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Badley A.D. (ed.). Cell Death During HIV Infection. Taylor & Francis,2006. — 511 p.. 2006

Establishing that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of acquired immu­nodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was the beginning of a revolution in science. Since then, the advances made in retrovirology have led to major advances in therapy for HIV, which, in turn, have allowed thousands worldwide to live longer lives. The advances in immunologic sciences have been rapid as well, and within a few short years, those advances will likely translate into immune-based therapies for use in clinical practice. In comparison, the study of apoptosis dysregulation during HIV-induced immunodeficiency has been less intense. Nevertheless, important lessons have been learned. Most scientists and clinicians now accept that cell death is not a passive process but, rather, a tightly coordinated and regulated one. As such, apoptotic cell death may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. In non-HIV disease states, clinical trials of apoptosis modifying agents used for HIV disease are already underway.

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Editor
Contributor
Introduction
Table of Contents
Section I Basic Concepts Lentiviral Biology and Cell Death
Eric M. Poeschla
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
The Origins of HIV-1 and the Emergence of Lentiviral Disease in Primates
Replication and Pathogenesis: A Comparative Lentiviral Perspective
VIRAL LIFE CYCLE
CONCLUSION
Regulation of Apoptosis
Maria Eugenia Guicciardi Gregory J. Gores
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Approaches Used to Detect Apoptosis
Scott H. Kaufmann Xue Wei Meng
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSAYS OF APOPTOSIS
DETECTION OF DNA FRAGMENTATION
CASPASE ACTIVATION
FLOW CYTOMETRY-BASED ASSAYS
Consequences of HIV Infection on Thymus Function and T Cell Development
Daniel B. Graham David J. McKean
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HIV INFECTION OF THYMOCYTE SUBSETS
EARLY T CELL ONTOGENY AND HEMATOPOIESIS
THYMIC SELECTION AND T CELL MATURATION
THYMIC MICROENVIRONMENT
EFFECTS OF ANTI-HIV THERAPY ON THE THYMUS HAART
SUMMARY
Deadly Intentions: Apoptosis in the Peripheral Immune System
Michael J. Pinkoski
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A VIEW TO A KILL—GENERAL MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS
OUTSIDE INFLUENCES OR AN INSIDE JOB—THE EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC PATHWAYS
ALL REVVED UP WITH NO PLACE TO GROW—ACTIVATION- INDUCED CELL DEATH (AICD) and peripheral deletion
MURDER BY PROXY—NONLYMPHOID CELLS IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTE DELETION
IN THE COMPANY OF KILLERS—INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES
SUMMARY
Section 2 Mechanisms of HIV-Associated
Cell Death Viral Factors Viral Factor
Cell Death in HIV Infection: gp120
Stacey R. Vlahakis
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION OF GP120
GENETIC REGULATION OF GP120
GP120 RECEPTOR BINDING
HOST IMMUNE CELL INFECTION WITH HIV
GP120-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T CELLS
DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH GP120 BINDING TO CD4
DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH GP120 BINDING FOR CCR5
DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH GP120 BINDING TO CXCR4
THERAPEUTIC AGENTS DIRECTED AT GP120
GP120 VACCINES
SUMMARY
7 Vpr
Julian J. Lum Andrew D. Badley
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
VIRAL PROTEIN R (VPR): STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE VIRAL LIFE CYCLE
BIOLOGY OF VPR
VPR MEDIATES CELL DEATH
Interference of the Nef Protein of HIV-1 with Pro- and Antiapoptotic Pathways of T Cells
Andreas Baur
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INTERACTION OF NEF WITH THE HOST T CELL
TCR SIGNALS THAT STIMULATE ANTI- AND Proapoptotic pathways
NEF SIGNALS THAT STIMULATE ANTI- AND PROAPOPTOTIC PATHWAYS
NEF AND IMMUNE EVASION OF HIV
CONCLUSION
HIV-1 Tat and Apoptotic Death
Sylviane Muller Claude Desgranges
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HIV-1 TAT AND APOPTOSIS
MODULATING APOPTOSIS WITH TAT ANTIBODIES
CONCLUDING REMARKS
10 HIV Protease (PR) and Cell Death
Zilin Nie David R. McNamara Andrew D. Badley
CONTENTS
PROTEASE (PR) IN VIRUS LIFE CYCLE AND AIDS PATHOGENESIS
EFFECT OF PROTEASE EXPRESSION IN TRANSGENIC MODELS
HIV PR AND CELL DEATH
INITIATION FACTOR OF TRANSLATION EIF4GI AND OTHER CELLULAR PROTEINS
MODEL FOR APOPTOSIS VS. NECROSIS
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CELL DEATH INDUCED BY PR
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PROTEASE MUTATIONS AND CLINICAL OR CD4 OUTCOME
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF PR MUTATIONS ON CELL KILLING
CONCLUSIONS
11 Immune Activation
Barbara N. Phenix Savita Pahwa
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MARKERS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION
CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN HIV INFECTION
CONSEQUENCES OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION
DEATH RECEPTOR/LIGANDS AND INTRINSIC APOPTOTIC MACHINERY IN HIV INFECTION
MODULATION OF HIV-MEDIATED IMMUNE ACTIVATION, AICD, AND EFFECT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
CONCLUDING REMARKS
12 Impairment of HIV-Specific Immune Effector Cell Function
Demetre C. Daskalakis Eric S. Rosenberg
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
VIRAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE LEVEL OF VIREMIA
HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DISEASE PROGRESSION
CONCLUSION
13 Infected vs. Uninfected Deat
Mechanisms of HIV-Infected vs. Uninfected T Cell Killing
Jason F. Kreisberg Gilad Doitsh Warner C. Greene
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HIV KILLING OF INFECTED T CELLS
KILLING OF UNINFECTED (BYSTANDER) T CELLS BY HIV
SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES
14 Elevated Apoptosis of CD8+ T Lymphocytes during HIV-1 Infection
John Zaunders Jerdme Estaquier Jacques Corbeil
CONTENTS
CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTES IN HIV-1 INFECTION
IN HIV-1 INFECTION
15 Autologous Cell-Mediated Killing
Georges Herbein
CONTENTS
AUTOLOGOUS CELL-MEDIATED KILLING VIA INTERCELLULAR CONTACTS
AUTOLOGOUS CELL-MEDIATED KILLING VIA THE RELEASE OF SOLUBLE FACTORS
AUTOLOGOUS CELL-MEDIATED KILLING RESULTS IN IMMUNE SUPPRESSION
CONCLUSION
16 Molecular Mechanisms of HIV-1
Syncytial Apoptosis
Christophe Lemaire Jean-Luc Perfettini Guido Kroemer Catherine Brenner
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
THE FORMATION OF SYNCYTIA
COOPERATION OF DOMINANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
17 Nonapoptotic HIV-Induced T Cell Death
Keiko Sakai Matthew Smith-Raska Michael J. Lenardo
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CELL DEATH PATHWAY DURING ACUTE HIV-1 INFECTION
VIRAL MEDIATORS OF DIRECT, NONAPOPTOTIC CELL DEATH
SUMMARY
18 Apoptosis in Organ Culture and Animal Models of HIV Disease
Shailesh K. Choudhary David Camerini
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
APOPTOSIS IN HIV-1 INFECTED ORGAN CULTURE
APOPTOSIS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF HIV-1 DISEASE
summary and future perspectives
Section 3 Clinical Consequences of HIV- Induced Cell Deat
19 T Cell Dynamics and the Role of Apoptosis in HIV Infection
Nienke Vrisekoop Mette D. Hazenberg Frank Miedema Jose A.M. Borghans
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INAPPROPRIATE T CELL APOPTOSIS: DIRECT HIV-INDUCED Cytopathicity and cd4 cross-linking
INTERFERENCE WITH THYMIC FUNCTION
APPROPRIATE T CELL DEATH: CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN HIV PATHOGENESIS
IS CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION ALONE ENOUGH TO INDUCE CD4+ T CELL LOSS?
WHY ARE ONLY CD4+ AND NOT CD8+ T CELLS LOST IN HIV INFECTION?
CONCLUSION: AN INTEGRATED VIEW
20 Alteration of the Apoptotic Pathways in the Thymus during HIV Infection
Luchino Y. Cohen Marie-Lise Dion Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF APOPTOSIS IN T CELL DEVELOPMENT
IMPACT OF HIV INFECTION ON THYMIC FUNCTION
MODULATION OF APOPTOSIS IN THE THYMUSES OF INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
OF APOPTOSIS BY HIV IN THE THYMUS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
21 Correlations between Apoptosis and HIV Disease Progression
David H. Dockrell Anne J. Tunbridge
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
RATES OF HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION
EVIDENCE FOR AN INFLUENCE OF APOPTOSIS IN DISEASE PROGRESSION IN LENTIVIRUS INFECTION
LINKS BETWEEN FACTORS IMPLICATED IN DISEASE PROGRESSION AND APOPTOSIS
ANALYSIS OF APOPTOSIS IN PATIENT COHORTS WITH DEFINED RATES OF DISEASE PROGRESSION
IMPACT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON LEVELS OF LYMPHOCYTE APOPTOSIS
DISCORDANT RESPONSES TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
CONCLUSIONS
22 HIV-1 Infection and Cell Death in the Nervous System
Gareth Jones Christopher Power
CONTENTS
NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH HIV-1 INFECTION
HIV-1 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURONAL CELL DEATH IN HIV-1 INFECTION
DIRECT EFFECT OF VIRAL PROTEINS
SOLUBLE FACTORS FROM MACROPHAGES/MICROGLIA EXPOSED TO HIV-1
DISTINCT HIV-1 STRAINS AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL APOPTOSIS
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THERAPY
23 Involvement of Apoptosis in Complications of HIV and Its Treatment
David Nolan
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW OF COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV THERAPY
COMPLICATIONS OF THERAPY WITH NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS
24 Apoptosis as a Pathogenic Mechanism of HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections
Sara Warren Xian-Ming Chen Nicholas F. LaRusso Andrew D. Badley
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
CONCLUSIONS
Section 4 Therapeutic Issue
25 Direct Effects of Anti-HIV Therapeutics on Apoptosis
David Schnepple Andrew D. Badley
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTIs)
NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIs)
PROTEASE INHIBITORS (PIs)
FUSION INHIBITORS
26 HIV-1 Reservoirs and Residual Viral Replication during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Roger J. Pomerantz Giuseppe Nunnari
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HIV-1 LATENCY AND PERSISTENCE
CELL-ASSOCIATED AND CELL-FREE VIRUS DURING HAART
HIV-1 SANCTUARIES AND THE ROLE OF BLOOD-TISSUE BARRIERS: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, TESTES, AND RETINA
MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL TRACTS AND HIV-1 COMPARTMENTALIZATION IN THE HAART ERA
TREATMENT OF RESIDUAL HIV-1 DISEASE: PURGING LATENT
27 Therapeutic Approaches to Modulation of Cell Death (non-HIV)
Dara Ditsworth Rebecca L. Elstrom Craig B. Thompson
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CELL DEATH BY MURDER
CELL DEATH BY SUICIDE
OTHER FORMS OF CELL DEATH: NECROSIS AND AUTOPHAGY
SUMMARY
28 Immunotherapy of HIV Disease
Franco Lori Laurene M. Kelly Andrea Cossarizza Julianna Lisziewicz
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
STATE-OF-THE-ART HAART TREATMENT
CD4 AND CD8 T LYMPHOCYTES DURING HIV-INDUCED CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION
HiV-I-INDUCED APOPTOSIS
ALTERNATIVE HIV-1 THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
CONCLUSiON
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Books and textbooks on the discipline Infectious diseases:

  1. Alfano Massimo (ed.). Soluble Factors Mediating Innate Immune Responses to HIV Infection. Bentham Books,2010. — 159 p. - 2010 ãîä
  2. Barbaro Giuseppe, Boccara Franc (eds.). Cardiovascular Disease in AIDS. 2nd edition. — Springer,2009. — 169 p. - 2009 ãîä
  3. Bartlett J.G., Finkbeiner A.K.. The Guide to Living with HIV Infection: Developed at the Johns Hopkins AIDS Clinic. Johns Hopkins University Press,2006. — 407 p. - 2006 ãîä
  4. Alder M.W.. ABC of AIDS. Fifth edition. —BMJ Publishing Group,2001. — 126 p. - 2001 ãîä
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