Glossary of Arabic terms*

‘adl justice [3.3.3; 3.6]

al-ahkam al-khamsa ‘the five legal/religious qualifications’ [in general, 2.4.4; in relation to the contract, 3.3.2]; see also hukm

‘aqd (pl. ‘uqud) contract; more in general, legal ‘bond,’ ‘tie,’ binding act [see, in particular, 3.3; 3.3.3; 3.4.3; 3.6]

‘aql human reason, intellect, rationality [2.3; 2.4.4; 2.4.5; 3.4; 3.5.2; 3.5.4; 3.6]

ahliyya legal capacity [3.3.1; 3.3.2]

akhirah the Hereafter [2.3]

‘ayn (pl.

dunya (earthly) world [2.3]

faqih (pl. fuqaha') Muslim legal scholar, jurisconsult, expert offiqh [2.4.1; 3.2]

fasid (of legal act) voidable, defective, invalid [3.3.2] fatwa legal opinion given by an expert offiqh [3.4.2; 4.4.2] fiqh normative understanding of the revelation; Islamic law; the science and knowledge of Sarl‘ah; Muslim jurisprudence [1.3.3; 2.4.1; 2.4.2; 2.4.3]

fund (al-fiqh) the ‘branches’ of substantive law [1.4; 2.4.1; 2.4.3; 2.4.5] ghalat (vice of) mistake [3.4.4; compare with 4.3.2] gharar risk, hazard, uncertainty, speculation [3.5.4] hadith (pl. ahadith') tradition from the Prophet [2.4.2] halal not forbidden, permitted, allowed [2.4.4; 3.3.2]

haqq (pl. huquq) right, in the sense of what is ‘true,’ ‘real,’ ‘just,’ and there­fore is ‘right’ according to the revelation [2.4.3; 2.4.4]

haram forbidden [2.4.4; 3.3.2]

hiba gift, donation [3.3.3; 3.4.1; 3.4.2]

hila (pl. hiyal) legal device, stratagem [3.4.3; 4.2.3]

Glossary of Arabic terms 203 hukm (pl. ahkam) rule, qualification, God’s command, decree, status of the action, judgement [2.4.3; 2.4.4]

‘ibada (pl.

ibah a doctrine of permissibility [3.4.2]

ihsan virtue, internalisation of the faith [2.3]

tjab offer (as constitutive element of the contract) [3.3.3; 3.5.1; 3.5.2; 4.2.1] ijara (contract of) hire and lease [3.4.2; 4.4.1; 4.4.2]

ijma‘ consensus among scholars as source of law [1.4; 2.4.2]

ijtihad effort (of the legal scholar to understand the revelation) [1.3.3; 2.4.4; 4.2.3]

ikhtilaf divergence of opinion, disagreement [2.4.4; 2.4.5] ikrah duress (as vitiating factor of the contract) [3.4.4; 4.3.2]

‘illa (pl. ‘ilal) (divine, efficient) cause for the event [2.4.4; 3.4.1; 3.5.4; 4.3.2] iltizam obligation [4.3.1]

tman faith [2.3]

irada will [2.4.2; 3.4.3]

Islam surrender (to God) [2.3] isnad chain of transmitters of a tradition of ahadith [2.4.2; 2.4.5] istihsan juristic preference

istisna‘ (contract of) manufacture [4.4.1; 4.4.2] jahiliyya (age of) ignorance before revelation [2.4.5; 4.2.1] kalam speculative theology [2.4.3]

kasb acquisition, performance of the action [2.4.4; 3.4.1; 3.5.1] khahfah (Muslim believer as) God’s vice-regent [3.4]

khiyar (pl. khiyarat; also ikhtiyar, pl. ikhtiyarat) choice, preference, option as an element of the contract [3.4.3; 3.4.4; 4.3.2]

madhhab (pl. madhahib) juristic school, religio-normative doctrine [2.3; 2.4.3; 3.2]

mahall recipient of the duty; location, place (for responsibility) [2.4.2; '3.3.1; 3.3.2; 3.5.3]

majlis meeting, contractual session [3.5.1; 4.2.2]

makharij Hanafi doctrine of ‘exits’ in allowing legal devices [4.2.3] makruh disapproved [2.4.4; 3.3.2]

mal (pl. amwal) property [3.5.3]

mandub recommended [2.4.4; 3.3.2] manfa‘a (pl. manatif} proceeds, use, usufruct [3.5.3] maqasid al-Sart‘ah objectives of Islamic law [4.4.2]

maqsud (pl. maqasid) motive, aim, purpose [compare endnote 16 at Ch. 3 with 4.3.1]

maysir gambling, game of chance [3.5.4] milk ownership [3.5.3]

mu‘amala (pl.

mu‘awada (pl. mu‘awadat) civil/commercial bilateral transactions [3.3; 3.5.4]

204 Glossary of Arabic terms mubah neutral, indifferent [2.4.4; 3.3.2]; also licit [3.5.3] mudaraba silent partnership [3.4.2; 4.4.1; 4.4.2] mukallaf (believer who is) fully responsible [2.4.3; 2.4.4]; the person who is fully capable [3.3.1; 3.3.2; 3.5.1]

murabaha mark up sale [4.4.1; 4.4.2] musaraka full partnership [4.4.1; 4.4.2] nikah (contract of) marriage [3.3.3; 3.5.1; 4.3.2] niyya intent, motive, intention behind the action [3.4.3]

qabul acceptance (as constitutive element of the contract) [3.3.3; 3.5.1;

3.5.2]

qard (contract of) loan [3.5.4]

qasd animus contrahendi [3.4.3]

qimar gambling [3.5.4]

qiyas analogy, analogic reasoning [2.4.2; 3.4.1; 4.3.2]

Qur'an the Book, the recitation-text of the revealed Word [2.4.2] raqaba substance of the thing [3.5.3]

riba unlawful gain, illicit enrichment, increase, excess, quantitative disequi­librium, interest [3.5.4]

rida individual consent, assent, approval [3.4.3; 4.3.2]

rukn (pl. arkdn) essential element (of the contract) [3.3.2]

sabab (pl. asbdb) cause, empirical circumstance for the action, for the occur­rence of the duty [3.3.1; 3.4.1; compare 2.4.4 with 4.3.2]

sadd al-dhara‘i' principle of ‘blocking ways’ in relation to the permissibility of legal stratagems [4.2.3]

sahih valid (legal act) [3.3.2]

sakk (pl. sukuk) certificate of investment in the Islamic financial market [4.4.2]

sarf (contract of) monetary exchange [3.5.4]

sarika partnership [3.4.2]

Sartbah the ‘way to water;’ the Right Path to be followed by Muslim believ­ers for salvation; revealed divine Law [1.3.3; 2.3; 2.4.2]

sart (pl. surut) conditional element of the contract [3.3.2]; (attached) stipu­lation [3.4.2]

stghah external expression, manifestation of the intent [3.5.1; 3.6] sura form through which the contract is expressed [3.5.1] sunna recommended (of legal/religious act) [2.4.4; 3.3.2]

Sunnah) Tradition of the Prophet [2.4.2] tabarru‘a (pl. tabarru‘dt) gratuitous, liberal act [3.5.4] tadlis fraud as a vitiating factor for the contract [3.4.4] takhf divine injunction [3.3.2]

taradi agreement, mutual assent, mutual consent [3.3.2; 3.3.3; 3.5.2; 3.6] tasarruf act of disposal; capacity of disposition [3.3.1; 3.3.3; 3.5.3; 3.6] ummah community [2.3]

Glossary of Arabic terms 205 usul (al-fiqh) ‘roots,’ principles of knowledge, fiqh legal methodology [1.4;

2.4.1; 2.4.2] wajib obligatory [2.4.4; 3.3.2; 3.5.2; 4.2.1]

wujub legal/religious duty [3.3.1] zakat alms-tax [2.3; 4.3.2]

Note

* More detailed explanation of the term can be found in the sections of the book specified in squared brackets.