, f 1, op 30, spr 3600, ark 58-9, spr 3636, ark 6—7

TsDAHO, f 1, op 16, spr 74, ark 104-11, op 30, spr 3622, ark 1—48 (gifts from Ukraine), spr 3623, ark 1-19 (gifts to Ukraine), spr 3601, ark 87-90, spr 3641, ark 138-9, Radianske mystetstvo, 9 June 1954, 1, Literaturna hazeta, 1 July 1954, 1 (museums)

Pravda, 30 May 1954, 1-2, 31 May 1954, 1-2

See Radianska Ukraina, January-May 1954

TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 427,11 189-207 (Kabarda), Tadyev, ‘Konferentsna po voprosam izuchenua istorn Gornogo Altaia’ (Altai), Korneichik, ‘Ekonomicheskie predposylki formirovanua belorusskoi burzhuaznoi natsu,’ 98

TsKhSD, f 5, op 17, d 518,11 70-5

TsDAHO, f 1, op 46, spr 6822, ark 40, 105

Ibid, ark 83, op 30, spr 3626, ark 18-19

SeeTsKhSD, f 5. op 30, d 52,11 101-7

Bilmsky, Second Soviet Republic, 206-7

Ibid, 193-4

lurchuk, Kultume zhyttia v Ukraim u povoienni roky, 61

See Farmer, Ukrainian Nationalism, 78-121

Baran, Ukraina 1950—1960—kh rr, 146, Kasianov, Nezhodni, 70-2

Braichevsky, Annexation or Reunification, Dziuba, Internationalism or Russification? See Brudny, Reinventing Russia, Kozlov, ‘The Historical Turn in Late Soviet Culture ’ Farmer, Ukrainian Nationalism, 95 This is also Bohdan Krawchenko’s argument m his Social Change and National Consciousness, chap 5

Shelest, Da ne sudimy budete On Shelest, see Bihnsky, ‘Mykola Skrypnyk and Petro Shelest,’ 105-43, Tillett, ‘Ukrainian Nationalism ’

Wanner, Burden of Dreams, 38

In addition to Wanner’s book, see Kohut, ‘History as a Battleground’, Kuzio, Ukraine, Plokhy, ‘The Ghosts of Pereiaslav’, Sysyn, ‘The Reemergence of the Ukrainian Nation ’