Index

Note: numbers in italics indicate a diagram or a figure

1M (first moment) see Bhaskar, Roy; non-identity

2E (second edge) see Bhaskar, Roy; negation, negativity

3L (third level) see Bhaskar, Roy; totality 4D (fourth dimension) see Bhaskar, Roy; transformative praxis

Abd-Allah, Umar F.

Abu Dawud 124, 132

Abu Hanifa (d. 150/767) 87, 104-105, 131,143n19, 191n15

Abu Yusuf (d. 182/798) 87, 105, 143n19

acoustic rationality (of Islam) 161, 168 acoustic space: ‘aqd in acoustic space of Islam 151; of Islam 57-59, 75, 85-86, 95, 117, 138, 162, 188-190, 197, 200; of Islamic din 161; ‘Islamic law’ in 171, 190; McLuhan’s understanding and discussion of 33, 39n16, 69, 75, 78n20, 169; non-corpus of 73; normative pluralism of 162; of revelation 67-71, 179; of salvation 58; Verbal Trade and 161, 167, 188, 197, 199; visual space versus 30-33, 34, 36-37, 85, 157, 198; of the Word 67, 117

‘adl 93, 139; glossary 202

Agamben, Giorgio 46-47, 49-50, 76n9, 77n9, 77n13

agency: created 89; divine 69, 96, 117; gratuitous 141; human 27, 66, 115, 137, 186-189; intentional 74; as intentional causality 189n3; Muslim 96; Muslim, as transformative praxis 33; transformative 26; transformative praxis as 49, 154

agency relationship between God and believers 123; contract between 127

ahliyya 89-91, 142; glossary 202 ahliyyat al-ada' 91 ahliyyat al-wujùb 91

Ahmed, Shahab 12, 25, 34, 37n9, 79n28, 153-154; One Ring of non-identity, as thinker of 42; unity as plurality in the Muslim World 28-30

Ainsworth, Jane 45, 79n26 akhirah 51, 53, 55; glossary 202 al-ahkam al-khamsa 64, 90-92, 115; glossary 202

Al-Fadl, K.

Almeh with Pipe see Gerome, Jean-Leon, Almeh with Pipe

Al Mughni 87, 107 Al-Zarqa’, Must a fa 144n31, 145n35 Anderson, J. N. D. 126 animus contrahendi (qasd) 95, 101-103,

105, 115, 121; glossary 204 Apollo: Temple of Apollo 19, 34, 151 ‘aqd: Almeh and city of 6-10; ‘aql and

138; binding force of 121; as consensual transfer of properties

115- 137; as craft of place in the space of Islam 83-85, 137; human intentionality and rationality and 123; glossary 202; human will and psychological formation of 94-115; invention of corpus for Islamic law and 167-171; Islamic din and 88-94,

116- 118, 120, 138; Islamic finance and 178-182; from negation offiqh to comparison of 71-76; pre-Islamic customs and origins of 158-159; psychological components of 101-109; totality of (3L), as performance of God’s will 137-141; urban designs of, human agency and 186-189; ways of saying 197-201

‘aql 63, 71, 94, 105, 121, 129, 137;

‘aqd and 138; glossary 202 Arab Girl (Gerome): ‘aqd and 167, 197;

architecture in 21-22; improper body of 72; Islamic contract and 137, 188; Islamic law and 28; listening to 19, 152, 157; One Ring of law-religion and return to 199-201; Orientalism and 30, 69, 161; ways of seeing 1-13; Western fashion worn by 179; see also Gerome, Jean-Leon, Almeh with Pipe Arabi, O. 97-98, 105, 107-109, 111, 134,142n10, 143n15, 143n16, 173, 175-177, 181 arkan 90-92, 107-108, 112, 123, 138;

see also rukn Asad, Talal 47, 77n10 Averroes 87; see also Ibn Rusd

‘ayn 123-128

Ayoub, S. A. 172, 192n23

Ayub,M. 178

Babel: biblical Tower of Babel 36, 151; as city of ‘aqd 85, 89; crossing the bridge of 71-76, 83, 154; metaphorical Tower of Babel 72; moving the Bridge of Babel in-time 154, 168, 199; sacred law of Islam and 42-46, 48

Balz, Kilian 182 Bantekas, I. 4 batil 110-111, 119-120; contract considered 171; fasid as distinct from 92; as null and/or void 92, 105, 107, 113, 125, 137; glossary 202 bay‘ 97, 99, 124, 130, 134, 145n36, 146n36; glossary 2O2 bay‘al-‘ina 104 Bayda hl 104

Bazdawi (d.

Benjamin, Walter 75, 76n9 Berger, John 11

Bhaskar, Roy 12, 22, 25; absence, concept of 71, 84; Dialectic 49, 71-75, 83-84, 151; dialectics of non-identity (1M) of 22, 25-28, 30, 34, 37n5, 49, 72, 84-85, 94, 138, 162, 197, 199; immersion of our-selves into sea of totality 49; negativity (2E) 27, 33-34, 71-76, 79n30, 154, 189n3, 197; on negativity and shaped process of becoming 73; One Ring of non-identity, as thinker of 42; partial totality of 178; Plato Etc. 26; totality (3L) 27, 33, 34, 49, 74, 83, 94, 138, 151, 154, 186, 189n3, 197; transformative praxis (4D) 27, 33-36, 49, 73, 75, 154, 157, 186, 189n3, 200

Billah, M. M. 115

bios: din as Islamic or Muslim bios 49-54, 58, 68, 72, 88, 103, 116, 137, 153, 159, 183 186; canons of 157; corpus iuris and 71; fiqh and 55, 56; intersection between law and religion according to 91; moral performing of ethical being as 63, 67; ordered life as 59; reformulation of religious or secular according to Islamic bios 89; religion as 58

Bousquet, Georges-Henry 16n14, 37n3 Bowering, G. 65, 118

Brunelleschi 38n13 Brunschvig, R. 90, 127-128 Bukhari 77n16, 130, 132, 134, 142n10 Buskens, Leon 15n14, 46, 168-169, 191n18

by way of word 12, 61, 63, 69, 117,

159, 198

Calder, Norman 3, 35, 42, 60, 66-68 Castro, Francesco 169, 172 Chartier, Roger 4-5, 7

Chehata, Chafik 88, 128, 180; on

‘aqd 94, 97-98, 122, 16; on ‘coincidence of wills’ 138;

on hiyal 162; on iltizäm and obligation 170; on irada 101;

on Islamic theory of interest 141; on ittafaqd 121; on law and human will 140-141; on niyya, motive 104; Theorie Generale de l'Obligation en Droit Musulman Hanefite 4; on verbalism 116-118 codification: of ‘aqd 3, 6, 19, 84, 168,

180; of borders 12; impact of 153; French model of 97; of Islamic legal narrative 9; process of 179; state 187; Western model of 68, 157, 160, 179 Codified Norm 36, 161, 167-177, 180,

188, 197, 199; Typewritten Market and 178 comparison 5; ‘bridge’ of translation

and 151, 154; of contract law and Muslim fiqh legal traditions 83-141, 151, 200; dialectical 26; offiqh, in Islamic and Western jurisprudence 65-66; between God’s Word in Islam and Christianity 56; between ideal and real in Western legal tradition 62; between Islamic and Western religious ethics 52; legal 12, 22; from negation offiqh to comparison of ‘aqd 71-76; tool of 200

compliance 103; see also

Shari^fah-compliance

Cooper, L.

Corpus Iuris Civilis 13n3, 43, 55, 60, 71 Cover, R. M. 13 critical realism 26; dialectical 26-27

daemons 19-22, 26, 34, 46, 197 dayn 50, 132-133; din and 127;

dhimma and 123-128;

glossary 202

Decock, Wim 88, 96, 142n7 Delcambre, A.-L. 128

D’Emilia, A. 113 desert 31, 33-34, 67, 70; moral 63,

158; silence of 58 dhimma 89-90, 123-128, 133, 142n9;

Al-Zarqa’ on 144n31; definition of 144n31; glossary 202 dialectic: intrinsic, of representation 4;

Bhaskar’s philosophy of 12, 28, 33, 49, 71-75, 83-85, 94, 138, 151, 154, 186; Hegelian 27; of law-religion 29; of non-identity 2, 162, 168, 197, 199; non-identity and transformative praxis in Bhaskar’s work 25-28; of sacred and profane 47 dialectical: approach, towards totality

(3L) of ‘aqd 95; critical realism

26-27; framework 18, 29; negativity or negation 27; relation between Occident and Orient 1, 19, 22-23, 30 Dibb, Mike 11 din 49-54, 58, 66; acoustic space of 161; ‘aqd and 88-94, 116-118, 120, 138; classical Islam and 169; dayn and 127; fiqh as manifestation of 101, 156; fiqh-din 73; glossary 202; as Islamic or Muslim bios 49-54, 58, 68, 72, 88, 103, 137, 153, 159, 183 186; nature of ‘aqd

within 86, 88; non-identity of 49-54; property rights and 180; religious) Truth of Sart‘ah and 184 dragoman 44, 75, 76n3 Duncan, D. 42, 151 dunya 51, 53, 55; glossary 202 Dupret, Baudouin 15n14, 46, 168-169, 191n18

duress 95, 105, 108, 109-111, 173

Eagleton, T. 4, 16n15, 37n8 Eco, Umberto 43, 44, 48 Egyptian Civil Code 3, 170-177 El-Gamal, Mahmoud 132-133, 178-180

El Greco 20-21, 34; Christ Cleansing the Temple 21, 24, 30, 32, 34, 47

El Hassan, A. W. A. 100 Emon, A. M. 55 encyclopaedia 43-46, 48 Encyclopedia [also Encyclopaedia] of Islam 54, 134, 182

Ercanbrack, Jonathan 4

faqih, fuqaha' 55, 87, 112-113, 132, 134, 140, 144; glossary 202 Farahat, O.

fatwa 99, 182; glossary 202 financial technology (in Islamic finance) 185-186, 188

fiqh: ‘aqd as absent from classical fiqh 6; ‘aqd as conceived in tradition of 3, 139; ‘cause’ in 142n11; contract law and 25, 36, 83-141; cultural re-elaboration of 10; epistemological problems in dealing with 5; furu‘al-fiqh 35, 54-56, 59-62; glossary 202; legal texts 185-186; literature, two major types of 35; nature of agreement in 120-123; negation of 71-76; as normative knowledge 16n16, 32; normative pluralism of 137-141; normative science of 54-56, 59; practical wisdom of 62, 63; textual polities of 24, 152-157; transformative praxis of 18; usülal-fiqh 35, 54-55, 56-59; Western negative bias towards 11 fiqh al-‘ibädät 13n2, 22, 53;

glossary 203 fiqh al-mu‘ämalät 3, 13n2, 22, 53;

glossary 203 fiqh-dln 72-73 fiqh iurisdictio 61, 72, 83, 138 fiqh iurisprudentia 73 ‘fish always in the sea’ metaphor 45, 49, 79n26

fish in the water,gharar and 131-132,

145n35

Fitzgerald, Timothy 47-48 Foucault, Michel 32, 192n32 fraud 95, 105, 109-112, 114, 131, 135,

143n17, 173 Funds@Work 184 fuqaha' see faqlh, fuqaha' furü‘ furu‘al-fiqh 35, 54-56, 59-62,

63, 66, 68-70; glossary 202

Galimberti, Umberto 185 Gardet, Louis 50-52 Geertz, Clifford 55, 64, 83-84 Gerome, Jean-Leon, Almeh with Pipe

7, 8, 18-19, 23; as allegory of improper corpus iuris 24, 30, 137; bias towards 162; as dressed in Western legal clothes 84; encyclopaedia and 46; hidden ideology of 11; listening back to 37; Orientalism and 6-12, 28, 72, 162, 197, 200 ghalat 95, 109-115; Egyptian Civil Code and 171-177; glossary 202; see also mistake gharar 100, 115, 124-125, 129-132, 135-137; aleatory 191n128; glossary 202; prohibitions of 137, 179, 181; various juristic definitions of 145n35 Ginzburg, C. 14n4, 16n16 Glenn, H. Patrick 142n8 gold 130, 145n34 Goldziher, Ignaz 54

hadlth 52, 54, 112; Forty Hadlths (al-Nawawi’s) 77n16; glossary 202; Prophetic 124, 171 halal 64, 91, 104; glossary 202 Hallaq, Wael 68, 152 Hamid, M.

Hanbalis 92; attached clauses, admissibility of 101; certainty of delivery required by 124; contract under duress 110; freedom of contract under the doctrine of ibaha 100; ‘option of the contractual session’ 114, 120; sale of grape juice to person who will produce wine, example of 108; sadd al-dhara'i‘, attention to 165; subjectivism of 95, 103,106-108,115-116, 129, 162, 176

haqq 56, 68, 71, 180, 183, 198; essence of 141; glossary 202; God as beholder of 96; H-Q-Q as root of 92; from hukm to 59-61, 62-67, 139; linkage and reciprocity, emphasis on 93; ‘reality’ of 130, 133; Smirnov on 133, 141 haram 63-64, 91, 125; glossary 202 Hassan, H. 139

Hattab (d. 954/1547) 87, 108 Hegel, G. W. F. 26-27, 37n7 hiba 94, 97, 99; glossary 202 hila, hiyal 91, 100, 109, 157, 161-167; glossary 202; Hanafis texts on 163-164; historical origins of field of 191n15; Schacht’s interpretation of 15n13, 76n2, 162-163; Sunni schools approaches to 157

Hiroshige, Utagawa 154-157; Sudden Shower 154, 155, 156, 183, 185 Horii, Satoe 162-163 hukm 31, 50, 105, 113-114; as ‘demand’ 65; as deriving effects 122; as dictum of Word revelation 198; empirical 62; haqq and 59-61, 62-67, 139; glossary 203; as God’s will 130, 139; as ‘nature’ of the duty in itself 90; as pre-scription of the Law 68; as rule-in-the-real 71; transcendental 61

hukm al-‘aqd 89-90, 122-123

hukm al-wujub 90

huquq al-‘aqd 89, 92, 114, 122, 123, 135, 144n26

‘ibada, ‘ibadat 35,57, 95, 102-104, 116; fiqh al-‘ibadat 13n2, 22, 53; glossary 203

ibaha 100, 142n14; glossary 203 Ibn-Abidin 111

Ibn al-Qasim 87

Ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) 52, 87, 107, 132

Ibn Maza (d. 616/1219-20) 87, 98

Ibn Nujayim (d. 970/1563) 87, 104

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) 87-88, 106

Ibn Qudama (d. 620/1223) 37n4,

87, 107

Ibn Rusd (d. 595/1198, known as Averroes) 87, 108

Ibn Rusd al-Jadd (d. 520/1126)

87, 99

Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) 51, 87-88, 106,142n14,145n35,192n28 ideology 11, 16n15, 28, 37n8; modern western 48; maps not tools of 86; Western 49

ihsan 52, 54; glossary 203 jab 93, 114-115, 118-123; etymology of 158; glossary 203; nawa al-ijab 117; qabul and 120-123, 170

ijara 99, 179, 182; glossary 203 ijma‘ 35, 56, 58; glossary 203 ijtihad 33, 64, 68; glossary 203 ikhtilaf3, 66, 69; glossary 203 ikrah 95, 109-115, 173; glossary 203; see also duress

‘illa, ‘ilal 135, 172; glossary 203; sabab and 63, 78n24, 90, 95-98 illicit: cause 96; excess 132; gain 133; increase 130; intent 104-105, 107; motive 108; profit 134; purpose 109, 191n14; see also riba

iltizam 170; idhalam yakun li’l-iltizam sabab 176; glossary 203 imaginative geographies 6-10, 12, 18, 28, 47, 74

Iman 52, 54; glossary 203 inducing motive 98, 108, 172 irada 57, 95, 101-102, 121, 129, 138, 173; glossary 203

Iraqi Civil Code of 1951 170, 171, 172, 175

islam 50, 52; glossary 203; practice of 54; ummah al-Islam 52

Islam-Muslim-world 28-29, 35-36, 153 isnad 59, 70; glossary 203

istihsan 101, 144n28, 163; glossary 203 istisna‘ 136, 144n28, 179, 182;

glossary 203

iurisdictio 65, 138; fUru‘ al-fiqh as de -scribed law in a iurisdictio of verdicts 59-62, 72-73; plural 70, 83; scholars de-scribing God’s will by exercising a collective iurisdictio 86

iurisdictiones, overlapping 31 iurisprudentia 31; fiqh 73; Roman 54,

59- 60

iurisprudentia by way of word, fiqh as 69 ius-dicere (‘to say the law’) 31,

60- 62, 70

lustitia (Lady) (= Lady Justice) 9, 15n11, 30, 68, 71

Izutsu, Toshihiko 52, 67, 158

Jabir bin Abdullah 134

Jackson, S. A. 103 jdhiliyya 67, 158; glossary 203 Jannat al-Ahkam wa-Junnat al-Khuässäm (Sa‘id b. ‘All al-Samarqandi) 163

Jay, Martin 16n16, 32, 38n13

Johansen, B. 78n21

Jordan Civil Code of 1976 142n12; 170 Juler, Caroline 14n5

kalam 57, 60; glossary 203

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 63, 136, 162

Kasani (d. 587/1191) 87, 98, 101, 104, 117, 118, 124, 133, 134, 143n16, 144n27, 175, 181; see also Kitab Bada'i‘al-Sana'I khalifah 94; glossary 203

Khalil ibn Ishaq (d. 767/1365) 87, 107, 128

Khassaf, Ahmad b. ‘Amr (or ‘Umar) 163, 191n15

khiyar 92, 95, 101-103, 106, 108-115; doctrine of 122; doctrine of al-khiyarat 109-115; glossary 203; Islamic theory of 174; see also misrepresentation khiyar al-‘ayb 112, 115 khiyar al-ghalat 112 khiyar al-majlis 120 khiyar al-ru'ya 175 khiyar al-wasf 174 khiyar as-sart 112-113 khiyar at-ta‘yin 125 Kitab al-Hiyal wa'l- Makharij (Ahmad b.

‘Amr (or ‘Umar) al-Khassaf) 163 Kitab al-MabsM (Shams al-Din

Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Sarakhsi) 87, 122, 163

Kitab al-Makharij fi al-Hiyal

(al-Saybani) 163, 164 Kitab al-Umm (Safi‘i’) 87, 143n15 Kitab Badä^,i‘al-Sanä^,iⁱ(Kasani) 87,

98, 105, 117, 134, 144n27, 175, 181

‘know thyself’ (gnothi seauton) 19,

34, 151 Kuhn, Thomas 34

Lady Justice see lustitia (Lady) Lane, Edward William 8 lazim 92, 113-114;ghayr lazim 92, 110 lazim bi-‘l-qawl 118 legal devices see hiyal licit 123, 125, 144n27; see also illicit Linant de Bellefonds, Yvon 100,

110-114, 140; on ‘aqd 94;

Al Mughni quoted by 107; on majlis al-‘aqd, doctrine of 119;

Muhammad Y. Musa quoted by 140; on objet du contrat, four requirements for 123-125;

Qadi Khan quoted by 104; on verbalism 117 logos 43, 59, 86

MacCormick, Neil 60 MacDonald, D. B. 64 madhhab, madhahib 36, 50, 52, 62,

66-67, 79, 99, 164; contract theories of 162, 166; fiqh iurisdictio and 61, 75; glossary 203; Hanafi 117, 141n4; mu‘amalat and 102-103; non-identity with Western law-religion of 115; plural itineraries of 85-88, 137, 151 mahall 58, 62, 90-92, 123-129, 138;

glossary 203 Majalla 3, 97, 168-171

majlis 112, 114, 115, 143n22; glossary 203

majlis al-‘aqd 115-120, 159 Makdisi, John A. 121, 146n38 makharij 163-165, 191n15;

glossary 203 makruh 64, 91-92, 104; glossary 203 mal, amwal 123, 125-127; glossary 203 Malik Ibn Anas (d. 179/795) 87,

107, 108

Malikis 36, 61, 86-87; attached clauses 101; contract under duress 110; Hanbali position strongly opposed by 100; khiyar as-sart 113; mawqufrecognized by 92; sadd al-dharai' doctrine of 163, 165; subjectivism of 103,106-108,115-116, 129, 162, 176

mandub 64, 91; glossary 203 manfa‘a,, mandfiⁱ126; glossary 203 maqasid al-Sari‘ah 183, 185;

glossary 203

maqsud, maqasid 143n16, 171, 185; glossary 203

Masuzawa, Tomoko 47-48, 77n11 mawquf 92, 113-114 maysir 100, 115, 129-137; capitalism and 179; fiqh and 144n32; glossary 203; Wehr’s description of 145n33; prohibitions of 135, 181

McLuhan, Marshall: acoustic cognitive space of 70, 75; on acoustic space as having no center or boundaries 169; on medium as the message 168, 177; One Ring of non-identity, as thinker of 42; paradigm of acoustic space 39, 69, 78n20, 162; on visual versus acoustic space 25, 30-34, 47, 187; visual space of Western modernity as understood by 167 Messick, Brinkley 56-57, 69, 187-178; Calligraphic State, The 156; on fiqh 167-170; handwritten documents studied by 160, 167, 190n6; on the ‘Perfect’ as grammatical category 143n21; on textual polity 24, 36, 141n2, 160, 168 milk (as ownership) 125-126;

glossary 203 milk (from cows), sale of 131 Milliot, Louis 67, 142n9 misrepresentation 106, 109-112, 114, 143n17, 143n18

mistake 106, 109-114, 143n18, 172, 174, 175

Mitchell, W. J. T. 32

Moad, Edward Omar 52-53, 77n17 Moosa, Ebrahim 61-62 Mosque-Madrassa Sultan Hassan 56 mu‘amala, mu‘amalat 35, 95, 102-104, 106, 115; fiqh al-mu‘amalM 3, 13n2, 22, 53; glossary 203 mu‘awada, mu‘awadM 88, 134, 136, 143n16; glossary 203 mubah 64, 91, 123, 125; glossary 204 mudaraba 99, 179, 182; glossary 204 mukallaf: divine injunction towards 91; duty of 89-90; glossary 204; as legally competent person 63, 89, 118; as responsible human being 61

murabaha 179, 182; glossary 204 Musa, Muhammad Y. 140 musaraka 179, 182; glossary 204 Muzani (d. 264/877-8) 87, 98

negation, negativity (2E of Bhaskar’s dialectic) 27, 33-34, 49, 154; of fiqh 71-76; of visuality 200

Neher, A. 38n11

Netton, Ian 57

nikah 94, 116, 142n5; glossary 204 niyya 53, 94-95, 98, 101-104, 107-110; al-Kasani on 118; al-niyya 117; contract, role of 137, 171-172; duress and 108; glossary 204; as Hanbali doctrine of intention 176; relevance of, in assessment of worldly transactions 115; sighah as embodying intention of 122

nomos (normative universe): ancient Roman 49; Christian 43l collective 31; contract (legal) as vehicle of 88; cultural construction of 9; imagination shaped by 13; Islamic 1, 5, 11, 19, 54, 83, 137, 151, 156; of Islamic law 36; law and narrative inside 86; ‘legal reality’ defined by 10; of Muslim jurisprudence 84, 168; of Western and Islamic contract law 75; of Western and Muslim jurists 34

non-identity (1M of Bhaskar’s dialectic) 2-3, 25-28, 84-85; absence constituting the ground of 79n30; ‘aqd and 74, 88; of din, Islamic bios and 49-54; discourse of 48; offiqh 66, 70; Islam and 28-30; of law-religion 12, 19, 24, 33-35, 43, 71, 83, 115; mutual 74, 151; One Ring of 19-22, 24, 34, 42, 46, 49, 73; primacy of 72; principle of 22, 54, 84

Norrie, A. 72-75

objet du contrat 123-125, 129-131,

140, 170, 171 Oedipus 4, 8, 22, 25, 75 offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) in the taradi 120-123

One Ring: carrying, in practice of trade 34-42; of non-identity 19-22, 24, 34, 42, 46, 49, 73

‘option of the contractual session’

114, 120

Orientalism: Almeh and 6-12, 28, 72, 162, 197, 200; imaginative geographies of 6-10; 28; metaphors of 30; Said on 28, 197; Western 73, 197

Ovenden, Richard 42, 151

Panofsky, Erwin 32, 38n11 paradigm shift 12, 31, 33, 190n7

Plato Etc. (Bhaskar) 26, 37n6 Pollock, F. 88

Powers, B. R. 103, 117 profanation 46-49, 53 profane: sacred and 13, 20, 36, 47,

50-51, 53, 55

Proust, Marcel 39n19, 199

qabul 115, 118-119; glossary 204; ijab and 120-123,138,170

Qadi Khan 104

Qarafi, Sihab al-Din (d. 684/1285)

87, 102-103, 145n35, 176; al-Umniyya fiIdrak al-Niyya 102-103

qard 134; glossary 204 qasd 95, 98, 101-106, 109, 115, 121, 129, 172; glossary 204

Qatari Civil and Commercial Law of 1971 170

qimar 129,132-137, 144n32; glossary 204

qiyds 58, 96, 142n14, 163; glossary 204 Quduri (d. 428/1037) 87, 122 quintuple qualification 64, 91; see also al-ahkam al-khamsa

Qur’an 50-52, 56, 120; ‘aqd as term appearing in 94; centrality of 43; endorsement of recording of contractual agreement 160; gharar not appearing in 131; glossary 204; haqq in 64; maysir forbidden by 145n33; paradox of written tradition built on reading/recitation of 198; prohibition of usury in 105; as recitation not book 57-58, 70; removal of hardship, principle of 136; ribawwi transactions forbidden in 132, 134; sales forbidden in 131; as source of law 35, 55-58; as Text 183; on trade by mutual goodwill or consent 121, 130; translation and message of 33

Qur’anic Creator Paradigm 57 Qur’anic indicators (adillah) 63

raqaba 126; glossary 204 Rayner, S. E. 99, 112, 134, 143n22 Reinhart, A. K. 59

representation: Ginzburg on 14n4; ideology and 16n15, 28; of Islamic law 12; meaning and signifying practices and 3-6, 18, 28, 30; of the Orient by the Occident 9, 24; Schacht’s representation of Islamic law 10, 38, 46; as tools through which to know 6; visual 26, 30; Western 22; Western, of what-is Islam 19; see also Almeh

Reynolds, M. 44, 75

riba 130-135, 137, 145n34, 179, 181; glossary 204

ribawwi transactions 132

rida 95, 101, 106, 109-113, 115, 120-121, 129, 175; glossary 204 Right Path see Sari‘ah Rodinson, Maxime 8-9

Rosen, L. 93 rukn (arkan) 101, 106-108, 110, 112, 120, 123, 138; glossary 204; religious qualifications and 90-92

Russell, Bertrand 23

sabab: as ‘cause’ 122, 172, 176; ‘illa and 63, 78n24, 90, 95-98; as immediate purpose of the contract 142n12; Sanhurl’s reformulation of, in the Egyptian Civil Code 171-178; glossary 204

Sa‘bi (d. between 103/721 and 110/728)164,191n15 sacred and profane 13, 20, 36, 47, 50-51, 53, 55

sadd al-dharai' doctrine of 163, 165; glossary 204

Safi‘i (d. 204/820) 87, 98, 103, 116; see also Safi‘is

Safi‘is 92, 101, 103-112, 114; hiyal as understood by 166; Islamic law as understood by 177; makharij as understood by 165; niyya and 118; objectivism of 95, 103-106, 115-116, 129, 176; option of the con- tractual session’ (khiyar al-majlis) admitted by 120 sahih 91-92, 110, 120; glossary 204 Sahnun (d. 240/855) 87, 113, 165 Said, Edward 9-10, 48; Orientalism 9; see also Orientalism

sakk, sukuk 179, 182; glossary 204 Saleh, Nabil 84, 98, 107-108, 131-132, 134-136, 170

Samarqandi, Sa‘id b. ‘Ali (d. 539/1144) 87, 163

Sanhuri, ‘Abd al-Razzaq 3, 110, 111, 139; Egyptian Code, influence on drafting of 170, 172-174; Linant de Bellefond’s criticism of 142n11, 175; right of choice, Islamic doctrine of 174; sabab, understanding of 176; theory of state of 172

Santillana, David 107, 123 Sarakhsi (d. 490/1097) 87, 101, 118, 122, 135, 145n35, 163

sarf, contract of 132, 134; glossary 204 Sarl‘ah 18, 31, 50, 58, 61-62, 67, 70, 137, 158; glossary 204

sarika (or sharika) 99; glossary 204 Sart (Commentary) (Qadi Khan) 104 sart 91, 100, 106; glossary 204; khiyar as-sart 112-113; see also surut sart fasid 101 sart mula'im li'-l-‘aqd 101 sart muta‘araf 101 sart yaqtadlh al-‘aqd 101 Sartori, Giovanni 43

Saruman 85

Sauron 23, 36, 42, 85 Saybani (d. 189/804) 87, 101, 104-105, 113, 121, 141n4, 143n19; Kitab al-Makharijfi al-Hiyal 163-164

Schacht, Joseph 21, 28, 45-46, 91; Almeh in relation to 19; on ‘aqd 121-122; Encyclopaedia of Islam 54, 134; on Ijab (offer) 114; Introduction to Islamic Law 10-12, 15n12; riba as defined by 134; ‘sacred Law of Islam’ as defined by 55; on use of legal means for extra-legal ends 109 scopic regimes of modernity 16n16, 32n13, 70, 76n7 Shari^fah-compliance 91, 178, 181;

certificates 187; textual polity of 182-186

sghah 115-120, 122, 129, 139; glossary 204

Smirnov, Andrey 65-67, 72, 78n26, 79n29, 133

Sphinx 7; riddle of 3-6, 8-9, 12, 19, 22, 25, 75

Steltzer, S. A. J. 78n25, 117; see also by way of word

sunna 64, 91; glossary 204

Sunnah as Tradition of the Prophet 65, 67, 70, 100, 130-132, 143; glossary 204

Sunni schools: alternative approaches to hiyal of 157, 163; approaches toward legal devices 166; divergent positions of 108, 109, 110; evaluation of acts by 166; majlis al-‘aqd as common to all four 119; niyya 94-95, 102; objectivism and subjectivism in 109; theoretical approaches to contractual freedom of 100, 101; see also Hanafis; Hanbalis; Malikis; Safi‘is

sura 116; glossary 204

surut 90-92, 100-112, 123, 138; glossary 204

Szymborska, Wislawa 154-155, 183, 185

tabarru‘a, tabarru‘at 134, 136, 142n5,

143n16; glossary 204 tadlis 95, 109-115, 131, 173; glossary

204; see also fraud Taftazani 104, 106, 111 Tahaw! (d. 321/933) 87, 104 takllf 61, 90-91; glossary 204 taradl 91-92, 101, 110-111, 113-115;

glossary 204; offer fijab^ and acceptance (qabul^ in 120-123 tasa rruf90-94, 126, 137;

glossary 204 tasa rruf al-qawliyya 139 textual polity 84, 177-178, 181; fiqh

and 152-157; ‘invention’ of 171; Islamic medieval trade and 167; Messick on 24, 141n2, 156, 160, 167-168, 177; of Shari’ah compliance 182-185 Tolkien, J. R. R. 19, 42, 85 totality (3L of Bhaskar’s dialectic):

fiqh pluralism and totality of the ‘aqd as performance of God’s will 137-141; of holistic causality 186-187; partial 178; sub-totality 157; transformative praxis of 154

transformative praxis (4D of Bhaskar’s dialectic) 17, 18, 25-28, 73-75; of Islam-Muslim-world 33-36; fiqh and textual polities and 152-157

translation: ‘bridge’ of 153-154; law and religion in Islam and the revealed Word in translation 42-76; practice of 199; problem of 4, 36; process of 5

translation of the world 160 Typewritten Market of Islamic finance 36,

157, 161, 167, 177, 178-189, 197, 199

Udovitch, A. 163-164, 179 ummah 52; glossary 204 usulal-fiqh 35, 54-55, 56-59;

glossary 205

verbalism 115-121, 129, 157, 167, 198; documentary evidence in Muslim medieval trade and 159-161

Verbal Trade 36, 157-167, 180, 183, 186, 188, 197, 199

verdict 59-62, 68-70; as vere-dictum 64 vices of consent 95, 109-115, 129 visual absence 30

visual divide 25 visual man 70

visual maps of the ‘aqd 84

visual metaphor in Western modernity 16n16

visual rationality, Western 39n15, 47, 76n4, 167, 197, 199; modernity and 171; space that negates 36 visual separation 47, 55; see also bios visual space 20, 22, 36, 58; acoustic space and 30-34, 187; modernity and 38n13; of state codification 169; of Western colonisation 157; of Western law 138; of Western modernity 168, 189; of Western rationality 85; of written codes 198

Vitruvian Man 38n12

Vogel, Frank E. 106, 116, 124-128, 132,142n14,145n34,178 ‘voluntarism’ 102 voluntary acts 88

wdjib 63-64, 91-92, 114, 121-122, 138, 158; Chehata on 170; glossary 205

Wakin, J. A. 78, 190n9 Warde, Ibrahim 178

Wehr, Hans 13n2, 144n24, 145n33 Weiss, Bernard 78n18, 78n22 Wichard, J. C. 162

Wilson, Rodney 178 Witte, John, Jr. 37n1 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 23-24, 28 wujub 89-90; glossary 205

Yanagihashi, Hiroyuki 98-100, 127, 131

Zahraa, M. 124, 127, 135, 144n31, 146n36

zakdt 52, 176; glossary 205

Zysow, A. 114, 117, 121, 126, 158-159