Apostasy, Ridda, Irtidad, Blasphemy, Heresy, Freedom of Religion

268. abou-bakr, Omaima. Freedom of religion in Qur’anic exegesis. Freedom of expression in Islam. Challenging apostasy and blasphemy laws. Ed. Muhammad Khalid Masud, Kari Vogt, Lena Larsen, Christian Moe.

269. abu daoud. Apostates of Islam. St Francis Magazine, 3 iv (2008) pp. 1-8.

270. abu hasan. The killer mistake. A critique of Nuh Keller's “Iman, kufr and takfir”. N.p.: Ridawi Press, 2013. 222 pp.

271. abusulayman, AbdulHamid (transl. by Nancy Roberts).Apostates, Islam & freedom of faith. Change of conviction vs change of allegiance. London & Washington, DC: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2013. 36 pp.

272. adang, Camilla & ansari, Hassan & fierro, Maribel & schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). Accusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takfir. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2016. 534 pp.

273. ademi, Cefli. Die Frage nach der Sanktionsbedürftigkeit der „Religi­onsbeschimpfung“ im deutschen und islamischen Strafrecht. GAIR- Mitteilungen, 4 (2012) pp. 53-71.

274. ahmad, Ahmad Atif. Islam, modernity, violence, and everyday life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 213 pp. [See chapter 6 “Apostasy”, pp. 147-168.]

275. ahmad, Ahmad Atif. Al-Ghazali's contribution to the Sunni juristic discourses on apostasy. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 7 (2007) pp. 50-73.

276. ahmad, Hazrat Mirza Tahir. Murder in the name of Allah. Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications Ltd., 2013. 160 pp.

277. ahmad, Syed Barakat. Conversion from Islam. The Islamic world from classical to modern times. Ed. C.E. Bosworth, C. Issawi, R. Savory, A.L. Udovitch. Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1989, pp. 3-25.

278. ALALWANI, Taha Jabir. Apostasie im Islam: eine historische undskripturale Analyse. Herndon, VA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought (iiit), 2014.

279. ALALWANI, Taha Jabir (translated by Nancy Roberts, abridged by Alison Lake). Apostasy in Islam: a historical and scriptural analysis. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012. 22 pp.

280. ALALWANI, Taha Jabir. Apostasy in Islam: a historical and scriptural anal­ysis. London & Washington, DC: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2011. 157 pp.

281. aldeeb abu-sahlieh, Sami A. El delito de apostasia hoy y sus conse- cuencias segun el derecho arabe y musulman. Encuentro Islamo-Cristiano, 281 (1995) pp. 1-16.

282. aldeeb ABU-SAHLIEH, Sami Awad. Salman Rushdie et l’iceberg: consequences penales et politiques de l’apostasie en droit musulman et arabe. Melanges en l’honneur de Jan Stepàn à l’occasion de son 8o^ème anni- versaire. Ed. Jarmila Bednarikova, Frank C. Chapman, II. Publications de l’Institut suisse de droit compare, 23. Zürich: Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag, 1994, pp. 255-274.

283. aldeeb abu-sahlieh, Sami Awad. Le delit d’apostasie aujourd’hui et ses consequences en droit arabe et musulman. Islamochristiana, 20 (1994) pp. 93-116.

284. aldeeb abu-sahlieh, Sami Awad. Prima e dopo Salman Rushdie: il reato di apostasia e le sue conseguenze in diritto musulmano e arabo. Rivista internazionale dei diritti dell’uomo, 6 i (1993) pp. 41-71.

285. aldeeb abu-sahlieh, Sami Awad. Islam und Religionsfreiheit. Gewissen und Freiheit, 28 (1987) pp. 14-19.

286. aldeeb abu-sahlieh, Sami Awad. Liberte religieuse et apostasie dans l’islam. Praxisjuridique et religion, 3 (1986) pp. 43-76.

287. aldeeb abu-sahlieh, Sami Awad. Islam et liberte religieuse. Conscience et Liberte, 27 (1984) pp. 24-33.

288. ali, Abdullah bin Hamid. Preserving the freedom for faith: reevaluating the politics of compulsion. Review of Faith. & International Affairs, 9 ii (2011) pp. 3-9.

289. ali, Kecia. Transgressing all bounds? Gendering authority and engender­ing orthodoxy. Freedom of expression in Islam.

290. ‘ali, Muhammad. Apostasy in Islam. Light & Islamic Review, 83 i (2006) pp. 9-12.

291. ALMIRZANAH, Syafa’atun. On human rights and the Qur’anic perspec­tive: freedom of religion and the rule of apostasy. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 45 ii (2007) pp. 367-388.

292. ‘alwani, Taha Jabir Fayyad Al-. L’apostasie en islam: un reexamen critique du corpus musulman. Paris: Harmattan, 2014. 61 pp.

293. ‘alwäni, Taha oäbir al-. The judgment against apostasy and the pun­ishment for the apostate. Etudes Arabes: Dossiers—nouvelle sèrie, 109 (2012) pp. 85-171.

294. ‘alwäni, Taha Jabir Al-. The hadlth “Whoever changes his (Islamic) reli­gion, kill him” and some of the problems related to it. Etudes Arabes: Dossiers, 109 (2012) pp. 164-171.

295. amjad, Moiz. Punishment for apostates. Renaissance: A Monthly Islamic Journal, 21 iv (2011) pp. 35-37.

296. ARZT, Donna E. Heroes or heretics: religious dissidents under Islamic law. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 14 (1996) pp. 349-421.

297. Asad, Talal. Is critique secular? Blasphemy, injury, and free speech. Berkeley: University of California, 2009. 154 pp.

298. attar, Jamel. Je croyais en Issa, j’ai rencontreJesus: quand un musulman fervent est confronte à la grace. Romanel-sur-Lausanne: Ourania, 2013. 124 pp.

299. ayoub, M. Religious freedom and the law of apostasy in Islam. Islamo- christiana, 20 (1994) pp. 75-91.

300. badar, Mohamed & nagata, Masaki & tueni, Tiphanie. The radical application of the Islamist concept of “takfir”. Arab Law Quarterly, 31 (2017) pp. 134-162.

301. badry, Roswitha. On the takfir of Arab women's rights advocates in recent times. Accusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takfir. Ed. Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro, Sabine Schmidtke, Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2016, pp.

302. badry, Roswitha. Das Instrument der Verketzerung, seine Politisierung und der Bedarf nach einer Neubeurteilung der ‘Scharia' und der Apostasiefrage im Islam. Islamverherrlichung. Wenn die Kritik zum Tabu wird. Ed. Thorsten Gerald Schneiders. Wiesbaden: Springer vs, 2010, pp. 117-129.

303. bajnaid, Ilhaam Abdullah. Repentance of the apostate between accept­ance and rejection. Contemporary Jurisprudence Research Journal/ Majallat al-Buhüth al-Fiqhiyah al-Muxisirah, 104 (2015) pp. 12-15.

304. baker, Man. Capital punishment for apostasy in Islam. Arab Law Quarterly, 32 (2018) pp. 1-23.

305. bälz, Kilian. Eheauflosung aufgrund von Apostasie durch Popularklage. Der Fall Abu Zayd. Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrechts (IPRax), 16 (1996) pp. 353-356.

306. beke, D. Islam-recht en geloofsafval: leer en praktijk. Recht van de Islam, 13 (1996) pp. 89-110.

307. blanc, F.P. L'apostasie dans les droits d'Afrique du Nord. Revue d’Histoire des Institutions Mediterranees, 1 (1997) pp. 33-38.

308. borrmans, M. La liberte religieuse dans les pays d'islam. La liberte reli- gieuse dans le monde, analyse doctrinale et politique. Ed. J.-B. D'Onorio. Paris: Editions universitaires, 1991, pp. 255-288.

309. brown, Jonathan. The issue of apostasy in Islam. Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, 2017. 27 pp.

310. caner, Emir Fethi & pruitt, H. Edward. The costly call: modern-day sto­ries of Muslims who found Jesus. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2004. 158 pp.

311. capezzone, Leonardo. L'impostore e gli eresiografi: l'eresia di Abdallah Ibn Harb nei trattati di Al-Nawbakhti e Al-Qummi. Annali della Ca’ Foscari, 45 iii (2006) pp. 141-161.

312. capezzone, Leonardo. La funzione iconica della malattia nella rap­presentazione islamica dell'eretico (nota). Annali della Ca’ Foscari, 36 (1996) pp. 425-431.

313. chase, Anthony. Legal guardians: Islamic law, international law, human rights law, and the Salman Rushdie Affair. American University International Law Review, 11 (1996) pp.

314. chokr, Melhem. Zandaqa et zindiqs en islam au second siecle de l’he- gire. Damascus: Institut Franqais de Damas, 1993. 350 pp.

315. clarke, Ben. Law, religion and violence: a human rights-based response to punishment (by state and non-state actors) of apostasy. Adelaide Law Review, 30 i (2009) pp. 111-147.

316. clarke, Ben. Law, religious crime and extremism: a human rights based approach to curbing religious violence in Islamic states and societies. Adelaide Law Review, 30 i (2009) pp. 111-147.

317. clarke, Ben. Law, religion and violence: the importance of Islamic law as a tool for refuting the idelogy of violent extremists. University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Law, Law Conference Papers, 2009. [online].

318. clarke, Ben. Ideological extremism and the abuse of religion: punish­ment of apostasy as a rationale for violence by state and non-state actors. The University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Law, Law Conference Papers, 2008, pp. 1-20. [online].

319. combalia, Zoila. El derecho de libertad religiosa en el mundo isldmico. Pamplona: Navarra Grafica Ediciones, 2001. 279 pp.

320. cook, David. Apostasy from Islam: a historical perspective. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 31 (2006) pp. 248-288.

321. cook, Paul. Apostasy, human rights, religion and belief—new threats to the freedom of opinion and expression: the problem of apostasy in an Islamic-Christian context. The myth of Islamic tolerance. How Islamic law treats non-Muslims. Ed. Robert Spencer. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2005, pp. 448-452.

322. cottee, Simon. The apostates: when Muslims leave Islam. London: Hurst & Co., 2015. 243 pp.

323. daga portillo, Rocio. Fiqh in its historical context: a question of blas­phemy law? Contacts and interaction: proceedings of the 27th Congress of the Union Europeenne des Arabisants et Islamisants Helsinki 2014. Ed. Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Petteri Koskikallio, Ilkka Lindstedt. Leuven etc.: Peeters, 2017, pp.

324. djaziri, Abd al-Rahman Al-. Die Strafen für den Abfall vom Islam—Nach den vier Schulen des islamischen Rechtes. Aus dem Arabischen übersetzt von Ishak Ersen. Villach, Osterreich: Licht des Lebens, 1991, 64 pp.

325. durän velasco, J.F. Incredulos y apostates en la Dar al-Islam (y el problema del confesionalismo en el Mundo arabe de hoy). El saber en al-Andalus: textos y estudios. Ed. Julia Maria Carabaza Bravo, Aly Tawfik Mohamed- Essawy. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla & Fundacion El Monte, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 179-226.

326. ‘eead, Nawal Abdulaziz al-. Suspicion about apostasy in the Sunnah pre­sentation and discussion. Contemporary Jurisprudence Research Journal/ Majallat al-Buhüth al-Fiqhlyah al-Mu’asirah, 102 (2014) pp. 9-11.

327. ennayfar, Hmida. De la foi a la conscience d'un paradoxe: un cas de conflit entre le droit d'origine revelee et les droits de l'homme: le chati- ment en cas d'apostasie de l'Islam (le ridda). Foi et Justice. Un deJi pour le Christianisme et pour l’Islam. Groupe de Recherches Islamo-Chretien, Muslim-Christian Research Group. Paris: Centurion, 1993, pp. 104-113.

328. ennayfar, Hmida. De la ridda (apostasie) a la foi, ou de la conscience du paradoxe. Conscience etLiberte, 35 i (1988) pp. 27-37. [Also published as: ennayfar, Hmida. De la ridda (apostasie) a la foi, ou de la conscience du paradoxe. Se Comprendre, 88/05 (1988) pp. 1-9.]

329. ernst, Carl W. Blasphemy: Islamic concept. Orthodoxy and heresy in Islam. Ed. Maribel Fierro. London & New York: Routledge, 2014, vol. 4, pp. 3-7.

330. fegiery, Moataz El. Taking beliefs to court. Blasphemy, heresy, and free­dom of expression under Islamic law. Islam and human rights. Key issues for our times. Ed. Geneive Abdo. Washington, DC: Atlantic Council. Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East, 2017, pp. 8-12.

331. forstner, Martin. Das Menschenrecht der Religionsfreiheit und des Religionswechsels als Problem der islamischen Staaten. Kanon. Kirche und Staat im Christlichen Osten. Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft Jur das Recht der Ostkirchen. Wien: Verlag des Verbandes der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Osterreichs, 1991, pp. 105-186.

332. friedmann, Yohanan. Conversion, apostasy and excommunication in the Islamic tradition. Religious movements and transformations in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Ed. Yohanan Friedmann. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2016, pp. 109-177.

333. friedmann, Yohanan. Tolerance and coercion in Islam: interfaith rela­tions in the Muslim tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 233 pp.

334. garces, Nicholas. Islam, till death do you part? Rethinking apostasy laws under Islamic law and international legal obligations. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 16 (2010) pp. 229-264.

335. georges, Nael. Les chretiens dans le monde arabe et la question de l'apostasie en Islam. Maghreb-Machrek, 209 (2011) pp. 109-119.

336. ghaly, Mohammed. Apostasy in Islam: public or private? Classical and contemporary discussions of Muslim scholars and their relevance for Muslims in the West. Religion beyond its private role in modern society. Ed. Wim Hofstee, A. van der Kooij. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2013, pp. 83-114.

337. goitom, Hanibal. Laws criminalizing apostasy in selected jurisdictions. Washington, DC: The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2014. 15 pp.

338. grami, Amel. [.’apostasie dans la pensee islamique moderne. Tunis: Nirvana, 2018. 214 pp.

339. grami, Emel. Razones por las que algunos intelectuales contempora­neos renuncian al Islam. Encuentro Islamo-Cristiano, 344 (2000) pp. 1-7.

340. gubo, Darara Timotewos. Blasphemy and defamation of religions in a polarized world. How religious fundamentalism is challenging fundamen­tal human rights. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015. 181 pp.

341. Hafez, Mohammed M. Takfir and violence against Muslims. Fault lines in globalJihad: organizational, strategic and ideologicalfissures. Ed. Assaf Moghadam, Brian Fishman. Abingdon etc.: Routledge, 2011, pp. 25-46.

342. haleber, R. De doodstraf op geloofsafvfal? AlMizan, 5 (1989), p. 7.

343. haqq, Akbar. Conversion. Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies, 6 iii iv (1983) pp. 75-93.

344. Hasan, Usama. No compulsion in religion: Islam & the freedom of belief. London: Quilliam, 2013. 26 pp.

345. Hashemi, Kamran. Religious legal traditions, international human rights law and Muslim states. Leiden & Boston: Nijhoff, 2008. 286 pp.

346. huart, C. Les zindiqs en droit musulman. Actes du Onzième Congrès International des Orientalistes (Paris, 1897). Paris, 1899, vol. 3, pp. 69-80.

347. ibn warraq. Leaving Islam. Apostates speak out. New York: Prometheus, 2003. 472 pp.

348. ibn warraq. Pourquoi je ne suis pas musulman: essai. Lausanne: Age d’Homme, 1999. 444 pp.

349. ibn warraq. Why I am not a Muslim. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1995. 402 pp.

350. IFFATKHALID & munawar, Shamana. Blasphemy law of Islam— misconceptions and fallacy. Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 3 i (2015) pp. 48-57.

351. iharchane, Omar & maghraoui, Driss. The multiple layers of free­dom of belief and apostasy. Islam, history, and politics. Islam and human rights. Key issues for our times. Ed. Geneive Abdo. Washington, DC: Atlantic Council. Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East, 2017, pp. 33-38.

352. johansen, Baber. Zwischen Verfassung, kodifiziertem Recht und Sari'a: Die Apostasiegesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung einiger arabischer Staaten. Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht IV. Ed. Silvia Tellenbach, Thoralf Hanstein. Frankfurt a.M. etc.: Peter Lang, 2004, pp. 23-43.

353. jordan, David A. The dark ages of Islam: ijtihad, apostasy, and human rights in contemporary Islamic jurisprudence. Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Socialjustice, 9 i (2003) pp. 55-71.

354. kadivar, Mohsen. Toward removing the punishment of apostasy in Islam. Freedom of expression in Islam. Challenging apostasy and blas­phemy laws. Ed. Muhammad Khalid Masud, Kari Vogt, Lena Larsen, Christian Moe. London etc.: I.B. Tauris, 2021, pp. 207-236.

355. kalanges, K. Religious liberty in Western and Islamic law: towards a world legal tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 208 pp.

356. khalil, Mohammad Hassan & bilici, Mucahit. Conversion out of Islam: a study of conversion narratives of former Muslims. Muslim World, 97 i (2007), pp. 111-124.

357. khan, Adnan. Blasphemy laws andfreedom of speech: a comparative study of Islamic law and modern law. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Lincoln,

2012.

358. khan, Amjad Mahmood. How anti-blasphemy laws engender terrorism. Harvard International Law Journal Online, 56 (2015) pp. 1-13.

359. khoury, Adel Theodor. Abfall vom Glauben im Koran und im Rechts­system. Handbuch Recht und Kultur des Islams in der deutschen Gesell­schaft. Ed. Adel Theodor Khoury, Peter Heine, Janbernd Oebbecke. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2000, pp. 238-241.

360. kick, Alan Mckenzie. The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and belief under Islamic law. A comparison of traditional Shariah law and modern human rights norms. m.a. thesis, Simon Greenleaf University, 2001. 228 pp.

361. KIZILKAYA, Necmettin. Apostasy as a matter of Islamic international law. Islam and international law. Engaging self-centrismfrom a plurality of per­spectives. Ed. Marie-Louisa Frick, Andreas Th. Müller. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2013, pp. 81-98.

362. knüppel, Katharina. Religionsfreiheit und Apostasie in islamisch geprägten Staaten. Frankfurt a.M. etc.: Peter Lang, 2010. 376 pp.

363. krämer, Gudrun. Drawing boundaries: Yusuf al-Qaradäwi on apostasy. Speaking for Islam. Religious authorities in Muslim societies. Ed. Gudrun Krämer, Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 181-217.

364. kutty, Faisal. Blasphemy and apostasy laws in the Muslim world: a criti­cal approach. Research handbook on Islamic law and society. Ed. Nadirsyah Hosen. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, pp. 217-249.

365. labuschagne, B.C. Godsdienstvrijheid en Islam. Recht van de Islam, 14 (1997) pp. 27-38.

366. lamarti, Samuel Hosain. The development of apostasy and punishment law in Islam 11AH/632 AD-157 AH/774 AD. Ph.D. dissertation, Glasgow University, 2002. 212 pp.

367. larsson, Goran. Disputed, sensitive and indispensable topics: the study of Islam and apostasy. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, 3 (2018) pp. 201-226.

368. larsson, Goran. Muslims accused of apostasy: an Ahmadi refuta­tion. Exploring the multitude of Muslims in Europe: essays in honour of Jorgen S. Nielsen. Ed. Niels Valdemar Vinding, Egdunas Racius, Jorn Thielmann. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2018, pp. 172-182.

369. larsson, Goran. Apostasy in the West: a Swedish case study. Accusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takfir. Ed. Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro, Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2016, pp. 381-392.

370. larsson, Goran. “One cannot doubt the potential effect of these fatwas on modern Muslim society.” Online accusations of disbelief and apos­tasy: the Internet as an arena for Sunni and Shia Muslim conflicts. Studies in Religion. Sciences Religieuses, 45 ii (2016) pp. 201-221.

371. larsson, Goran. Telling the truth about Islam? Apostasy narratives and representations of Islam on WikiIslam.net. CyberOrient: Online Journal for the Virtual Middle East, 7 i (2013).

372. lewis, Bernard. Some observations on the significance of heresy in the history of Islam. Studia Islamica, 1 (1953) pp. 43-63.

373. longva, Anh Nga. The apostasy law in the age of universal human rights and citizenship. Some legal and political implications. The Fourth Nordic Conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in a globalizing world. Oslo, 13.-16. August 1998. [online].

374. lundqvist, Erica Li. Leaving Islam from a queer perspective. Hand­book of leaving religion. Ed. Daniel Enstedt, Goran Larsson, Teemu T. Mantsinen. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2019, pp. 220-230.

375. malik, Saira. An analysis of apostasy/irtidad: considerations for Muslims in contemporary Western societies. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 11 iii (2009) pp. 211-223.

376. manea, Elham. In the name of culture and religion: the political function of blasphemy in Islamic states. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 27 i (2016) pp. 117-127.

377. manna, Haytham. Islam et heresies: l’obsession blasphematoire. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997. 137 pp.

378. marshall, Paul & shea, Nina. Silenced. How apostasy and blasphemy codes are choking freedom worldwide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. 448 pp.

379. marshall, Paul. Exporting blasphemy restrictions: the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the United Nations. The Review of Faith and International Affairs, 9 ii (2011) pp. 57-63.

380. masud, Muhammad Khalid & vogt, Kari & larsen, Lena & moe, Christian (eds.). Freedom of expression in Islam. Challenging apostasy and blasphemy laws. London etc.: I.B. Tauris, 2021. 253 pp.

381. MAUDUDI, Abul Ala. The punishment of the apostate according to Islamic law. Translated and annotated by Syed Silas Husain and Ernest Hahn. Toronto, Canada: Fellowship of Faith for the Muslims, 1994.

382. Meral, Ziya. No place to call home. Experiences of apostatesfrom Islam. Failures of the international community. New Malden, Surrey, United Kingdom: Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2008. 116 pp.

383. Meral, Ziya. Conversion and apostasy: a sociological perspective. Evan­gelical Missions Quarterly, 42 iv (2006) pp. 508-513.

384. minto, Christiano. L’apostasia islamica nel diritto classico e moderno. Tesi di Laurea, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 2005. 84 pp.

385. MODARRESSI, Hossein. Essential Islam: the minimum that a Muslim is required to acknowledge. Accusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takfìr. Ed. Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro and Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2016, pp. 395-412.

386. MOOSA, Ebrahim. Muslim political theology: defamation, apostasy, and anathema. Profane: sacrilegious expression in a multicultural age. Ed. Christopher S. Grenda, Chris Beneke, David Nash. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2014, pp. 169-188.

387. murshed, Iftikhar. Islam and apostasy. Criterion, 4 iii (2009) pp. 56-82.

388. NADAFI, Hamdam. La liberte de religion dans les etats de droit musulman. Thèse de doctorat en Droit public, Universite Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne,

2013. 324 pp.

389. Nagata, Masaki. Assessing apostasy, blasphemy and excommunication (takfir) in Islam and their modern application by states and non-state actors. Ph.D. dissertation, Brunel University, 2016. 437 pp.

390. namazie, Maryam. Religion is a private affair. One law for all. Women Living Under Muslim Laws, Dossier 30-31 (2011) pp. 149-151.

391. nickel, Gordon D. The Islamic punishment for blasphemy. Dynamics of Muslim worlds: regional, theological, and missiological perspectives. Ed. Evelyne A. Reisacher. Downers Grove, IL: ivp Academic, 2017, pp. 135-155.

392. nieuwkerk, Karin van (ed.). Moving in and out of Islam. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2018. 421 pp.

393. o’connell, Brian. Constitutional apostasy: the ambiguities in Islamic law after the Arab Spring. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 11 i (2012) pp. 83-104.

394. omar, Abdul Rashied & Harris, Rabia Terri. Islamic perspectives on conversion: aid evangelism and apostasy law. Religious conversion: reli­gion scholars thinking together. Ed. Shanta Premawardhana. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2015, pp. 119-141.

395. o'sullivan, Declan Patrick. Punishing apostasy: the case of Islam and Sharia law re-considered. Ph.D. dissertation, Durham University, 2003. 374 pp.

396. o'sullivan, Declan. The interpretation of Qur'anic texts to promote or negate the death penalty for apostates and blasphemers. Journal of Quranic Studies, 3 ii (2001) pp. 63-93.

397. peters, Rudolph. Islam en geloofsavfal in de diaspora. Recht van de Islam, 23 (2009) pp. 141-146.

398. peters, R. & vries, G.J.J. de. Apostasy in Islam. Die Welt des Islams, 17 (1976) pp. 1-25. [Republished in Sharia, justice and legal order. Egyptian and Islamic law: selected essays. Ed. Rudolph Peters. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2020, pp. 395-417.]

399. philpott, Daniel. Religious freedom in Islam: the fate of a universal human right in the Muslim world today. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. 328 pp.

400. Political and legal status of apostates in Islam. Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain. London 2013. 106 pp. [online].

401. poulain, Martine. Sauver Salman Rushdie. Bulletin des Bibliotheques de France, iii (1992) pp. 74-75.

402. powers, David S. Preserving the prophet's honor: Sharifism, Sufism, and Malikism in Tlemcen, 843/1439. Law, society and culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500. Ed. David S. Powers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 167-205.

403. pulcini, Theodore. Cyber-apostasy: its repercussions on Islam and inter­faith relations. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 32 ii (2017) pp. 189-203.

404. rabb, Intisar A. Society and propriety: the cultural construction of defamation and blasphemy as crimes in Islamic law. Accusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takflr. Ed. Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro, Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 434-464.

405. rahman, Shaikh Abdur. Punishment of apostasy in Islam. Lahore: Insti­tute of Islamic Culture, 1978.

406. rehman, Javaid. Freedom of expression, apostasy, and blasphemy within Islam: Sharia, criminal justice systems, and modern Islamic state prac­tices. Criminaljustice Matters, 79 i (2010) pp. 4-5.

407. Religionsfreiheit und Apostasie im Islam. Deutscher Bundestag, Wissen­schaftliche Dienste, 2006. 24 pp. [online].

408. saaidia, Oissila. D'une croyance a l'autre, le cas de l'islam. Histoire, Monde et Cultures Religieuses, 28 (2013) pp. 9-14.

409. sachedina, Abdulaziz A. Al-Bukhari's hadith on "killing those who refuse to fulfill the duties enjoined by God and considering them apostates. Human rights and the conflict of cultures: Western and Islamic perspectives on religious liberty. Ed. David P. Little, John Kelsay, Abdulaziz A. Sachedina. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988, pp. 97-100.

410. sachedina, Abdulaziz A. Freedom of conscience and religion in the Qur'an. Human rights and the conflict of cultures: Western and Islamic perspectives on religious liberty. Ed. David P. Little, John Kelsay, Abdulaziz A. Sachedina. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988, pp. 53-90.

411. saeed, Abdullah. Blasphemy laws in Islam: towards a rethinking? Freedom of expression in Islam. Challenging apostasy and blasphemy laws. Ed. Muhammad Khalid Masud, Kari Vogt, Lena Larsen, Christian Moe. London etc.: I.B. Tauris, 2021, pp. 17-31.

412. saeed, Abdullah. Textual challenges to the death penalty for apostasy in Islam and the question of freedom of religion. Ifta¹ and fatwa in the Muslim world and the West. Ed. Zulfiqar Ali Shah. London & Washington, DC. The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2014, pp. 11-32.

413. saeed, Abdullah. Pre-modern Islamic legal restrictions on freedom of religion, with particular reference to apostasy and its punishment. Islamic law and international human rights law. Ed. Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, Benjamin Glahn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 226-246.

414. saeed, Abdullah. Ambiguities of apostasy and the repression of Muslim dissent. Review of Faith and International Affairs, 9 ii (2011) pp. 31-38.

415. saeed, Abdullah & saeed, Hassan. Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam. Aldershot etc.: Ashgate, 2004. 240 pp.

416. saeed, Riaz Ahmad. Exploration of freedom of expression in Islam and West: its relation with blasphemy and religious defamation. Journal of Islamic Thought & Civilization, 6 i (2016) pp. 17-36.

417. sahner, Christian C. Christian martyrs under Islam: religious violence and the making of the Muslim world. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018. 360 pp.

418. samir, Samir Khalil. Le debat autour du delit d'apostasie dans l'Islam contemporain. Faith, power, and violence. Muslims and Christians in a plu­ral society, past and present. Ed. John Donohue, Christian W. Troll. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 1998, pp. 115-140.

419. sarwar, Malik Imtiaz. Freedom of religion and expression: a ‘rule of law' perspective. Islamic law and international human rights law. Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, Benjamin Glahn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 247-254.

420. sbai, Souad. Rachida: un'apostata in Italia. Viterbo: Alter Ego, 2017. 100 pp.

421. scheel, Holger. Die Religionsfreiheit im Blickwinkel des Volkerrechts, des islamischen und ägyptischen Rechts. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2007. 220 pp.

422. Schirrmacher, Christine. Leaving Islam. Handbook of leaving religion. Ed. Daniel Enstedt, Goran Larsson, Teemu T. Mantsinen. Leiden: Brill, 2019, pp. 81-95.

423. Schirrmacher, Christine. “Let there be no compulsion in religion” (Sura 2:56): apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic theolo­gians. Discourses on apostasy, religious freedom, and human rights. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 2016. 620 pp.

424. Schirrmacher, Christine. „Es ist kein Zwang in der Religion“ (Sure 2, 256): Der Abfall vom Islam im Urteil zeitgenossischer islamischer Theologen. Diskurse zu Apostasie, Religionsfreiheit und Menschenrechten. Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, 2015. 550 pp.

425. shah, Niaz. Freedom of religion: koranic and human rights perspectives. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 1 ii (2005) pp. 69-88.

426. shahidian, Hammed. Islam's ‘others': living (out)side Islam. ISIMNews­letter, 3 (1999) pp. 5.

427. shoufani, Elias. Al-ridda and the Muslim conquest of Arabia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972. 188 pp.

428. slaughter, M.M. The Salman Rushdie affair: apostasy, honor, and free­dom of speech. Virginia Law Review, 79 i (1993) pp. 153-204.

429. sookhdeo, Patrick. Libertatea de a crede: provocarea legii islamice a apostaziei. Oradea: Fäclia, 2012. 229 pp.

430. sookhdeo, Patrick. Freedom to believe. McLean, VA: Isaac Publishing, 2009. 176 pp.

431. stenhouse, Paul. Blasphemy/freedom of speech in Islamic law.Austra­lian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 22 (1989) pp. 4-11.

432. szombathy, Zoltan. Literary works as evidence of unbelief.Accusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takfir. Ed. Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro, Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden: Brill, 2016, pp. 465-487.

433. tafner, Georg. Konversion und Apostasie in den abrahamitischen Religionen. München: Grin Verlag, 2008. 42 pp.

434. tellenbach, S. Blasphemie und verwandte Delikte in der Strafge­setzgebung muslimischer Länder—Ein Überblick. GAIR-Mitteilungen, 5 (2013) pp. 195-205.

435. tellenbach, Silvia. Die Apostasie im islamischen Recht. Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht (gair) e.V, 2006. 16 pp. [online].

436. tellenbach, S. L’apostasia nel diritto islamico. Daimon—Annuario di diritto comparato delle religioni, 1 (2001) pp. 53-70.

437. TIMANI, Hussam S. Takfir in Islamic thought. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018. 111 pp.

438. TURKI, Abdelmagid. Situation du tributaire qui insulte l’Islam au regard de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence musulmane. Studia Islamica, 30 (1969) pp. 39-72.

439. türkmenoglu, Ali. Die Apostasie (al-irtidad). GAIR-Mitteilungen, 4 (2012) pp. 118-123.

440. ucar, Bülent. Die Todesstrafe für Apostaten in der Scharia. Traditionelle Standpunkte und neuere Interpretationen zur Überwindung eines Paradigmas der Abgrenzung. Identität durch Differenz? Wechselseitige Abgrenzungen in Christentum und Islam. Ed. Hansjorg Schmid et al. Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 2007, pp. 227-244.

441. uddin, Asma T. Blasphemy laws in Muslim-majority countries. The Review of Faith and International Affairs, 9 ii (2011) pp. 47-55.

442. vliek, Maria. ‘It’s not just about faith': narratives of transformation when moving out of Islam in the Netherlands and Britain. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 30 iii (2019) pp. 323-344.

443. waldman, Marilyn Robinson. The development of the concept of kufr in the Qur'an. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 88 iii (1968) pp. 442-455.

444. wood, Asmi. Apostasy in Islam and the freedom of religion in interna­tional law. Freedom of religion under bills of rights. Ed. Paul Babie, Neville Rochow. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press, 2012, pp. 152-171.

445. zahim, Abdullah az-. Reply to those who believe that the one who aban­doned Salat is among believers. Contemporary Jurisprudence Research Journal/Majallat al-Buhüth al-Fiqhlyah al-Mu’dsirah, 47 (2000) pp. 28-45.

446. zwemer, Samuel. Das Gesetz wider den Abfall vom Islam. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann, 1926. 144 pp.

447. zwemer, Samuel Marinus. The law of apostasy. The Moslem World, 14 (1924) pp. 373-391.

448. zwemer, Samuel Marinus. The law of apostasy in Islam, answering the question why there are sofew Moslem converts, and giving examples of their moral courage and martyrdom. London & New York: Marshall Brothers, 1924. 164 pp.