CONCLUSION
The more we look into Nef functions, the more details we find, seemingly confusing our understanding of the actions of this small viral protein. It is likely that the picture is even more complex than anticipated.
For example, we still know little regarding Nef functions in macrophages and dendritic cells and, possibly, in HIV latency. The antiapoptotic, more than the proapoptotic, effects of Nef are likely a very important function of this protein. They are easily explained through the molecular interactions of Nef, namely, its ability to associate with signaling molecules and the endocytosis machinery of the cell. However, Nef is likely not the only weapon of HIV in the struggle for survival in the infected host. We have learned that Nef-negative viruses are able to maintain a low-replication capacity and, more importantly, cannot be eradicated by the immune system. Although Nef is not absolutely required for the virus in vitro or in vivo, it may be responsible for the usually fast progression of the disease. In this context, Nef may also have direct detrimental effects on the immune system, as suggested, in part, by transgenic mouse models. For the foreseeable future, Nef remains one of the most enigmatic proteins of HIV.REFERENCES
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