CONTENTS

Introduction................................................................................................................................... 207

HIV Killing of Infected T Cells....................................................................................................

Direct Killing by Apoptosis and Other Mechanisms............................................................ 209

Cytopathicity of the HIV Envelope Protein Involves Both CD4

and the Chemokine Co-Receptors......................................................................................... 209

Vpr Mediates Apoptosis by Directly Targeting the Mitochondria....................................... 210

Vpu Contributes to Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Antiapoptotic

Effects of NF-κB................................................................................................................... 213

HIV Protease as a Mediator of Direct Cell Killing.............................................................. 214

Tat Increases the Sensitivity of Infected Cells to Apoptosis................................................ 214

Killing of Uninfected (Bystander) T Cells by HIV...................................................................... 215

CD4+ T Cell Apoptosis Mediated by Cell-Cell Interactions:

Death Receptors..................................................................................................................... 215

The HIV Accessory Genes Tat, Vpr, and Nef as Mediators

of Bystander Cell Death......................................................................................................... 216

Accelerated T Cell Turnover: The Effects of HIV on the Thymus and Bone Marrow........ 216

The Role of Chemokine Receptors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Killing............................. 217

Summary and Perspectives........................................................................................................... 218

References..................................................................................................................................... 218