Conclusion

This chapter examined the lived realities of marriage and divorce among British Muslims and highlighted the importance of nikah in establishing the marriage and Islamic divorce to end a marriage.

Notes

1 Samfa Bano, Muslim Women and Sharfah Councils; Transcending the Boundaries of Community and Law (Palgrave Macmillan 2012) 84.

2 Pragna Patel, ‘Sharia Courts Have No Place in UK Family Law. Listen to Women Who Know’ The Guardian (London, 14 December 2016); Elham Manea, Womewawd Slalia Law; Tie Impact of τ^e^j^c^l PlwTalismiw tie UK (I.B. Tauris 2016).

Gillian Douglas, Norman Doe, Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Russell Sandberg, a AAsma Khan., SocialclesiowawdReligiousLaMwMaTTiaDivoTCe awd Religious Courts (Cardiff Law School 2011).

Sara Khan, ‘Muslim Marriages Like George Galloway’s Should Be Registered’ The Guardiaw (London, 4 May 2012).

Home Office, ‘The Independent Review into the Application of Sharia Law in England and Wales’ (2018) accessed 2 September 2020.

Farrah Ahmed and Jane Calderwood Norton, ‘Religious Tribunals, Religious Freedom, and Concern for Vulnerable Women’ 24 child awd Family LawQartela! 363, 2012.,

Patel; Manea Maryam Namazie, Yassi Atasheen, Anna Waters, and MureLSeLtman, Sharia Law iw Lritaiw-.

MaLehaMaLL,, Mliworita Legal Orders iw the UK: Miworities, Pluralism awd the Law (The British Academy 2012).

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Home Office, ‘The Independent Review into the Application of Sharia Law in England and Wales’.

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ONS, 2011 Cewsus (Office for National Statistics 2011).

Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims iw Britaiw (Cambridge University Press 2010).

Edward E Curtis, IV (ed) Ewcyclopedia of Muslim-Americaw History (Infobase Publishing 2010) 154.

Tariq Ramadan, Westerw Muslims awd the Future of Islam (Oxford Uni­versity Press 2004) 139.

Rebecca Probert, ‘The Evolving Concept of Non-Marriage' 25 child awd Family Law Quarterly 314, 2013.

Ramadan 139-140; Habiba Jaan, Equal awd Free? 50 Muslim Womew’s ExperiewcesofMarriageiwBritaiw Today LAurat 201

Ahmed and Norton.

Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill (2016-17) Marriage Act 1949 (Amendment) Bill (2017-19).

Home Office, ‘The Independent Review into the Application of Sharia Law in England and Wales’.

Rakesh Kumar Singh, Textbook ow Muslim Law (Universal Law Publishing 2011).

Judith E Tucker, Womew, Family, awd Gewder iw Islamic Law (Cam­bridge University Press 2008).

Ann Laquer Estin, ‘Unofficial Family Law’ 94 Iowa Law Review 449, 2008; Anika Liversage, ‘Secrets and Lies: When Ethnic Minority Have Nikah' in Prakash Shah, Marie-Claire Foblets and Mathias Rohe (eds), FamilyiReIigionandLaw--CuIturaIEncountersinEurope (,Ashgate Pub­lishing Ltd 2014).

Ann Black, ‘In the Shadow of Our Legal System: Shari'a in Australia' in Rex J Ahdar and Nicholas Aroney (eds), Shari’a in the West (Oxford Uni­versity Press 2010); Julie Macfarlane, Islamic Divorce in North America: A Shari’a Path in a Secular Society (Oxford University Press 2012).

Rajnaara C Akhtar, ‘Unregistered Muslim Marriages: An Emerging Cul­ture of Celebrating Rites and Compromising Rights' in JK Miles, P Mody and R Probert (eds), Marriage Rites and Rights (Bloomsbury Publishing 2015).

John L Esposito and Natana J DeLong-Bas, Women in Muslim Family Law (2nd edn, Syracuse University Press 2001); Raffia Arshad, Islamic Family Law (Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuters 2010).

Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim (ed), Islamic Family Law in a Changing WorId--AGIobaIResourceBook Zed Books 2002).

Elizabeth Butler-Sloss and Mark Hill, ‘Family Law: Current Conflicts and Their Resolution' in Robin Griffith-Jones (ed), Islam and English Law: Rights, Responsibilities, ^^d the PIaee of Shari’a (,Cambridge University Press 2013).

Crown, DO SupportingNotesfor Guidanee on CompIetinga Divoreel DissoIutionlffudieiaI) Separation Petition (,HM Courts & Tribunals Service 2014).

Curtis Macfarlane.

Ihsan Yilmaz, ‘The Challenge of Post-Modern Legality and Muslim Le­gal Pluralism in England' 28 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 343, 2002; Jemma Wilson, ‘Sharia Debate in Britain: Sharia Councils and the Oppression of Muslim Women' 1 The Aberdeen Student Law Review 46, 2010.

Nigel V Lowe and Gillian Douglas, Bromley’s Family Law (Oxford Uni­versity Press 2015); David Pearl and Werner Menski, Muslim Family Law (3rd edn, Sweet & Maxwell 1998).

Charlotte Proudman, ‘Religious Marriages: Staying a Decree Absolute in Order to Increase the Chances of Obtaining a Religious Divorce' (Family Law Week, 2013) accessed 2 September 2020; Ahmed and Norton Shaista Gohir, ‘Listening to Muslim Women on Sharia Divorce Could Change It for the Better' The Guardian (London, 1 November 2016).

Federica Sona, ‘Defending the Family Treasure Chest: Navigating Mus­lim Families and Secured Positivistic Islands of European Legal Systems' in Prakash Shah, Marie-Claire Foblets and Mathias Rohe (eds), Family, Religion and Law: Cultural Encounters in Europe (Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2014).

Bano 92.

SN Shah-Kazemi, Untying the Knot: Muslim Women, Divorce ^^d the Shariah (The Nuffield Foundation 2001) 56.

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38 Bano 84.

39 Macfarlane Ghena Krayem, Islamic Family Law in Australia ISS 16: To Recognise or Not to Recognise (Melbourne University Publishing 2014).

40 John RBowetr, OnBiitisl Islam:-. Religion,Law, and Everyday Practice in Shari'a Councils (Princeton University Press 2016) 47.

41 Denis MacEoin, Sharia Law Or ‘One Law for All?’ (Civitas 2009) 69.

42 SBano, AnExploratory Study of Shariah CouncilsinEnglandwith Re­spect to Family Law (Ministry of Justice and the University of Reading 2012) 15.

43 CarohneCox, AParalelWordConfrontingtheAbuseofMany Muslim Women in Britain Today (The Bow Group 2015).

44 Manea.

45 JCNorton,The Freedom of Religious Organizations (,Oxford Un ver ty Press 2016) 43.

46 K Qureshr, Marital Breakdown among British Asians-. Conjugality, Legal Pluralism and New Kinship (Palgrave Macmillan 2016) 172.

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